Development of external electron-beam enhancement of the Penning ionization gauge ion source

To study the injection of additional electrons from an external electron gun into the plasma of a Penning ionization gauge (PIG) ion source, a test bench for the external electron-beam enhancement of the PIG (E-PIG) ion source was set up. A source magnet assembly was built to satisfy the request for magnetic field configuration of the E-PIG ion source. Numerical calculations have been done to optimize the magnetic field configuration so as to fit the primary electrons to be fed into the PIG discharge chamber along the spreading magnetic field lines. Many possible methods for improving the performance and stability of the PIG ion source have been used in the E-PIG ion source, including the use of multicrystal LaB6 cathode and optimized axial magnetic field. This article presents a detailed design of the E-PIG ion source. Substantial enhancement of ion charge state is expected to be observed which demonstrates that the E-PIG is a viable alternative to other much more costly and difficult to operate devices for the production of intense ion beams of higher charge state.

Low voltage EPMA: Experiments on a new frontier in microanalysis—analytical spatial resolution

Field emission (FE) electron gun sources provide new capabilities for high lateral resolution EPMA. The determination of analytical lateral resolution is not as straightforward as that for electron microscopy imaging. Results from two sets of experiments to determine the actual lateral resolution for accurate EPMA are presented for Kα X-ray lines of Si and Al and Lα of Fe at 5 and 7 keV in a silicate glass. These results are compared to theoretical predictions and Monte Carlo simulations of analytical lateral resolution. The experiments suggest little is gained in lateral resolution by dropping from 7 to 5 keV in EPMA of this silicate glass.

Further acceleration of MeV electrons by a relativistic laser pulse

With the development of photocathode rf electron gun, electrons with high-brightness and mono-energy can be obtained easily. By numerically solving the relativistic equations of motion of an electron generated from this facility in laser fields modelled by a circular polarized Gaussian laser pulse, we find the electron can obtain high energy gain from the laser pulse. The corresponding acceleration distance for this electron driven by the ascending part of the laser pulse is much longer than the Rayleigh length, and the light amplitude experienced on the electron is very weak when the laser pulse overtakes the electron. The electron is accelerated effectively and the deceleration can be neglected. For intensities around 10(19) W(.)mu m(2)/cm(2), an electron's energy gain near 0.1 GeV can be realized when its initial energy is 4.5 MeV, and the final velocity of the energetic electron is parallel with the propagation axis. The energy gain can be up to 1 GeV if the intensity is about 10(21) W(.)mu m(2)/cm(2). The final energy gain of the electron as a function of its initial conditions and the parameters of the laser beam has also been discussed.

Graded index 532HR/1064HT filter by glancing angle deposition

Glancing angle deposition is a novel method to prepare graded index coatings. By using this method and physical vapour deposition, ZrO2 is used to engineer graded index filter on BK7 glass substrate. Controlling the deposition rate and the periodic oscillation of oblique angle of deposited material, a 10-period graded index ZrO2 filter with high reflection near 532 nm and high transmittance at wavelength 1064 nm is fabricated. The causes of difference between the theoretical and experimental results are discussed in detail. The material properties and electron gun nonlinearity are possibly the main origins of the difference, which result in the variations in both thickness control and deposition rate of the Elm material.

谐振式电子加速器电子枪注入控制系统

电子加速器作为一种工业化设备已经在各个领域得到了广泛的应用，它的内部控制电路工作在高电压环境中，尤其是高电压端存在的各种干扰对其稳定性影响很大，使得高压端的控制显得很困难，由于以往使用的高压端控制电路常常发生损坏，因此本文就高压端控制进行了讨论，并从原理和元器件设计方面考虑来解决这些问题。本文对大功率谐振式电子加速器的用途、工作原理以及总体结构做了简要的介绍，同时主要阐述了电子加速器电子枪注入控制系统的原理设计、总体结构以及实验结果。本文对以往使用的控制回路在高压端工作时其存在的问题进行了分析，比较了两种方案的优缺点，主要从电路的抗干扰和抗电流冲击以及稳定性出发对电路的各个部分进行了合理的设计，重点对组成电路的各个单元进行了详细的原理介绍和设计计算，而且对整个系统进行了SIM 99仿真，得到了合理的结果，与实验过程中所测数据完全一致。通过对电路的实际调试和分析可以看出该系统比旧系统在抗干扰和可靠性方面有大幅度的提高

长灯丝电子枪的设计与控制

近年来，辐照加工技术及产品已经在农业、材料、电工、电子、医疗、食品等行业得到应用和发展，与相关行业结合为推动传统产业的技术改造方面发挥了独特的作用。为了适应生产的需要，本文在实验室设备的基础上对长灯丝电子枪的设计与控制进行了分析和尝试。加速器的外部结构是加速器在正常运行的基本保证，本文在对击穿电场计算的基础上给出了加速器外部结构设计的尺寸，对于影响束流纵向分布的主要因素—长灯丝的下垂，本文给出了其挠度的计算公式，并根据灯丝的物理特性和发射电子的冷端效应对其约束条件进行了分析，给出了灯丝约束的基本模型。栅压值的大小与栅极缝的大小是束流引出的重要环节，本文通过对简化模型的束流光学计算，分析了束流引出大小的原因。通过对被控对象—束流的分析，我们采用了传统的PID与微分先行控制器结合的控制算法对束流进行控制，在实验室条件得以实现。并对束流传动装置在辐照剂量的限制下实现了动态控制。控制软件设计主要讨论了Windows操作系统的特点及在其下实现实时性的方法，采用面向对象的编程方法提高了程序的可读性，可移植性和可维护性。

电子帘加速器电子枪物理设计

电子帘加速器是一种七十年代产生的低能大功率工业辐照用电子加速器，现已广泛应用到涂层固化、像胶硫化、杀菌消毒等领域。本文对电子帘加速导电子枪的束流传输待性进行了分析。 作为对电子帘加速器设计理论的一种探索，本文首先由负载束流强度佑计灯丝温度，然后根据反射极的电容器简化模型导出了悬浮电位随时间的演化方程，数值计算显示其电位值在48小时内交化很小。对于栅极缝的透镜效应，本文由一定的近似导出了栅极缝附近的电位分布解析表达式，从而计算出电子束从电子枪到加速腔的轨迹。对于影响束流纵向分布的主要因素——长灯丝的下垂，本文给出了其挠度公式并提出了一种理想的边界约束模型，以减小灯丝的挠度。 根据上途理论及一些假设，本文改交电子枪各参数计算了26种情况的束流包络及横向分布，从负载部分的大小和均匀性两方面比较选择出一种较理想的电子枪结构．同时对原电子枪进行了校核，从理论上解释了其实验中出现的问题‘ 实脸测试表明新电子枪的束流纵向均匀度为士10％。均匀性及加热比功率等性能均优于原电子枪。 最后，对电子帘加速器毛子枪将来的发展的几个问题给出了一些建议。

Síntese e caracterização elétrica de compósitos poliméricos condutores com o poliuretano derivado de óleo de mamona como matriz

Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Materiais - FEIS

Determinação de chumbo em tubos de raios catódicos e em solo contaminado por espectrometria de absorção atômica

Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Materiais - FEIS

Estudo de camadas anti-reflectoras para células solares

Trabalho de projecto de mestrado, Engenharia da Energia e Ambiente, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2016

Al-based anodic oxide films structure observation using field emission gun scanning electron microscopy

In the present work, the anodic oxide films of Al, Al-Cu 4.5% and Al-Si 6.5% alloys are formed using direct and pulse current. In the case of Al-Cu and Al-Si alloys, the electrolyte used contains sulfuric acid and oxalic acid, meanwhile for Al the electrolyte contains sulfuric acid only. Al-Cu alloy was submitted to a heat treatment in order to decrease the effect of inter metallic phase theta upon the anodic film structure. Fractured samples were observed using a field emission gun scanning electron microscope JSM-6330F at (LME)/Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Campinas, SP, Brazil. The oxide film images enable evaluation of the pore size and form with a resolution similar to the transmission electron microscope (TEM) resolution. It is also observed that the anodizing process using pulse current produces an irregular structure of pore walls, and by direct cur-rent it is produced a rectilinear pore wall. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Al-based anodic oxide films structure observation using field emission gun scanning electron microscopy

In the present work, the anodic oxide films of Al, Al-Cu 4.5% and Al-Si 6.5% alloys are formed using direct and pulse current. In the case of Al-Cu and Al-Si alloys, the electrolyte used contains sulfuric acid and oxalic acid, meanwhile for Al the electrolyte contains sulfuric acid only. Al-Cu alloy was submitted to a heat treatment in order to decrease the effect of inter metallic phase theta upon the anodic film structure. Fractured samples were observed using a field emission gun scanning electron microscope JSM-6330F at (LME)/Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Campinas, SP, Brazil. The oxide film images enable evaluation of the pore size and form with a resolution similar to the transmission electron microscope (TEM) resolution. It is also observed that the anodizing process using pulse current produces an irregular structure of pore walls, and by direct cur-rent it is produced a rectilinear pore wall. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Termination of diamond surfaces with hydrogen, oxygen and fluorine using a small, simple plasma gun

We have formed and characterized polycrystalline diamond films with surfaces having hydrogen terminations, oxygen terminations, or fluorine terminations, using a small, simple and novel plasma gun to bombard the diamond surface, formed by plasma assisted CVD in a prior step, with ions of the wanted terminating species. The potential differences between surface regions with different terminations were measured by Kelvin Force Microscopy (KFM). The highest potential occurred for oxygen termination regions and the lowest for fluorine. The potential difference between regions with oxygen terminations and hydrogen terminations was about 80 mV, and between regions with hydrogen terminations and fluorine terminations about 150 mV. Regions with different terminations were identified and imaged using the secondary electron signal provided by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). since this signal presents contrast for surfaces with different electrical properties. The wettability of the surfaces with different terminations was evaluated, measuring contact angles. The sample with oxygen termination was the most hydrophilic, with a contact angle of 75 degrees. hydrogen-terminated regions with 83 degrees, and fluorine regions 93 degrees, the most hydrophobic sample. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In Situ Observation of the Thermal Decomposition of Weddelite by Heating Stage Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy

The morphological and chemical changes occurring during the thermal decomposition of weddelite, CaC2O4·2H2O, have been followed in real time in a heating stage attached to an Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope operating at a pressure of 2 Torr, with a heating rate of 10 °C/min and an equilibration time of approximately 10 min. The dehydration step around 120 °C and the loss of CO around 425 °C do not involve changes in morphology, but changes in the composition were observed. The final reaction of CaCO3 to CaO while evolving CO2 around 600 °C involved the formation of chains of very small oxide particles pseudomorphic to the original oxalate crystals. The change in chemical composition could only be observed after cooling the sample to 350 °C because of the effects of thermal radiation.