The relation between content providers and distributors: Lessons from the regulation of television distribution in the United Kingdom

Using the United Kingdom (UK) as a case study, this article analyses the growing commercial and regulatory significance of broadcaster-distributor relations within the contemporary television industry. The first part of the article argues that despite important changes in broadcast delivery technology, more recently shaped by the growth of the Internet, and the associated growth of options of receiving television content, the traditional delivery platforms (digital terrestrial, satellite and cable) remain by far the preferred choice for viewers in Britain. At the same time, public service broadcasters continue to be the biggest investors in domestic original non-sport content and account for over half of all television viewing. The strength of PSBs in content and their growing reliance on commercial proprietary subscription platforms (cable and satellite) and gradually on the Internet presents challenges in the nexus between broadcasters and distributors. The article focuses on the debate over retransmission fees between PSBs and Sky, and on the question of whether Sky should be required to offer some of its premium content to rival pay-TV platforms. These two examples highlight the impact regulatory intervention can have on the balance of power between broadcasters and distributors. The article concludes that such debates concerning the commercial relations between content providers and distributors will remain pivotal and become more heated given that similar issues are raised in the Internet environment.

How fresh fruit and vegetable distributors can get more out of their materials-handling equipment.

Cover-title.

Rate reductions by the distributors of TVA power.

Cover title.

A sketch of the history of the Regium Donum, and Parliamentary Grant, to poor dissenting ministers of England and Wales : with a vindication of the distributors and recipients from the charge of political subservicency. To which is added an appendix, containing a brief statement of the Regium Donum and Parliamentary Grant to poor dissenting ministers by the trustees.

Mode of access: Internet.

Licensed motor fuel distributors, registered blenders of motor fuel.

Description based on: Apr. 1, 1956; title from cover.

Operator and organizational maintenance manual (including repair parts and special tool lists) : tester, engine distributor, bench type, 6, 12, and 24-volt distributors, single-phase, 60-cycle, 115-volt (Heyer Products Company Inc., model 168) (4910-392-2939).

"30 September 1963."

Operator, organizational, direct support and general support maintenance manual : compressor reciprocating, air, handtruck mounted; gasoline engine driven 5 CFM, 175 psi, (C & H Distributors model 20-902/3), NSN 4310-01-055-0594.

"25 May 1979."

Operator's, organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance manual : compressor, reciprocating, air, handtruck mounted, gasoline engine driven, 8 CFM, 175PSI (C & H Distributors model 20-905), NSN 4310-01-079-8878).

Includes index.

Organizational, direct support, and general support maintenance repair parts and special tools list : compressor, reciprocating, air, handtruck mounted, gasoline engine driven, 5 cfm, 175 psi (C&H Distributors model 20-902), NSN 4310-01-055-0594.

"9 March 1990."

Buyers and sellers in the cotton trade, being a handbook for merchants, shippers, manufacturers, and others who are interested as producers or distributors.

Mode of access: Internet.

Young women demonstrate at Long Island Press because they want jobs as newspaper distributors and are refused because of their sex

General note: Title and date provided by Bettye Lane.

Improving detection probabilities for pests in stored grains

BACKGROUND: The presence of insects in stored grains is a significant problem for grain farmers, bulk grain handlers and distributors worldwide. Inspections of bulk grain commodities is essential to detect pests and therefore to reduce the risk of their presence in exported goods. It has been well documented that insect pests cluster in response to factors such as microclimatic conditions within bulk grain. Statistical sampling methodologies for grains, however, have typically considered pests and pathogens to be homogeneously distributed throughout grain commodities. In this paper we demonstrate a sampling methodology that accounts for the heterogeneous distribution of insects in bulk grains. RESULTS: We show that failure to account for the heterogeneous distribution of pests may lead to overestimates of the capacity for a sampling program to detect insects in bulk grains. Our results indicate the importance of the proportion of grain that is infested in addition to the density of pests within the infested grain. We also demonstrate that the probability of detecting pests in bulk grains increases as the number of sub-samples increases, even when the total volume or mass of grain sampled remains constant. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the importance of considering an appropriate biological model when developing sampling methodologies for insect pests. Accounting for a heterogeneous distribution of pests leads to a considerable improvement in the detection of pests over traditional sampling models.