Analyse de sensibilit�� de l���effet d���un programme de pr��vention avec randomisation : application de trois techniques d���appariement pour balancer les groupes contr��le et exp��rimental : distance de Mahanalobis, score de propension et algorithme g��n��tique

Les analyses effectu��es dans le cadre de ce m��moire ont ��t�� r��alis��es �� l'aide du module MatchIt disponible sous l���environnent d'analyse statistique R. / Statistical analyzes of this thesis were performed using the MatchIt package available in the statistical analysis environment R.

Caracter��sticas agron��micas, produtividade, qualidade de vagens e diverg��ncia gen��tica em feij��o-vagem de crescimento indeterminado

Avaliou-se a diverg��ncia gen��tica entre quinze linhagens (Hav 13, Hav 14, Hav 21, Hav 22, Hav 25, Hav 38, Hav 40, Hav 41, Hav 49, Hav 53, Hav 56, Hav 64, Hav 65, Hav 67 e Hav 68) e cinco cultivares (Macarr��o Favorito AG480, Macarr��o Preferido AG482, Manteiga Maravilha AG481, Teres��polis AG484 e Macarr��o Bragan��a) de feij��o-vagem de crescimento indeterminado, utilizando-se vinte caracter��sticas agron��micas. O ensaio foi conduzido na AGENCIARURAL - EE de An��polis, no per��odo de 30/04 a 10/08/1998. Os dados foram submetidos ��s an��lises de vari��ncia e multivariada (dist��ncia D�� de Mahalanobis e o m��todo de agrupamento de Tocher). Houve diferen��as significativas entre os gen��tipos para as caracter��sticas consideradas. Os gen��tipos Hav 13, Hav 49, Hav 56, Hav 64, Hav 68, Favorito AG480 e Teres��polis AG484 destacaram-se com rela����o ao conjunto de caracter��sticas favor��veis a produtores e consumidores. Houve maior freq����ncia de pares com maiores dist��ncias, quando um dos componentes era a cultivar Teres��polis AG484 ou Hav 49, e de pares com menores dist��ncias quando seus componentes tiveram como ancestral comum a linhagem Hab 229. Os gen��tipos distribu��ram-se em quatro grupos, sendo um constitu��do exclusivamente pela linhagem Hav 49, outro englobando as cultivares Manteiga Maravilha AG481 e Teres��polis AG484. A linhagem Hav 41 e as cultivares Macarr��o Favorito AG480 e Macarr��o Preferido AG482 um terceiro grupo, e os demais gen��tipos um ��nico grupo. As caracter��sticas que mais contribu��ram para a diverg��ncia entre os gen��tipos foram o n��mero de dias para o in��cio de flora����o e o comprimento das vagens, com 58,11% do total, seguidas da porcentagem de palha na vagem seca, da largura das vagens, das alturas das plantas nas duas ��pocas avaliadas, do peso m��dio de vagem e do n��mero de vagens por planta que, em conjunto, contribu��ram com 85,73% do total.

Efeito do desbaste seletivo sobre a diverg��ncia gen��tica em prog��nies de Pinus caribaea Morelet var. bahamensis

The objective of this work was to study the effect of selective thinning on! the genetic divergence in progenies of Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis, aiming to identify the most productive and divergent progenies for the use of improvement program. The test of progenies containing 119 progenies and two commercial controls were planted in March 1990, using 11 x 11 square lattice design, sextuple, partially balanced, disposed in lineal plots with six trees in the spacing of 3,0 x 3,0m. 13 years after planting thinning was realized (selection for DBH), with 50% selection intensity based on Multi-effect index, leaving three trees per plot in all the experiment. The evaluations were done at four situations: A (before the thinning); B (thinned trees); C (remaining trees after thinning) and D (one year after thinning). The analyzed traits were: height, diameter at breast height (DBH), volume, form of stem and wood density. The genetic divergence among the progenies was studied with aid of the canonical variables and of clustering of Tocher method using the generalized distance matrix of Mahalanobis (D(2)) as estimate of the genetic similarity. The progenies were grouped in four groups in situation A, fourteen in the situation B, two in the situation C and three in the situation D. The selective thinning of the trees within of the progenies caused a change in the genetic divergence among the progenies, genetically homogenizing the progenies, as demonstrated by the generalized distances of Mahalanobis, clustering of Tocher' and canonical variables methods; The. thinning made possible a high uniformity in respect to the relative contribution, of the traits for the total genetic divergence. The techniques, of clustering were efficient to identify groups of divergent,progenies for the use hybridization and little divergent progenies for the use in backcross program.

Diverg��ncia gen��tica entre acessos de Passiflora cincinnata mast com base em descritores morfoagron��micos

Este trabalho teve como finalidade estimar a diverg��ncia gen��tica entre acessos de maracujazeiro (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) conservados na cole����o de trabalho da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu��ria (EMBRAPA) Semi-��rido, em Petrolina-PE. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repeti����es. A avalia����o foi realizada em 32 acessos, com base em 23 caracteres: dois relativos �� planta, tr��s ��s folhas, seis ��s flores, quatro aos frutos, quatro ��s sementes, dois ��s caracter��sticas qu��micas dos frutos e dois �� produ����o. O comportamento dos acessos foi pesquisado pelas an��lises univariada e multivariada, com estimativas das dissimilaridades obtidas pela dist��ncia generalizada de Mahalanobis (D��) e forma����o do agrupamento pelo m��todo de Tocher. Os acessos apresentaram variabilidade gen��tica para todos os descritores utilizados na avalia����o. As dist��ncias gen��ticas entre pares de acessos variaram de 17 a 598, com m��dia 152. O acesso 18-D0542 foi indicado como o mais divergente e o mais produtivo, devendo compor programas de intercruzamentos e ser recomendado para cultivos experimentais por produtores. As caracter��sticas de maior import��ncia para a diverg��ncia gen��tica foram: a massa total dos frutos (42,29%), a viabilidade de p��len (8,62%) e a ��rea foliar (7,16%). O agrupamento dos acessos n��o se correlaciona ��s Unidades Geoambientais originais de coleta.

Efeito do desbaste seletivo sobre a diverg��ncia gen��tica em prog��nies de Pinus caribaea Morelet var. bahamensis

The objective of this work was to study the effect of selective thinning on the genetic divergence in progenies of Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis, aiming to identify the most productive and divergent progenies for the use of improvement program. The test of progenies containing 119 progenies and two commercial controls were planted in March 1990, using 11 �� 11 square lattice design, sextuple, partially balanced, disposed in lineal plots with six trees in the spacing of 3,0 �� 3,0m. 13 years after planting thinning was realized (selection for DBH), with 50% selection intensity based on Multi-effect index, leaving three trees per plot in all the experiment. The evaluations were done at four situations: A (before the thinning); B (thinned trees); C (remaining trees after thinning) and D (one year after thinning). The analyzed traits were: height, diameter at breast height (DBH), volume, form of stem and wood density. The genetic divergence among the progenies was studied with aid of the canonical variables and of clustering of Tocher method, using the generalized distance matrix of Mahalanobis (D2) as estimate of the genetic similarity. The progenies were grouped in four groups in situation A, fourteen in the situation B, two in the situation C and three in the situation D. The selective thinning of the trees within of the progenies caused a change in the genetic divergence among the progenies, genetically homogenizing the progenies, as demonstrated by the generalized distances of Mahalanobis, clustering of Tocher' and canonical variables methods. The thinning made possible a high uniformity in respect to the relative contribution of the traits for the total genetic divergence. The techniques of clustering were efficient to identify groups of divergent progenies for the use hybridization and little divergent progenies for the use in backcross program.

Caracteriza����o da variabilidade morfoagron��mica de maracujazeiro (Passiflora cincinnata Mast.) no semi-��rido brasileiro

Coordena����o de Aperfei��oamento de Pessoal de N��vel Superior (CAPES)

Genetic divergence among maize hybrids by morphological descriptors

Two experiments with 25 maize commercial hybrids were carried out in a direct sowing system in Southern Brazil in the harvests of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011. Quantitative descriptors were used with the objective of determining the genetic divergence and the relative contributions of traits among hybrids for extraction of inbred lines. This study was carried out in Oxisol soil using a randomized block design with four replicates. Data were subjected to combined analysis of variance, and based on the multivariate analyses, Tocher and average linkage (UPGMA) cluster analyses, based on generalized distance of Mahalanobis, to quantify divergence in addition to Singh criterion to validate trait with the most contribution. The multivariate methods were consistent with each other, and the weight of 100 grains was the trait that contributed most to the divergence and had similar behavior in grain yield between hybrids in both years. Furthermore, this descriptor representing significant genetic variability for crossings and lines extraction to hybridization between BM 3061, ATL 200 and P 30B39 Y.

Damage detection in structures using a transmissibility-based Mahalanobis distance

In this paper, a damage-detection approach using the Mahalanobis distance with structural forced dynamic response data, in the form of transmissibility, is proposed. Transmissibility, as a damage-sensitive feature, varies in accordance with the damage level. Besides, Mahalanobis distance can distinguish the damaged structural state condition from the undamaged one by condensing the baseline data. For comparison reasons, the Mahalanobis distance results using transmissibility are compared with those using frequency response functions. The experiment results reveal quite a significant capacity for damage detection, and the comparison between the use of transmissibility and frequency response functions shows that, in both cases, the different damage scenarios could be well detected. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Compositional nutrient diagnosis of corn using the Mahalanobis distance as nutrient imbalance index

Parent, L. E., Natale, W. and Ziadi, N. 2009. Compositional nutrient diagnosis of corn using the Mahalanobis distance as nutrient imbalance index. Can. J. Soil Sci. 89: 383-390. Compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) provides a plant nutrient imbalance index (CND - r(2)) with assumed chi(2) distribution. The Mahalanobis distance D(2), which detects outliers in compositional data sets, also has a chi(2) distribution. The objective of this paper was to compare D(2) and CND - r(2) nutrient imbalance indexes in corn (Zea mays L.). We measured grain yield as well as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations in the ear leaf at silk stage for 210 calibration sites in the St. Lawrence Lowlands [2300-2700 corn thermal units (CTU)] as well as 30 phosphorus (2300-2700 CTU; 10 sites) and 10 nitrogen (1900-2100 CTU; one site) replicated fertilizer treatments for validation. We derived CND norms as mean, standard deviation, and the inverse covariance matrix of centred log ratios (clr) for high yielding specimens (>= 9.0 Mg grain ha(-1) at 150 g H(2)O kg(-1) moisture content) in the 2300-2700 CTU zone. Using chi(2) = 17 (P < 0.05) with nine degrees of freedom (i.e., nine nutrients) as a rejection criterion for outliers and a yield threshold of 8.6 Mg ha(-1) after Cate-Nelson partitioning between low- and high-yielders in the P validation data set, D(2) misclassified two specimens compared with nine for CND -r(2). The D(2) classification was not significantly different from a chi(2) classification (P > 0.05), but the CND - r(2) classification differed significantly from chi(2) or D(2) (P < 0.001). A threshold value for nutrient imbalance could thus be derived probabilistically for conducting D(2) diagnosis, while the CND - r(2) nutrient imbalance threshold must be calibrated using fertilizer trials. In the proposed CND - D(2) procedure, D(2) is first computed to classify the specimen as possible outlier. Thereafter, nutrient indices are ranked in their order of limitation. The D(2) norms appeared less effective in the 1900-2100 CTU zone.

On the Mahalanobis Distance Classification Criterion for Multidimensional Normal Distributions

Many existing engineering works model the statistical characteristics of the entities under study as normal distributions. These models are eventually used for decision making, requiring in practice the definition of the classification region corresponding to the desired confidence level. Surprisingly enough, however, a great amount of computer vision works using multidimensional normal models leave unspecified or fail to establish correct confidence regions due to misconceptions on the features of Gaussian functions or to wrong analogies with the unidimensional case. The resulting regions incur in deviations that can be unacceptable in high-dimensional models. Here we provide a comprehensive derivation of the optimal confidence regions for multivariate normal distributions of arbitrary dimensionality. To this end, firstly we derive the condition for region optimality of general continuous multidimensional distributions, and then we apply it to the widespread case of the normal probability density function. The obtained results are used to analyze the confidence error incurred by previous works related to vision research, showing that deviations caused by wrong regions may turn into unacceptable as dimensionality increases. To support the theoretical analysis, a quantitative example in the context of moving object detection by means of background modeling is given.

On point estimation of the abnormality of a Mahalanobis index

Open Access funded by Medical Research Council Acknowledgment The work reported here was funded by a grant from the Medical Research Council, UK, grant number: MR/J013838/1.

Tree structure and richness in an Atlantic Forest fragment: distance from anthropogenic and natural edges

Approximately 7.2% of the Atlantic rainforest remains in Brazil, with only 16% of this forest remaining in the State of Rio de Janeiro, all of it distributed in fragments. This forest fragmentation can produce biotic and abiotic differences between edges and the fragment interior. In this study, we compared the structure and richness of tree communities in three habitats - an anthropogenic edge (AE), a natural edge (NE) and the fragment interior (FI) - of a fragment of Atlantic forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22��50'S and 42��28'W). One thousand and seventy-six trees with a diameter at breast height > 4.8 cm, belonging to 132 morphospecies and 39 families, were sampled in a total study area of 0.75 ha. NE had the greatest basal area and the trees in this habitat had the greatest diameter:height allometric coefficient, whereas AE had a lower richness and greater variation in the height of the first tree branch. Tree density, diameter, height and the proportion of standing dead trees did not differ among the habitats. There was marked heterogeneity among replicates within each habitat. These results indicate that the forest interior and the fragment edges (natural or anthropogenic) do not differ markedly considering the studied parameters. Other factors, such as the age from the edge, type of matrix and proximity of gaps, may play a more important role in plant community structure than the proximity from edges.

Testes de desempenho aer��bio relacionados a intensidades de corrida em treinamento e competi����o para fundistas de alto rendimento = : Aerobic performance tests related to training and competition running intensities for high performance distance runners

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educa����o F��sica

Rhinometric evaluation of nasal cavity geometry and its relation to the upper arch transverse distance

The objective of this study was to evaluate children's respiratory patterns in the mixed dentition, by means of acoustic rhinometry, and its relation to the upper arch width development. Fifty patients were examined, 25 females and 25 males with mean age of eight years and seven months. All of them were submitted to acoustic rhinometry and upper and lower arch impressions to obtain plaster models. The upper arch analysis was accomplished by measuring the interdental transverse distance of the upper teeth, deciduous canines (measurement 1), deciduous first molars (measurement 2), deciduous second molars (measurement 3) and the first molars (measurement 4). The results showed that an increased left nasal cavity area in females means an increased interdental distance of the deciduous first molars and deciduous second molars and an increased interdental distance of the deciduous canines, deciduous first and second molars in males. It was concluded that there is a correlation between the nasal cavity area and the upper arch transverse distance in the anterior and mid maxillary regions for both genders.