16 resultados para diphenylcarbazide
Indirect spectrophotometric method for determination of captopril using Cr(VI) and diphenylcarbazide
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A spectrophotometric method for the indirect determination of captopril (CP) in pharmaceutical formulations is proposed. The proposed procedure is based on the oxidation of captopril by potassium dichromate and the determination excess oxidant on the basis of its reaction with diphenylcarbazide (DPC). Under the optimum conditions, a good linear relationship (r = 0.9997) was obtained in the range of 0.08-3.5 µg mL-1. The assay limits of detection and quantitation were 0.024 and 0.08 µg mL-1, respectively. The results obtained for captopril determination in pharmaceuticals using the proposed method and those obtained with the US Pharmacopoeia method were in good agreement at the 95% confidence level.
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A presente dissertação descreve o desenvolvimento e a caracterização de sensores potenciométricos com base em polímeros de impressão molecular e de sensores ópticos com base em membranas de poli(cloreto de vinilo), PVC, para a determinação de cobre em vinhos verdes. Os sensores potenciométricos foram preparados a partir de diferentes solventes (metanol e clorofórmio), tendo o seu crescimento decorrido na presença ou ausência da molécula molde (cobre). Os sistemas sensores selectivos ao cobre continham partículas de polímeros com ou sem impressão molecular como material electroactivo, dispersas em solvente plastificante, PVC e, em alguns casos, aditivo aniónico. A avaliação dos vários sistemas baseou-se na comparação das características operacionais dos diversos eléctrodos onde foram aplicados. Estas características foram obtidas a partir de curvas de calibração, cujos declives e limites de detecção variaram entre -39,9 – 37,0 mV decada-1 e 4,2 – 29,1 μg mL-1, respectivamente. Os sensores não são independentes do pH uma vez que o complexo formado entre o cobre e a difenilcarbazida é favorecido por valores de pH próximos de 5. Assim, obtiveram-se melhores resultados usando água desionizada ou solução tampão de HEPES revelando-se um método rápido e relativamente eficaz nestas condições. Os sensores ópticos basearam-se na reacção colorimétrica entre o cobre e um complexante. Os reagentes complexantes escolhidos foram a neocuproína, a difenilcarbazida e o dietilditiocarbamato de sódio. Avaliou-se o efeito de vários parâmetros experimentais na resposta destes sensores, tais como o pH (avaliado para os valores 3,00 e 5,00), a concentração de cobre (que variou entre 0,06 e 317,7 mg L- 1) e as próprias características da membrana. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos a pH 3, numa gama de concentrações de 0,06 e 31,8 mg L-1 usando a difenilcarbazida como reagente complexante. A aplicação destes sensores a vinhos requer ainda estudos adicionais, especialmente no que diz respeito à necessidade de implementar algum procedimento de pré-tratamento de amostra.
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This project focused on the investigation and the development of a chemical sensing system for the determination of chromium Cr6+ and a bio-reactor followed by electrochemical detection at a glassy carbon electrode, for the determination of organochlorine compounds. The conjugation of Cr6+ with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide was studied at various types of electrodes such as glassy carbon, ultra-trace epoxy-graphite, chemically or un-modified carbon-paste and dropping-mercury. The cyclic voltammetric behaviour of the complex was also investigated. In addition, the possibility of developing a chemical sensor, Le. an electrochemical probe capable of sensing Cr6+ through its complexation with 1,5-diphenylacarbazide was studied. The conjugations of l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, 2,4-dichloronitrobenzene and ethacrynic, which are electrophilic organochlorine compounds, with reduced glutathione, were studied in order to test the bioreactor developed, based on the immobilisation of glutathione s-transferase. This was carried out at different types of electrodes such as glassy-carbon, gold, silver, platinum, epoxy-graphite, hangingmercury, and ferrocene-modified rotating-disc electrodes.
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The effectiveness of microemulsions (ME) of saponified coconut oil (OCS-ME) and diphenylcarbazide (DC-ME) on a carbon steel corrosion inhibition process was evaluated using an electrochemical method of polarization resistance. The ME was prepared with OCS, butanol, kerosene and saline solutions. OCS-ME and DC-ME showed highest inhibitions effects (77% and 92%, respectively) at lower concentrations (0.5% and 0.48 - 0.50%, respectively). The surfactant OCS (in H2O) showed lower efficiency (63% at 0.20 - 0.25% concentration). The greatest inhibitory effect of DC-ME could be correlated with the chemical structure and the rich O/W ME system, which are very important for adsorption phenomena in interfacial ME systems.
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Determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) was studied in soil samples accidentally contaminated with sulphochromic solution. Molecular absorption spectrophotometry based on the diphenylcarbazide method was used for the determination of Cr(VI) after its alkaline extraction. The total chromium concentration was determined using ICP OES. The quantification of Cr(III) was accomplished by subtracting the Cr(VI) concentration from the total chromium concentration. Regardless of the known contamination of the soil samples by sulphochromic solution, concentrations of Cr(VI) were below the detection limit. Addition and recovery experiments for Cr(VI) in soil samples with and without organic matter indicated its influence on the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).
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A method for determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in cement and cement-related materials was studied. Molecular absorption spectrophotometry based on 1,5-diphenylcarbazide as chromogenic reagent was used for determination of Cr(VI) after alkaline extraction. The total chromium concentration was determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after complete sample decomposition by fusion. The quantification of Cr(III) was accomplished by subtracting the Cr(VI) concentration from the total chromium concentration. The concentration of Cr(III) in the samples ranged from 10.9 to 88.0 mg kg-1, whereas only in few samples the Cr(VI) concentration was higher than the value established by the European Community to this type of sample [2 mg kg-1 Cr(VI)].
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Myrsinoic A acid, isolated from Myrsine cuneifolia and its hydrogenated derivative had their effect on photosynthesis tested. The compounds inhibited the electron flow (basal, phosphorylating and uncoupled) from water to methylviologen; therefore, they act as Hill reaction inhibitors in spinach thylakoids. They inhibited partial reactions of PSII electron flow from water to 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, from water to sodium silicomolybdate, and partially electron flow from diphenylcarbazide to 2,6-dichloroindophenol. Their inhibition sites were at the donor and acceptor sides of PSII, between P680 and Q A. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements confirmed the behavior of the compounds (pool of quinones).
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Corrosion inhibition efficiency of saponified coconut oil (SCO) and sodium dodecilbenzene sulfonate (DBS) surfactants in AISI 1020 carbon steel was evaluated by electrochemical methods. These surfactants were also evaluated as microemulsion systems (SCO-ME and DBS-ME), of O/W type (water-rich microemulsion), in a Winsor IV region. They were obtained according to the following composition: 15% SCO, 15% butanol (30% Co-surfactant/Surfactant C/T), 10% organic phase (FO, kerosene) and 60% aqueous phase (FA). These systems were also used to solubilize the following nitrogenated substances: Diphenylcarbazide (DC), 2,4-dinitro-phenyl-thiosemicarbazide (TSC) and the mesoionic type compound 1,3,4-triazolium-2-thiolate (MI), that were investigated with the purpose of evaluating their anticorrosive effects. Comparative studies of carbon steel corrosion inhibition efficiencies of free DBS and DBS-ME, in brine and acidic media (0.5%), showed that DBS presents better inhibition results in acidic media (free DBS, 89% and DBS-ME, 93%). However, the values obtained for DBS in salted solution (72% free DBS and 77% DBS-ME) were similar to the ones observed for the SCO surfactant in brine (63% free SCO and 74% SCO-ME). Analysis of corrosion inhibition of the nitrogenated substances that were solubilized in the SCO-ME microemulsion system by the linear polarization method in brine (0.5% NaCl) showed that such compounds are very efficient an corrosion inhibitors [DC-ME-SCO (92%), TSC-ME-SCO (93%) and MI-ME-SCO (94%)]
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A sensibilidade do método espectrofotométrico da s-difenilcarbazida de determinação do crômio permite que esse metal possa ser determinado em teores e em massas de amostras tão pequenas que as concentrações atualmente usadas de óxido de crômio (III) como marcador externo em ensaios biológicos poderiam ser drasticamente diminuídas. Utilizando-se do piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) para um estudo sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) da fração protéica, seis níveis de óxido de crômio (III) - 0,01% - 0,02% - 0,03% - 0,05% - 0,1% e 0,2% - foram incorporados em dietas isoprotéica e isoenergética, objetivando-se verificar se o cálculo do CDA seria afetado pela variação do teor do marcador. Os seis tratamentos foram dispostos em um delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualisados, sendo as fezes coletadas durante 16 dias. Verificou-se que os resultados do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da fração protéica não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas devidas aos teores incorporados do marcador à ração e aos dias de coleta. Conseqüentemente, e em experimentos dessa natureza, nada impede que seja reduzido o teor de óxido de crômio (III) ao menos até 0,01%: além da economia relativa ao consumo do mesmo e da facilidade na manipulação de menor quantidade de amostras de fezes, o método espectrofotométrico da s-difenilcarbazida permite dosar esse nível (e até menor do que 0,01%) de modo simples e rápido, com precisão e exatidão.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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O objetivo deste estudo foi ajustar o método espectrofotométrico da 1,5-difenilcarbazida à determinação do crômio em fezes, como marcador biológico, adequando-o à rotina laboratorial. Fatores que poderiam exercer interferência na transformação do crômio (III) à crômio (VI) foram testados, como a recuperação do metal, quantidade de amostra, quantidade e ordem de emprego dos ácidos oxidantes da digestão úmida, temperatura e tempo de digestão e perda por volatilização do crômio como cloreto de cromila, porém não se determinou estatisticamente interferência destes fatores. No método ajustado, a amostra é digerida pela clássica mistura ácida nítrica/perclórica, levando a oxidação do crômio (III) a crômio (VI), e alíquota do extrato diluído é usado para reação com 1,5-difenilcarbazida; as absorbâncias são medidas a 550nm, utilizando-se de cubetas de um centímetro de caminho óptico, contra prova em branco conduzida simultaneamente. Dicromato de potássio foi empregado como substância de referência para obtenção da curva padrão na faixa de 0,25 - 2,5mg.mL-1 de Cr2O3 (1mg Cr2O3 º 1,9355mg K2Cr2O7).
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A flow injection analysis (FIA) procedure for the speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using the 1,5-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method is presented. As Cr(III) does not interfere in the Cr(VI) - DPC reaction, both Cr(VI) and total chromium [after the on-line oxidation of Cr(III) by Ce(IV)] are sequentially determined. Cr(III) is obtained by difference. Under the experimental conditions described, the calibration graphs are linear up to 2 μg mh1 of Cr(VI) and 4 μg ml-1 of Cr(III). The detection limits found were 18 ng ml -1 for Cr(VI) and 55 ng ml-1 for Cr(III), at a signal to noise ratio of 3. The common interfering elements in the Cr(VI) - DPC reaction were investigated under dynamic FIA conditions. The FIA method was also compared with the conventional spectrophotometric procedure.
Resumo:
A simple procedure for recovering potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7 ) from treatment of residual sulphochromic solution was proposed in the present work by means of cooling crystallization. The decrease of temperature favored the crystallization of K2Cr2O7 due to the decrease of solubility. 5.0 L of sulphochromic wastes containing 48.08 g L-1 of Cr(VI) were treated and the process of crystallization was performed in three steps until crystals were not formed anymore. On each step the content of Crtotal was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry and Cr(VI) by colorimetric method with 1,5- diphenylcarbazide, resulting in the removal of 91% and 92% of Crtotal and Cr(VI), respectively. After the last step, the remaining Cr(VI) in the solution was reduced to Cr(III) from the addition of NaHSO3 , recovering via precipitation in pH 8 approximately 36.13 g of Cr(OH)3 . The final supernatant was discarded since chromium content was below the maximum limit established by the Brazilian legislation for effluents discharge, which corresponds to 0.10 and 1.0 mg L-1 of Cr(VI) and Cr(III), respectively. 628.4 g of K2Cr2O7 were recovered and the salt was characterized by X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis. Its applicability was compared to the standard K2Cr2O7 when determining the soil organic matter, in which there was no significant difference, thus inferring that the recovered compound may be incorporated on routine analyses. This recovering process allowed the reuse of K2Cr2O7 , thus reducing costs with the acquisition of new reagents and environmental impacts caused by the inadequate discard of sulphochromic solutions.
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Pós-graduação em Química - IBILCE
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A remoção de cromo hexavalente de soluções de surfactante aniônico (LAS) por carvão ativado granulado (CAG) comercial foi estudada. Na caracterização do CAG foram empregados métodos padronizados ASTM (diâmetro médio de Sauter, dDMS e pH) e método BET (S, área superficial específica). Os grupos de superfície e PCZ do adsorvente foram determinados, pelo método de Boehm e titulação potenciométrica, respectivamente. Os resultados da caracterização do adsorvente: dDMS=2,4 mm; pH=9,0; S=677,4 m² g-1; grupos básicos (70%) comparados com os grupos ácidos e o PCZ no intervalo de (4,8-8,6). Os ensaios de adsorção do surfactante LAS foram realizados em mesa agitadora (140 rpm/24 h./27 oC); 2,0 g CAG/50 mL de solução, as concentrações do LAS foram determinadas, pelo método padrão do azul de metileno. Os resultados obtidos da remoção percentual em função da concentração inicial e da remoção percentual em função da variação do tempo em todas as concentrações de LAS estudadas foram superiores a 99 %. Os ensaios de adsorção do metal Cr(VI) (5 – 20 mg/L) foram realizados em banho termostático (140 rpm/27 oC); 2,0 g CAG/50 mL de solução; 1 e 24 horas de processo e sem e com adição de surfactante (70; 140; 210; 280; 350; 533 e 700 mg/L). As concentrações iniciais e residuais de metal foram determinadas pelo método colorimétrico da 1,5 difenilcarbazida. A adsorção do metal, sem a adição de LAS não foi satisfatória, a remoção foi em torno de 15%. O percentual de remoção do metal com adição surfactante atingiu valores, em torno de 70% para a menor concentração do metal (5 mg/L) e entre (58 – 65%) paras as demais concentrações.