Canadian Expeditionary Force Death Certificate - Samuel DeVeaux Woodruff

Canadian Expeditionary Force Death Certificate stating that Samuel DeVeaux Woodruff was killed in action on the 13th of July, 1918, dated Sept. 20, 1919.

An accessible method for teaching doctors about death certification

The World Health Organization recommends that data on mortality in its member countries are collected utilising the Medical Certificate of Cause of Death published in the instruction volume of the ICD-10. However, investment in health information processes necessary to promote the use of this certificate and improve mortality information is lacking in many countries. An appeal for support to make improvements has been launched through the Health Metrics Network’s MOVE-IT strategy (Monitoring of Vital Events – Information Technology) [World Health Organization, 2011]. Despite this international spotlight on the need for capture of mortality data and in the use of the ICD-10 to code the data reported on such certificates, there is little cohesion in the way that certifiers of deaths receive instruction in how to complete the death certificate, which is the main source document for mortality statistics. Complete and accurate documentation of the immediate, underlying and contributory causes of death of the decedent on the death certificate is a requirement to produce standardised statistical information and to the ability to produce cause-specific mortality statistics that can be compared between populations and across time. This paper reports on a research project conducted to determine the efficacy and accessibility of the certification module of the WHO’s newly-developed web based training tool for coders and certifiers of deaths. Involving a population of medical students from the Fiji School of Medicine and a pre and post research design, the study entailed completion of death certificates based on vignettes before and after access to the training tool. The ability of the participants to complete the death certificates and analysis of the completeness and specificity of the ICD-10 coding of the reported causes of death were used to measure the effect of the students’ learning from the training tool. The quality of death certificate completion was assessed using a Quality Index before and after the participants accessed the training tool. In addition, the views of the participants about accessibility and use of the training tool were elicited using a supplementary questionnaire. The results of the study demonstrated improvement in the ability of the participants to complete death certificates completely and accurately according to best practice. The training tool was viewed very positively and its implementation in the curriculum for medical students was encouraged. Participants also recommended that interactive discussions to examine the certification exercises would be an advantage.

Accuracy of Death Certificates in COPD: Analysis from the TORCH Trial

The Towards a Revolution in COPD Health (TORCH) trial was an international clinical trial of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients where cause of death was assigned by an independent committee. Comparison of death certificate data and adjudicated cause of death allows a unique opportunity to determine death certificate accuracy and frequency of COPD listing on death certificates of COPD patients. In this analysis, the authors determine the concordance between adjudicated cause of death and primary and secondary cause of death from death certificates. In 317 (80%) of informative deaths, the primary or secondary cause of death from certificates agreed with adjudicated cause of death. Only 229 (58%) of death certificates in these COPD patients listed COPD on the certificate. COPD was not listed on the death certificate in 21% of deaths adjudicated to be caused by COPD exacerbation. Compared with pulmonary causes, the listing of COPD on certificates occurred with less frequency than cardiovascular, cancer and other categories of death. The combined primary and secondary listing on death certificates has good concordance with actual cause of death. COPD is under-reported on death certificates, and this under-reporting is more frequent when the primary cause of death is not pulmonary.

Chagas disease-related mortality trends, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1985 to 2006: a study using multiple causes of death

Objectives. To study mortality trends related to Chagas disease taking into account all mentions of this cause listed on any line or part of the death certificate. Methods. Mortality data for 1985-2006 were obtained from the multiple cause-of-death database maintained by the Sao Paulo State Data Analysis System (SEADE). Chagas disease was classified as the underlying cause-of-death or as an associated cause-of-death (non-underlying). The total number of times Chagas disease was mentioned on the death certificates was also considered. Results. During this 22-year period, there were 40 002 deaths related to Chagas disease: 34 917 (87.29%) classified as the underlying cause-of-death and 5 085 (12.71%) as an associated cause-of-death. The results show a 56.07% decline in the death rate due to Chagas disease as the underlying cause and a stabilized rate as associated cause. The number of deaths was 44.5% higher among men. The fact that 83.5% of the deaths occurred after 45 years of age reflects a cohort effect. The main causes associated with Chagas disease as the underlying cause-of-death were direct complications due to cardiac involvement, such as conduction disorders, arrhythmias and heart failure. Ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disorders and neoplasms were the main underlying causes when Chagas was an associated cause-of-death. Conclusions. For the total mentions to Chagas disease, a 51.34% decline in the death rate was observed, whereas the decline in the number of deaths was only 5.91%, being lower among women and showing a shift of deaths to older age brackets. Using the multiple cause-of-death method contributed to the understanding of the natural history of Chagas disease.

Paracoccidioidomycosis-related mortality trend, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: a study using multiple causes of death

Objective. To investigate mortality in which paracoccidioidomycosis appears on any line or part of the death certificate. Method. Mortality data for 1985-2005 were obtained from the multiple cause-of-death database maintained by the Sao Paulo State Data Analysis System (SEADE). Standardized mortality coefficients were calculated for paracoccidioidomycosis as the underlying cause-of-death and as an associated cause-of-death, as well as for the total number of times paracoccidioidomycosis was mentioned on the death certificates. Results. During this 21-year period, there were 1950 deaths related to paracoccidioidomycosis; the disease was the underlying cause-of-death in 1 164 cases (59.69%) and an associated cause-of-death in 786 (40.31%). Between 1985 and 2005 records show a 59.8% decline in the mortality coefficient due to paracoccidioidomycosis as the underlying cause and a 53.0% decline in the mortality as associated cause. The largest number of deaths occurred among men, in the older age groups, and among rural workers, with an upward trend in winter months. The main causes associated with paracoccidioidomycosis as the underlying cause-of-death were pulmonary fibrosis, chronic lower respiratory tract diseases, and pneumonias. Malignant neoplasms and AIDS were the main underlying causes when paracoccidioidomycosis was an associated cause-of-death. The decision tables had to be adapted for the automated processing of causes of death in death certificates where paracoccidioidomycosis was mentioned. Conclusions. Using the multiple cause-of-death method together with the traditional underlying cause-of-death approach provides a new angle on research aimed at broadening our understanding of the natural history of paracoccidioidomycosis.

Intake rigour : ensuring only “reportable deaths” become coroners’ cases

The failure of medical practitioners to consistently discharge their obligation to report sudden or unnatural deaths to coroners has rightly prompted concern. Following recent public scandals, coroners and health authorities have increasingly developed procedures to ensure that concerning deaths are reported to coroners. However, the negative consequences of deaths being unnecessarily reported have received less attention: unnecessary intrusion into bereavement; a waste of public resources; and added delay and hindrance to the investigation of matters needing a coroner’s attention. Traditionally, coroners have largely, unquestioningly assumed jurisdiction over any deaths for which a medical practitioner has not issued a cause of death certificate. The Office of the State Coroner in Queensland has recently trialled a system to more rigorously assess whether deaths apparently resulting from natural causes, which have been reported to a coroner, should be investigated by the coroner, rather than being finalised by a doctor issuing a cause of death certificate. This article describes that trial and its results.

Solis-Cohen family papers, 1808-1990.

Correspondence, diaries, acount books, pamphlets, and other personal and professional materials pertaining to Jacob da Silva Solis and his descendents.

Beradt Family Collection 1850-1956

Documents related to Ulla Brode, née Beradt and her family.

Rabbi Michael Silberstein 1828-1910

The collection contains an English translation of a letter of protection for the teacher Joel Silberstein in Witzenhausen, originally 1828; and a photocopy of Rabbi Silberstein’s death certificate, Wiesbaden, 1910. Also included are photocopies of published materials by and about Rabbi Silberstein.

Ballistic Trauma in Finland : An Epidemiologic and Clinical Study of Firearm and Explosion Injuries

The occurrence and nature of civilian firearm- and explosion-injuries in Finland, and the nature of severe gunshot injuries of the extremities were described in seven original articles. The main data sources used were the National Hospital Discharge Register, the Cause-of-Death Register, and the Archive of Death Certificates at Statistics Finland. The present study was population based. Epidemiologic methods were used in six and clinical analyses in five papers. In these clinical studies, every original hospital record and death certificate was critically analyzed. The trend of hospitalized firearm injuries has slightly declined in Finland from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. The occurrence decreased from 5.1 per 100 000 person-years in 1990 to 2.6 in 2003. The decline was found in the unintentional firearm injuries. A high incidence of unintentional injuries by firearms was characteristic of the country, while violence and homicides by firearms represented a minor problem. The incidence of fatal non-suicidal firearm injuries has been stable, 1.8 cases per 100 000 person-years. Suicides using firearms were eight times more common during the period studied. This is contrary to corresponding reports from many other countries. However, the use of alcohol and illegal drugs or substances was detected in as many as one-third of the injuries studied. The median length of hospitalization was three days and it was significantly associated (p<0.001) with the type of injury. The mean length of hospital stay has decreased from the 1980s to the early 2000s. In this study, there was a special interest in gunshot injuries of the extremities. From a clinical point of view, the nature of severe extremital gunshot wounds, as well as the primary operative approach in their management, varied. The patients with severe injuries of this kind were managed at university and central hospital emergency departments, by general surgeons in smaller hospitals and by cardiothoracic or vascular surgeons in larger hospitals. Injuries were rarities and as such challenges for surgeons on call. Some noteworthy aspects of the management were noticed and these should be focused on in the future. On the other hand, the small population density and the relatively large geographic area of Finland do not favor high volume, centralized trauma management systems. However, experimental war surgery has been increasingly taught in the country from the 1990s, and excellent results could be expected during the present decade. Epidemiologically, explosion injuries can be considered a minor problem in Finland at present, but their significance should not be underestimated. Fatal explosion injuries showed up sporadically. An increase occurred from 2002 to 2004 for no obvius reason. However, in view of the historical facts, a possibility for another rare major explosion involving several people might become likely within the next decade. The national control system of firearms is mainly based on the new legislations from 1998 and 2002. However, as shown in this study, there is no reason to assume that the national hospitalization policies, or the political climate, or the legislation might have changed over the study period and influenced the declining development, at least not directly. Indeed, the reason for the decline to appear in the incidence of unintentional injuries only remains unclear. It may derive from many practical steps, e.g. locked firearm cases, or from the stability of the community itself. For effective reduction of firearm-related injuries, preventive measures, such as education and counseling, should be targeted at recreational firearm users. To sum up, this study showed that the often reported increasing trend in firearm as well as explosion-related injuries has not manifested in Finland. Consequently, it can be recognized that, overall, the Finnish legislation together with the various strategies have succeeded in preventing firearm- and explosion-related injuries in the country.

Drug epidemiology, interactions and pharmacogenetics : A post-mortem database study

Use of adverse drug combinations, abuse of medicinal drugs and substance abuse are considerable social problems that are difficult to study. Prescription database studies might fail to incorporate factors like use of over-the-counter drugs and patient compliance, and spontaneous reporting databases suffer from underreporting. Substance abuse and smoking studies might be impeded by poor participation activity and reliability. The Forensic Toxicology Unit at the University of Helsinki is the only laboratory in Finland that performs forensic toxicology related to cause-of-death investigations comprising the analysis of over 6000 medico-legal cases yearly. The analysis repertoire covers most commonly used drugs and drugs of abuse, and the ensuing database contains also background information and information extracted from the final death certificate. In this thesis, the data stored in this comprehensive post-mortem toxicology database was combined with additional metabolite and genotype analyses that were performed to complete the profile of selected cases. The incidence of drug combinations possessing serious adverse drug interactions was generally low (0.71%), but it was notable for the two individually studied drugs, a common anticoagulant warfarin (33%) and a new generation antidepressant venlafaxine (46%). Serotonin toxicity and adverse cardiovascular effects were the most prominent possible adverse outcomes. However, the specific role of the suspected adverse drug combinations was rarely recognized in the death certificates. The frequency of bleeds was observed to be elevated when paracetamol and warfarin were used concomitantly. Pharmacogenetic factors did not play a major role in fatalities related to venlafaxine, but the presence of interacting drugs was more common in cases showing high venlafaxine concentrations. Nicotine findings in deceased young adults were roughly three times more prevalent than the smoking frequency estimation of living population. Contrary to previous studies, no difference in the proportion of suicides was observed between nicotine users and non-nicotine users. However, findings of abused substances, including abused prescription drugs, were more common in the nicotine users group than in the non-nicotine users group. The results of the thesis are important for forensic and clinical medicine, as well as for public health. The possibility of drug interactions and pharmacogenetic issues should be taken into account in cause-of-death investigations, especially in unclear cases, medical malpractice suspicions and cases where toxicological findings are scarce. Post-mortem toxicological epidemiology is a new field of research that can help to reveal problems in drug use and prescription practises.

Mortalidade por asma no município do Rio de Janeiro no período de 2000 2009: análise de causas múltiplas

O estudo das causas múltiplas de óbitos permite conhecer a extensão real das estatísticas de mortalidade, minimizando a subestimação dos dados de mortalidade por asma. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a tendência das taxas de mortalidade por asma informada em qualquer linha ou parte do atestado médico da declaração de óbito, no município do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 2000-2009. Os dados foram obtidos no Sistema de Informações de Mortalidade (SIM), no período de 2000 a 2009, nas Declarações de Óbitos (DO) registradas com CID-10 J45 e J46, de residentes do município do Rio de Janeiro, com um ano ou mais de idade. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade, nas seguintes faixas etárias: 1-4 anos, 5-34 anos, 35-59 anos, 60 e mais anos, considerando-se asma como causa básica e como causas múltiplas, segundo gênero para cada ano do período. Para análise de dados foi utilizado a técnica de regressão linear. No período de 10 anos a asma foi causa básica em 67,2% dos óbitos que mencionaram asma. A subestimação da mortalidade por asma como causa básica, foi igual a 48,7%. A taxa de mortalidade padronizada por asma como causa básica declinou de 2000 a 2009 de 2,22 para 1,72/100.000 habitantes em 2009, (β= -0.06, p=0.017) e como causas múltiplas passou de 3,45 para 2,82/100.000 habitantes (β= -0.11, p=0.005). A análise segundo gênero evidenciou um declínio mais acentuado entre os homens, cuja taxa de mortalidade por asma como causa básica padronizada passou de 1,58/100.000 em 2000 para 0,59/100.000 em 2009 (β= -0.08, p=0.007); como causa múltipla a taxa diminuiu de 2,49/100.000 em 2000 para 1,11/100.000 em 2009 (β= -0.14, p<0.00001). Entre as mulheres a taxa de mortalidade passou de 2,79/100.000 em 2000 para 2,72/100.000 em 2009 como causa básica e de 4,29/100.000 em 2000 para 4,32/100.000 em 2009. A regressão linear segmentada, realizada em dois períodos, de 2000 a 2004 e 2004 a 2009, não foi estatisticamente significativa (2000 a 2004: β= -0,16, p=0,131 e 2004 a 2009: β= 0,04, p=0,630). Do total de óbitos nos quais a asma foi mencionada como causa múltipla 2,8% ocorreram na idade de 1 a 4 anos e 61% na faixa de 60 anos e mais. Quando a asma foi causa básica, as causas associadas mais frequentes foram as doenças do aparelho respiratório e nos óbitos em que foi classificada como causa associada destacaram-se como causas básicas as doenças do aparelho respiratório e circulatório. A magnitude das taxas de mortalidade por asma foi sempre maior nas mulheres comparado aos homens. A série histórica mostrou tendência ao declínio nas taxas de mortalidade, segundo causas básicas e múltiplas, com declínio entre os homens e estabilidade entre as mulheres. A mortalidade por asma foi subestimada quando considerada apenas como causa básica, o que poderia ser evitado com a utilização da metodologia de causas múltiplas nas estatísticas de mortalidade da asma.

Adesão e sobrevida de pacientes em um programa de assistência medicamentosa para doença de Alzheimer no Rio de Janeiro: um estudo baseado em relacionamento de bases de dados

A doença de Alzheimer (DA) afeta mais de um milhão de habitantes no Brasil com grande impacto tanto na saúde como social e financeiro. O uso adequado de medicamentos e os programas de cuidado integrado são recomendados como as melhores práticas nesta doença. Em 2002, o Ministério da Saúde criou o Programa de Assistência Farmacêutica aos Portadores de doença de Alzheimer que garante aos portadores desta patologia acesso à avaliação por especialistas e tratamento medicamentoso de alto custo. Mas, para um melhor planejamento das ações relacionadas ao programa, é importante entender os padrões de morbi-mortalidade da população alvo, qualidade da assistência oferecida e o seu impacto. Com foco nesse cenário, esta tese teve como objetivo o estudo da adesão, mortalidade e sobrevida em uma população portadora de doença de Alzheimer assistida nesse programa de assistência farmacêutica. Para apresentação dessa pesquisa, dividiram-se os resultados em três artigos. No primeiro artigo, o objetivo foi avaliar a viabilidade de se utilizar as informações de reabastecimento de receitas coletadas por esse programa na construção de medidas de adesão, uma metodologia já explorada na literatura internacional, mas com experiência limitada no Brasil. Os dados foram acessados nos formulários de Autorização de Procedimentos de Alto Custo (APAC) armazenados na base de dados do programa de acesso de medicamentos excepcionais do Sistema de Informação Ambulatorial (SIA). Como resultado, foram criadas várias medidas de adesão com potencial aplicação no campo da farmacoepidemiologia e planejamento em saúde. No segundo artigo, o foco foi entender que fatores individuais, terapêuticos ou relacionados à assistência, poderiam estar relacionados com um aumento do risco de abandono do programa. Fatores como o sexo feminino, o número de comorbidades na APAC, o tipo de inibidor de colinesterase iniciado e a irregularidade nos reabastecimentos foram associados a um maior risco de abandono do programa. No terceiro artigo, pelas técnicas de relacionamento probabilístico de base de dados, agregaram-se os dados presentes no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) para avaliação dos padrões de mortalidade desta patologia. Cerca de 40% dos pacientes foram a óbito durante todo o período de seguimento e principal causa básica de mortalidade foi a doença de Alzheimer (19%). Idade mais avançada e sexo masculino foram as únicas variáveis associadas com uma menor sobrevida. A persistência no programa em seis meses e os diferentes níveis de adesão, medidos pela proporção de posse da medicação, não mostraram associação com a sobrevida. Conclui-se que os dados disponíveis nas bases possibilitaram a investigação do padrão de mortalidade e utilização de um programa de assistência na doença de Alzheimer. E, a possibilidade de analisar grandes populações, em caráter contínuo, com medidas objetivas e com um custo relativamente baixo suplanta o caráter limitado das informações individuais e da doença. Políticas que suportem o aumento na disponibilidade, qualidade e escopo da informação e o avanço nas metodologias de pesquisa em bases de dados devem ser uma prioridade da saúde, pois contribuem com a criação de informações relevantes para um uso racional de recursos e melhora nas práticas de cuidado.

Unlinked vital events in census-based longitudinal studies can bias subsequent analysis

Objective: To examine the potential biases arising from the nonlinkage of census records and vital events in longitudinal studies.
Study Design and Setting: A total of 56,396 deaths of residents of Northern Ireland in the 4 years after the 2001 Census were linked to the 2001 Census records. The characteristics of matched and nonmatched death records were compared using multivariate logistic regression. Subject attributes were as recorded on the death certificate.
Results: In total, 3,392 (6.0%) deaths could not be linked to a census record. Linkage rates were lowest in young adults, males, the unmarried, people living in communal establishments, or living in areas that were more deprived or had recorded low census enumeration. For those aged less than 65 years at census, this linkage would exclude from analysis 20.2% of suicides and 19.7% of deaths by external causes.
Conclusion: The nonlinkage of census and death records is a combination of nonenumeration at census and deficient information about the deceased recorded at the time of death. Unmatched individuals may have been more disadvantaged or socially isolated, and analysis based on the linked data set may therefore show some bias and perhaps understate true social gradients.