Criminal profiling

One of the more widely recognized and practiced subspecialities within forensic criminology is that of criminal profiling. It has a long history, as detailed in Turvey (2008a). It also boasts a small library of distinct literature, with different methods and subspecialities all its own. Criminal profiling is a practice that has seen increasing popular and media attention over the past several decades. It has been depicted in popular fiction such as films like Silence of the Lambs (1991) and television programs like Criminal Minds (2005– present). It has also been applied in a number of high profile cases, including the “Washington Snipers” (see Turvey and McGrath, 2005, for an extended discussion of profiling and the media in the D.C. Sniper case). As a result, students of criminology commonly express an interest in studying criminal profiling with a view to becoming profilers themselves.

Criminal profiling : behavioural consistency, the homology assumption and case linkage

Criminal profiling is an investigative tool used around the world to infer the personality and behavioural characteristics of an offender based on their crime. Case linkage, the process of determining discreet connections between crimes of the same offender, is a practice that falls under the general banner of criminal profiling and has been widely criticized. Two theories, behavioural consistency and the homology assumption, are examined and their impact on profiling in general and case linkage specifically is discussed...

Criminal Profiling : A Continuing History

Chapter 1 RAE2008

Investigative relevance

Criminal profiling is one tool available to investigative agencies that may assist in narrowing suspect pools, linking crimes, providing relevant leads and new investigative strategies, and keeping the overall investigation on track (Turvey, 2008). However, like a flashlight in a darkened room, profiling may not always provide valuable assistance if it shines in the wrong direction or fails to shine at all. In a perfect world, profiles are intended to provide investigators with a set of refined characteristics of the offender for a crime or a crime series that will assist their efforts. In contrast, it could be argued that profiles are not intended to provide information that may be irrelevant, unclear, confusing, or distracting to these efforts. Any information provided within the profile that does not assist in narrowing suspect pools or providing new avenues of inquiry is left open to misinterpretation and is therefore potentially damaging (Turvey, 2008). The degree to which information provided in a profile can actually be utilized by investigators to meet their goals is known as investigative relevance...

O perfil em homicídios múltiplos: o caso do estripador de Lisboa

Um dos objectivos deste trabalho, sobre homicídios múltiplos e o “estripador de Lisboa”, passa por sublinhar a importância dos perfis criminais e abordar os problemas de validade científica dos mesmos, tendo em conta as principais metodologias de investigação criminal e do criminal profiling, atento o valor dos processos de análise de dados que podem ser utilizados para a obtenção de informação de natureza preditiva, com relevância para os contributos da psicologia. Assim, e de um ponto de vista transdisciplinar, definimos o nosso problema de investigação questionando se os conhecimentos e competências da psicologia teriam aumentado a eficácia e a eficiência da investigação criminal relativamente ao “estripador de Lisboa”, em termos preditivos do crime e de elaboração do perfil. Para fundamentar o estudo empírico, analisamos os conceitos de violência e de perigosidade, as teorias explicativas do comportamento criminal, as características das personalidades desviantes, o conceito de psicopatia, de assassinos em série, bem como os métodos científicos e não científicos de perfis criminais. A propósito destes, salientamos o perfil lust murder. Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos, complementado por uma entrevista semi-estruturada e um sistema de criminal profiling (tipo indutivo e dedutivo). A amostra é constituída por cinco mulheres, prostitutas, vítimas de homicídio, encontradas na margem Norte e na margem Sul do Tejo, cujas idades variavam entre 22 e 27 anos. Para a realização do estudo recorremos a fontes documentais, à realização da citada entrevista semi-estruturada gravada, bem como utilizámos uma máquina fotográfica e um manequim, de material acrílico, como simulacro do sexo feminino. Para cada caso foi feita uma análise qualitativa, no âmbito da metodologia de estudo de caso. Para a comparação dos casos efectuámos uma Análise de Correspondências Múltiplas (ACM). Analisados os dados, concluímos que o caso particular do “estripador de Lisboa” é, sem dúvida, um bom exemplo de que a fórmula “organizado / desorganizado” não funciona quando aplicada a casos reais. Contudo, cruzando os contributos da psicologia com a reconstituição dos factos, encontramos evidências que nos levam a classificar o autor dos crimes como um sujeito psicopata, com traços esquizóides. O assassino em série que atormentou a cidade de Lisboa seria um indivíduo aparentemente normal, com uma vida social pouco activa e uma visão hostil do mundo exterior. Seria um sujeito impulsivo e agressivo, sem capacidade para sentir qualquer empatia. Essencialmente vingativo e virado para si próprio, tenderia a desenvolver comportamentos de evitação social, mantendo os seus relacionamentos a um nível superficial. Tratar-se-ia de uma pessoa distante, centrada nele mesmo e desligada de factores externos, o que explica a sua falta de cuidado e de planeamento na cena do crime (pela não antecipação das consequências dos factores envolvidos).

L’illusion des signaux pénaux : l’effet tendancieux de l’impunité différentielle

Réalisé sous la co-direction de Pierre Tremblay

Crime de incêndio urbano

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de licenciado em Criminologia

Profiling high-range speeding offenders : investigating criminal history, personal characteristics, traffic offences, and crash history

This paper reports profiling information for speeding offenders and is part of a larger project that assessed the deterrent effects of increased speeding penalties in Queensland, Australia, using a total of 84,456 speeding offences. The speeding offenders were classified into three groups based on the extent and severity of an index offence: once-only low-rang offenders; repeat high-range offenders; and other offenders. The three groups were then compared in terms of personal characteristics, traffic offences, crash history and criminal history. Results revealed a number of significant differences between repeat high-range offenders and those in the other two offender groups. Repeat high-range speeding offenders were more likely to be male, younger, hold a provisional and a motorcycle licence, to have committed a range of previous traffic offences, to have a significantly greater likelihood of crash involvement, and to have been involved in multiple-vehicle crashes than drivers in the other two offender types. Additionally, when a subset of offenders’ criminal histories were examined, results revealed that repeat high-range speeding offenders were also more likely to have committed a previous criminal offence compared to once only low-range and other offenders and that 55.2% of the repeat high-range offenders had a criminal history. They were also significantly more likely to have committed drug offences and offences against order than the once only low-range speeding offenders, and significantly more likely to have committed regulation offences than those in the other offenders group. Overall, the results indicate that speeding offenders are not an homogeneous group and that, therefore, more tailored and innovative sanctions should be considered and evaluated for high-range recidivist speeders because they are a high-risk road user group.

El perfil criminal del asesino en serie colombiano desde la perspectiva psicodinámica. Una revisión de literatura

El objetivo de la presente investigación consiste en describir las características de un asesino en serie colombiano desde la perspectiva psicodinámica. En este sentido, el abordaje teórico realizado en este trabajo se compone inicialmente de una concepción de asesinos en serie, posteriormente se hace una revisión acerca de las bases biológicas y los factores sociales del homicida serial, igualmente, se explican tres teorías psicodinámicas a trabajar (Sigmund Freud y Erick Erickson). Finalmente, se hace mención dentro de la investigación a la comparación casuística de los asesinos en serie, teniendo en cuenta a cuatro asesinos en serie mediante el abordaje psicodinámico. Por otra parte, a nivel metodológico, el tipo de estudio realizado es descriptivo con un corte cualitativo y un diseño no experimental, basado en la revisión de fuentes bibliográficas. Como producto se pretende hacer una aproximación al perfil correspondiente de la personalidad de un asesino en serie colombiano mediante las teorías psicodinámicas.

Socio-economic and geographic profiling of crime in Chile

Includes bibliography

A Phenomenological Exploration of Black Male Law Enforcement Officers' Perspectives of Racial Profiling and Their Law Enforcement Career Exploration and Commitment

This phenomenological study explored Black male law enforcement officers’ perspectives of how racial profiling shaped their decisions to explore and commit to a law enforcement career. Criterion and snow ball sampling was used to obtain the 17 participants for this study. Super’s (1990) archway model was used as the theoretical framework. The archway model “is designed to bring out the segmented but unified and developmental nature of career development, to highlight the segments, and to make their origin clear” (Super, 1990, p. 201). Interview data were analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative analyses. Three themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (a) color and/or race does matter, (b) putting on the badge, and (c) too black to be blue and too blue to be black. The deductive analysis used a priori coding that was based on Super’s (1990) archway model. The deductive analysis revealed the participants’ career exploration was influenced by their knowledge of racial profiling and how others view them. The comparative analysis between the inductive themes and deductive findings found the theme “color and/or race does matter” was present in the relationships between and within all segments of Super’s (1990) model. The comparative analysis also revealed an expanded notion of self-concept for Black males – marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. Self-concepts, “such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, and role self-concepts, being combinations of traits ascribed to oneself” (Super, 1990, p. 202) do not completely address the self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. The self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals is self-efficacy, self-esteem, traits ascribed to oneself expanded by their awareness of how others view them. (DuBois, 1995; Freire, 1970; Sheared, 1990; Super, 1990; Young, 1990). Ultimately, self-concept is utilized to make career and life decisions. Current human resource policies and practices do not take into consideration that negative police contact could be the result of racial profiling. Current human resource hiring guidelines penalize individuals who have had negative police contact. Therefore, racial profiling is a discriminatory act that can effectively circumvent U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission laws and serve as a boundary mechanism to employment (Rocco & Gallagher, 2004).

Task profiling : A task-Based approach to measuring the integration of ICT in the classroom

The measurement of ICT (information and communication technology) integration is emerging as an area of research interest with such systems as Education Queensland including it in their recently released list of research priorities. Studies to trial differing integration measurement instruments have taken place within Australia in the last few years, particularly Western Australia (Trinidad, Clarkson, & Newhouse, 2004; Trinidad, Newhouse & Clarkson, 2005), Tasmania (Fitzallen 2005) and Queensland (Finger, Proctor, & Watson, 2005). This paper will add to these investigations by describing an alternate and original methodological approach which was trialled in a small-scale pilot study conducted jointly by Queensland Catholic Education Commission (QCEC) and the Centre of Learning Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) in late 2005. The methodology described is based on tasks which, through a process of profiling, can be seen to be artefacts which embody the internal and external factors enabling and constraining ICT integration.