Reincidência Criminal sob o Enfoque dos Processos Psicossociais

Este estudo teve como objetivo pesquisar a reincidência criminal por meio de três estudos exploratórios. No primeiro foi utilizado o Perfil do Detento no Estado de São Paulo, ano de 2003, documento elaborado pela Secretaria da Administração Penitenciaria, selecionando-se dele a população de 1.280 sujeitos do gênero masculino do Presídio Desembargador "Adriano Marrey" de Guarulhos. Foram encontradas prováveis associações à reincidência criminal nos seguintes fatores: idade, número de delitos cometidos e escolaridade. No segundo utilizou-se um levantamento aleatório, através do número de matrícula dos presos, que atingiu 11% dos 1.654 registrados e classificados em 2004. Os dados dos prontuários criminológicos dessa população carcerária, que foi de 182 sujeitos, foram comparados aos do primeiro estudo. Os resultados corroboraram tendências de associação entre idade, escolaridade, números de delitos e reincidência criminal. No terceiro estudo foram analisados 30 protocolos do Teste do Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) aplicados em sentenciados do gênero masculino que tinham entre 18 e 35 anos de idade, condenados pelo artigo 157§2° do Código Penal Brasileiro (Assalto a Mão Armada), em regime inicialmente fechado. Esta investigação teve como objetivo conhecer as características de personalidade das pessoas que cometeram crimes. Encontraram-se alguns traços de personalidade que podem estar associados à criminalidade ou a reincidência.Não foram detectadas características psicóticas, mas perturbações e desvios na sexualidade, agressividade, imaturidade, dificuldade de elaboração de frustrações. Estes resultados podem alicerçar o uso das técnicas projetivas nas entrevistas de inclusão. Para tanto se propõe o uso do Desenho da Figura Humana de Machover (1949), com análise proposta por Lourenção Van Kolck (1984). Na discussão dos resultados e nas conclusão foram retomados os fatores que se apresentaram associados à reincidência e alguns temas que se mostraram de interesse para outras pesquisas no campo da psicologia criminal ou penitenciária. Pretendeu-se buscar subsídios que pudessem contribuir para a prevenção da reincidência, com base numa compreensão psicossocial do comportamento criminoso e sempre sob o enfoque da psicologia da saúde. As pessoas envolvidas na execução da pena deverão dar mais ênfase à entrevista de inclusão para cumprir o que determina a Lei de Execução Penal, executando o exame de classificação

1964 – Práticas jurídicas contra o crime político em Londrina

Este artigo traz uma análise preliminar de um processo-crime de motivação política estabelecido no contexto do embate pela “Revolução” em Londrina em 1964, o qual resultou em um rico corpus documental sobre os modos de compreensão daquela sociedade, em que, de parte a parte, representantes das instituições jurídico-policiais e indivíduos organizados em entidades tidas por subversivas confrontaram-se pela produção de um discurso que persuadisse sobre a verdade dos acontecimentos na defesa de uma sociedade democrática. A partir do momento em que foram recuperados como fontes, os conflitos pelo estabelecimento de uma “verdade” dos fatos nos processos-crime dizem respeito também ao processo de consolidação de uma memória histórica hegemônica sobre o regime militar. É nesse sentido que buscamos trazer novos elementos para uma discussão candente uma vez mais para a sociedade brasileira.

A intervenção dos orgãos de polícia criminal em sede de julgamento

Currently, Portugal assumes itself as a democratic rule of substantive law State, sustained by a legal system seeking the right balance between the guarantee of fundamental rights and freedoms constitutional foreseen in Portugal’s Fundamental Law and criminal persecution. The architecture of the penal code lies with, roughly speaking, a accusatory basic structure, “deliberately attached to one of the most remarkable achievements of the civilizational democratic progress, and by obedience to the constitutional commandment”, in balance with the official investigation principle, valid both for the purpose of prosecution and trial. Regarding the principle of non self-incrimination - nemo tenetur se ipsum accusare, briefly defined as the defendant’s right of not being obliged to contribute to the self-incrimination, it should be stressed that there isn’t an explicit consecration in the Portuguese Constitution, being commonly accepted in an implicit constitutional prediction and deriving from other constitutional rights and principles, first and foremost, the meaning and scope of the concept of democratic rule of Law State, embedded in the Fundamental Law, and in the guidelines of the constitutional principles of human person dignity, freedom of action and the presumption of innocence. In any case, about the (in) applicability of the principle of the prohibition of self-incrimination to the Criminal Police Bodies in the trial hearing in Court, and sharing an idea of Guedes Valente, the truth is that the exercise of criminal action must tread a transparent path and non-compliant with methods to obtain evidence that violate the law, the public order or in violation of democratic principles and loyalty (Guedes Valente, 2013, p. 484). Within the framework of the penal process relating to the trial, which is assumed as the true phase of the process, the witness represents a relevant figure for the administration of criminal justice, for the testimonial proof is, in the idea of Othmar Jauernig, the worst proof of evidence, but also being the most frequent (Jauernig, 1998, p. 289). As coadjutant of the Public Prosecutor and, in specific cases, the investigating judge, the Criminal Police Bodies are invested with high responsibility, being "the arms and eyes of Judicial Authorities in pursuing the criminal investigation..." which has as ultimate goal the fulfillment of the Law pursuing the defense of society" (Guedes Valente, 2013, p. 485). It is in this context and as a witness that, throughout operational career, the Criminal Police Bodies are required to be at the trial hearing and clarify the Court with its view about the facts relating to occurrences of criminal context, thus contributing very significantly and, in some cases, decisively for the proper administration of the portuguese criminal justice. With regards to the intervention of Criminal Police Bodies in the trial hearing in Court, it’s important that they pay attention to a set of standards concerning the preparation of the testimony, the very provision of the testimony and, also, to its conclusion. Be emphasized that these guidelines may become crucial for the quality of the police testimony at the trial hearing, thus leading to an improvement of the enforcement of justice system. In this vein, while preparing the testimony, the Criminal Police Bodies must present itself in court with proper clothing, to read before and carefully the case files, to debate the facts being judged with other Criminal Police Bodies and prepare potential questions. Later, while giving his testimony during the trial, the Criminal Police Bodies must, summing up, to take the oath in a convincing manner, to feel comfortable, to start well by convincingly answering the first question, keep an attitude of serenity, to adopt an attitude of collaboration, to avoid the reading of documents, to demonstrate deference and seriousness before the judicial operators, to use simple and objective language, to adopt a fluent speech, to use nonverbal language correctly, to avoid spontaneity responding only to what is asked, to report only the truth, to avoid hesitations and contradictions, to be impartial and to maintain eye contact with the judge. Finally, at the conclusion of the testimony, the Criminal Police Bodies should rise in a smooth manner, avoiding to show relief, resentment or satisfaction, leaving a credible and professional image and, without much formality, requesting the judge permission to leave the courtroom. As final note, it’s important to stress that "The intervention of the Police Criminal Bodies in the trial hearing in Court” encloses itself on a theme of crucial importance not only for members of the Police and Security Forces, who must welcome this subject with the utmost seriousness and professionalism, but also for the proper administration of the criminal justice system in Portugal.

Ataque sexual infanto-juvenil doméstico: da revelação à responsabilização criminal do agressor

Pós-graduação em Psicologia - FCLAS

The United Nations 'quasi-prosecutorial' investigative mechanisms: assessing a new institutional model in the international criminal justice landscape

This work aims to provide a theoretical examination of three recently created bodies of the United Nations mandated to investigate the alleged international crimes committed in Syria (IIIM), Iraq (UNITAD) and Myanmar (IIMM). Established as a compromise solution in the paralysis of international criminal jurisdictions, these essentially overlapping entities have been depicted as a ‘new generation’ of UN investigative mechanisms. While non-judicial in nature, they depart indeed from traditional commissions of inquiry in several respects due to their increased criminal or ‘quasi-prosecutorial’ character. After clarifying their legal basis and different mandating authorities, a comparative institutional analysis is thus carried out in order to ascertain whether these ‘mechanisms’ can be said to effectively represent a new institutional model. Through an in-depth assessment of their mandates, the thesis is also intended to outline both the strengths and the criticalities of these organs. Given their aim to facilitate criminal proceedings by sharing information and case files, it is suggested that more attention shall be paid to the position of the person under investigation. To this end, some proposals are made in order to enhance the mechanisms’ frameworks, especially from the angle of procedural safeguards. As a third aspect, the cooperation with judicial authorities is explored, in order to shed light on the actors involved, the relevant legal instruments and the possible obstacles, in particular from a human rights perspective. Ultimately, drawing from the detected issues, the thesis seeks to identify some lessons learned which could be taken into account in case of creation of new ad hoc investigative mechanisms or of a permanent institution of this kind.

Serious criminal offending and mental disorder - Case linkage study

Background A relationship exists between mental disorder and offending behaviours but the nature and extent of the association remains in doubt. Method Those convicted in the higher courts of Victoria between 1993 and 1995 had their pyschiatric history explored by case linkage to a register listing virtually all contacts with the public psychiatric services. Results Prior psychiatric contact was found in 25% or offenders, but the personality disorder and substance misuse accounted for much of this relationship. Schizophrenia and affective disorders were also over-represented, particularly those with coexisting substance misuse. Conclusions The increased offending in schizophrenia and affective illness is modest and may often be mediated by coexisting substance misuse. The risk of a serious crime being committed by someone with a major mental illness is small and does not justify subjecting them, as a group, to either increased institutional containment or greater coercion.

Community care and criminal offending in schizophrenia

Background The introduction of community care in psychiatry is widely thought to have resulted in more offending among the seriously mentally ill. This view affects public policy towards and public perceptions of such people. We investigated the association between the introduction of community care and the pattern of offending in patients with schizophrenia in Victoria, Australia. Methods We established patterns of offending from criminal records in two groups of patients with schizophrenia over their lifetime to date and in the 10 years after their first hospital admission. One group was first admitted in 1975 before major deinstitutionalisation in Victoria, the second group in 1985 when community care was becoming the norm. Each patient was matched to a control, by age, sex, and place of residence to allow for changing patterns of offending over time in the wider community. Findings Compared with controls, significantly more of those with schizophrenia were convicted at least once for ail categories of criminal offending except sexual offences (relative risk of offending in 1975=3.5 [95% CI 2.0-5.5), p=0.001, in 1985=3.0 [1.9-4.9], p=0.001). Among men, more offences were committed in the 1985 group than the 1975 group, but this was matched by a similar increase in convictions among the community controls. Those with schizophrenia who had also received treatment for substance abuse accounted for a disproportionate amount of offending. Analysis of admission data for the patients and the total population of admissions with schizophrenia showed that although there had been an increase of 74 days per annum spent in the community for each of the study population as a whole, first admissions spent only 1 more day in the community in 1985 compared with 1975. Interpretation Increased rates in criminal conviction for those with schizophrenia over the last 20 years are consistent with change in the pattern of offending in the general community. Deinstitutionalisation does not adequately explain such change. Mental-health services should aim to reduce the raised rates of criminal offending associated with schizophrenia, but turning the clock back on community care is unlikely to contribute towards any positive outcome.