As estelas decoradas da Idade do Bronze Final do território português : sistematização e problemáticas sócio-culturais

O objectivo deste trabalho é criar acervo documental correspondente às catorze estelas funerárias da Idade do Bronze Final encontradas em território português, e, contribuir para o estudo das comunidades humanas que as criaram, tendo em conta que estas manifestações devem reflectir questões de índole social, económica e ideológica. A iconografia presente nestes monumentos e a sua distribuição, revelaram um núcleo de características predominantemente atlânticas, em estelas de sub-tipos mais recuados, localizadas nas regiões de Vila Real em Trás-os-Montes e Beira Interior que, por sua vez, se prolonga na Extremadura Espanhola. A concentração de monumentos de tipologia mais tardia e com influências do Mediterrâneo Oriental, verifica-se em zonas a sul, no Alentejo e Algarve e ao longo da bacia fluvial do rio Guadalquivir, em território espanhol. Estes factos corroboram assim, aspectos propostos nos anos setenta do século XX, por M. V. Gomes e J. P. Monteiro, que valorizaram as origens diferenciadas para os elementos iconográficos das estelas decoradas da Idade do Bronze Final, da Península Ibérica e ofereceram evolução cronológica de tais monumentos.

Las estatuas-menhir noroccidentales en contexto: conectividad y conexiones materiales durante el Bronce Tardío/Final

Este artículo analiza las estatuas-menhir noroccidentales que se distribuyen en el área comprendida entre los valles del río Duero y el río Miño, pero que descubrimientos recientes han extendido a regiones fuera de este área nuclear. Partiendo de tres aspectos claves para su interpretación (la cronología, su relación con el paisaje y su sentido iconográfico), se examinan las relaciones entre estas formas materiales y un paisaje socio-material de acción específico (las formas socio-materiales de interacción propias del Bronce final atlántico). Para ello, se tiene en cuenta diferentes conexiones materiales (presencia, encuentro, coexistencia, hibridación, etc.) que permiten contextualizar las estatuasmenhir dentro de un proceso histórico particular: la integración del noroeste de la península Ibérica en un contexto de relaciones mediterráneo-atlánticas, en la segunda mitad del II milenio a.C.

Late Bronze Age in Eastern Iberian Peninsula: Archaeological Bases and Periodization

Research surrounding the transition from II to I millennium cal BC in Eastern Iberian Peninsula has a large and extensive tradition of investigation. However, the chances to do research on this historical process have been limited by the lack of a well contextualized and dated stratigraphic sequence. For this reason, recent studies in this topic have followed the periodic proposals which were developed in closer regions and areas, especially in the South East and North East of the Peninsula. The investigation perspective about the Late Bronze in Eastern Iberian has however now improved, with the development of several archaeological investigations, the increase in the number of sites being dated and more recent studies into the region helping to bring about this change. As such, it is now in the correct state to be able to propose a new periodization and delve into the changes which occurred in the transition between 1500 and 725 cal BC.

A presença meso-assíria no Médio Eufrates: o contributo da cerâmica de Tall Qabr Abū al-'Atīq (Deir ez-Zor, Síria)

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arqueologia.

A expansão meso-assíria no reinado de Tukulti-Ninurta I

Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em História.

A Baixa Estremadura dos finais do IV milénio a.C. até à chegada dos romanos : um ensaio de história regional

Esta obra trata da sucessão cultural registada na Estremadura portuguesa desde a emergência das sociedades complexas do Calcolítico até à chegada dos Romanos, correspondendo a um lapso de tempo entre os finais do IV milénio e os finais do século II a.C. Embora corresponda apenas a intervalo temporal de aproximadamente três mil anos, é o que, no registo material da nossa Pré-História e Proto-História, se afigura mais rico e diversificado de informação, com o desenvolvimento e fixação de regionalismos culturais, que na Estremadura cunharam identidades próprias, as quais persistiram nalguns casos até época recente, no quotidiano dos seus habitantes. A percepção geral desta evolução, bem como as suas determinantes, é o primeiro, e talvez mais importante objectivo desta obra, a par de outros a seguir enunciados: – a génese dos povoados fortificados calcolíticos, em resultado da crescente intensificação económica e da especialização das produções – a Revolução dos Produtos Secundários (RPS), que decorreu ao longo de boa parte do III milénio a.C. – a par do crescimento demográfico, que determinou, por seu turno, a competição inter-grupos, com a consequente necessidade de fortificação; – a monumentalização / fortificação de alguns dos sítios habitados como expressão da coesão social da respectiva comunidade, acompanhada da emergência de diferenciações inter e intra-comunitárias, indício de diferenciação social, em crescente afirmação, decorrente do processo de desenvolvimento económico complexo, característico do Calcolítico; – as arquitecturas defensivas do III milénio a.C., como expressão pública indissociável da monumentalização acima referida: exemplos mais importantes no território estremenho, distribuição geográfica, características principais, semelhanças e diferenças; neste âmbito, importa conhecer as diversas teorias explicativas para o seu surgimento, desde o modelo difusionista e orientalista vigente em Portugal (dos anos 40 aos anos 70), passando pelo modelo indigenista (anos 80), até às formas difusionistas mitigadas, de expressão regional, dos finais da década de 80 em diante, e principais argumentos invocados; – a desarticulação do modelo de sociedade calcolítica, caracterizada pela concentração da população em sítios fortificados ou pelo menos implantados predominantemente em locais altos e defensáveis; – os moldes em que se processou a acentuação das influências mediterrâneas no decurso do Calcolítico (em especial na metade meridional do território): a generalização do comércio transregional calcolítico e a intensificação e especialização das produções, no quadro da Revolução dos Produtos Secundários (RPS), exemplificada pela exploração de jazidas cupríferas, como veículo de difusão de novas técnicas (metalurgia), matérias-primas exógenas (marfim) e artefactos ideotécnicos de características até então desconhecidas (generalização do culto da divindade feminina e correspondentes expressões simbólicas, algumas de âmbito estritamente regional), acompanhada da difusão, de Sul para Norte, de novas arquitecturas funerárias (tholoi); – sobre o Campaniforme, fenómeno cultural com identidade própria da fase média e tardia do Calcolítico estremenho, serão discutidas as características e cronologia da sua emergência, na Estremadura (um dos pólos mais importantes, a nível europeu) no quadro da sociedade calcolítica pré-existente: tipo de povoamento e de necrópoles, bem como as relações estabelecidas com as comunidades de tradição cultural mais antiga; o faseamento interno do “fenómeno”, com base nas diferenças identificadas no registo material (em particular a tipologia das cerâmicas); e principais tipos artefactuais que o integram. O campaniforme deverá ser entendido como uma expressão material específica, associada a um novo tipo de povoamento, que resultou do decréscimo do interesse oferecido pelos sítios fortificados edificados no início do Calcolítico. Neste sentido, corresponde a período de transição para a Idade do Bronze: existem argumentos, com base no registo arqueológico (jóias de ouro, artefactos de prestígio) que ilustram o incremento do processo de diferenciação social, então verificado, ao contrário do que uma abordagem mais superficial, com base simplesmente no reordenamento demográfico, faria supor; – o registo arqueológico do Bronze Pleno configura a acentuação dos regionalismos, apesar de similitudes do sistema de povoamento face ao período imediatamente anterior, o que indicia realidades socioeconómicas comparáveis. Importa, assim, conhecer as principais características dos escassos povoados identificados, bem como a organização social a ele subjacente, a partir dos testemunhos arqueológicos conhecidos, incluindo os de carácter funerário; – segue-se o Bronze Final, período dominado pela plena afirmação do comércio transregional atlântico-mediterrâneo, favorecido pela própria realidade geográfica do território português. Devem valorizar-se os testemunhos materiais desse período e as respectivas balizas cronológicas: Assim, deverão os leitores ficar familiarizados com as produções de carácter atlântico, como as armas, objectos utilitários e respectivas tipologias e com as de cunho mediterrâneo (com destaque para objectos de indumentária e de carácter cultual, embora estes últimos quase se desconheçam na área estremenha), cujo comércio e difusão foi suportado pela existência de solidariedades económicas transregionais, baseadas em prováveis pactos formalmente estabelecidos entre comunidades vizinhas. Os respectivos territórios, de norte a sul do País, apresentar-se-iam cada vez melhor delimitados; o mesmo deverá ter-se verificado na Estremadura. A caracterização da respectiva economia será, por isso, objecto da análise e discussão; embora de base agro-pastoril (com importância evidente na Estremadura dadas as características dos solos e a quase inexistência de minérios de cobre ou de estanho), a produção de peças metálicas de bronze assumiu importância crescente, como se conclui pelas ocorrências conhecidas. O reforço e a consolidação das elites então verificada, eram necessários para a boa gestão de grandes povoados muralhados que despontam no Bronze Final; na Estremadura, embora os testemunhos de tais centros demográficos não sejam particularmente evidentes, no fim da Idade do Bronze desponta um vigoroso povoamento de altura; seria a partir desses locais que as elites da época, de cunho guerreiro, administrariam territórios bem delimitados. Também a existência de outros testemunhos arqueológicos são concorrentes para a percepção da realidade social: as jóias auríferas, tornadas então relativamente frequentes, deixam transparecer influências ora atlânticas ora mediterrâneas, por vezes reunidas numa única peça (técnicas e tipologias decorativas), expressivas das correntes culturais que, então, se faziam sentir na Estremadura; também as armas, são testemunho da afirmação das elites guerreiras, encontrando-se representadas por exemplares cujas principais características devem ser conhecidas. As diversas práticas funerárias, apesar de escassamente representadas, revelam influências continentais (cremação e campos de urnas, já fora da área estremenha, mas dela próxima: caso dos campos de urnas de Tanchoal e de Meijão, Alpiarça) e mediterrâneas (inumações na tholos da Roça do Casal do Meio, Sesimbra), que traduzem um mosaico cultural complexo, reforçando a ideia de se tratar de região receptora de influxos culturais de diversas áreas geográficas em simultâneo: é, no essencial, a comprensão global desta realidade, a um tempo económica, social e cultural, coroando um longo processo de diferenciação social, por um lado e, por outro, de intensificação económica e interacção cultural, que lhe está subjacente, que deverá ter-se presente. Por último, segue-se o estudo e caracterização das principais estações e materiais da Idade do Ferro, de início (I Idade do Ferro) profundamente marcadas pela presença, directa ou indirecta, de colonizadores fenícios; depois, pelos comerciantes de origem púnica (II Idade do Ferro) e, enfim, pelos exércitos itálicos. Trata-se, em suma, de processo de características próprias, sempre determinado pelas influências mediterrâneas, largamente dominantes face às originárias do interior peninsular, as quais cunharam uma realidade cultural com características próprias, que persistiu no decurso da dominação romana.

Bronze Age human ecodynamics in the Humber estuary

For much of lowland Britain during the Holocene one important factor in determining environmental change was sea level fluctuation. A net rise of circa 20 m, within an oscillating short term picture of transgression and regression, caused significant short to medium term challenges for people exploiting those resources. During transgression phases estuarine creek systems extended landwards, and during the final transgression phase, widespread sedimentation took place, allowing for the development of saltmarshes on tidal flats. In later prehistory the exploitation of lowlands and estuarine wetlands was predominantly for fishing, waterfowling and pastoral use, and this paper explores the human ecodynamics of the intertidal zone in the Humber estuary during the Bronze Age. Results of the Humber Wetlands Project's recent estuarine survey, will be used to argue that following a marine transgression circa 1500 cal BC, the foreshore was fully exploited in terms of food procurement. Furthermore the construction of hurdle trackways allowed access across expanding tidal creek systems to be maintained. This not only shows continued use of the most productive environments, and provides evidence for selective use of woodland, but also the continued exploitation of the intertidal zone may have played a role in the evolution of social and political structures in this area during the Bronze Age.

Catalogue des médailles antiques et modernes, principalement des inédites et des rares, en or, argent, bronze, etc., du cabinet de M. D'Ennery, écuyer.

"Se trouve a Paris, chez Didot jeune ..., Debure ..., Théophile Barrois jeune ..., et maison de feu M. d'Ennery ..."--P. [ii].

The management of bone tools from the Bronze Age site of El Portalón of Cueva Mayor, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos

In this paper we analyze the set of Bronze Age bone tools recovered at the archaeological site of El Portalón of Cueva Mayor in the Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos). The Bronze Age cultural period is the best represented in the cavity and its study has forced us to unify the different excavation and stratigraphical criteria undertaken from the earliest archaeological excavations developed by J.M. Apellániz during the 70s until the excavations of the current research team (EIA) since 2000. We propose here for the first time a relationship between the initial system of “beds” used by Apellániz and our recent sedimentary sequence that recognizes eleven stratigraphic levels radiometrically dated from the late Upper Pleistocene to the Middle Age. Within the bone industry assemblage we recognize a large variety of utensils and ornamental elements, with native and allochthonous features, that make evident a regional as well as long distance relationships of these populations of the interior of the Iberian Peninsula during the recent Prehistory.

Rural and remote road safety study : final report

• Introduction: Concern and action for rural road safety is relatively new in Australia in comparison to the field of traffic safety as a whole. In 2003, a program of research was begun by the Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q) and the Rural Health Research Unit (RHRU) at James Cook University to investigate factors contributing to serious rural road crashes in the North Queensland region. This project was funded by the Premier’s Department, Main Roads Department, Queensland Transport, QFleet, Queensland Rail, Queensland Ambulance Service, Department of Natural Resources and Queensland Police Service. Additional funding was provided by NRMA Insurance for a PhD scholarship. In-kind support was provided through the four hospitals used for data collection, namely Cairns Base Hospital, The Townsville Hospital, Mount Isa Hospital and Atherton Hospital.----- The primary aim of the project was to: Identify human factors related to the occurrence of serious traffic incidents in rural and remote areas of Australia, and to the trauma suffered by persons as a result of these incidents, using a sample drawn from a rural and remote area in North Queensland.----- The data and analyses presented in this report are the core findings from two broad studies: a general examination of fatalities and casualties from rural and remote crashes for the period 1 March 2004 until 30 June 2007, and a further linked case-comparison study of hospitalised patients compared with a sample of non-crash-involved drivers.----- • Method: The study was undertaken in rural North Queensland, as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) statistical divisions of North Queensland, Far North Queensland and North-West Queensland. Urban areas surrounding Townsville, Thuringowa and Cairns were not included. The study methodology was centred on serious crashes, as defined by a resulting hospitalisation for 24 hours or more and/or a fatality. Crashes meeting this criteria within the North Queensland region between 1 March 2004 and 30 June 2007 were identified through hospital records and interviewed where possible. Additional data was sourced from coroner’s reports, the Queensland Transport road crash database, the Queensland Ambulance Service and the study hospitals in the region.----- This report is divided into chapters corresponding to analyses conducted on the collected crash and casualty data.----- Chapter 3 presents an overview of all crashes and casualties identified during the study period. Details are presented in regard to the demographics and road user types of casualties; the locations, times, types, and circumstances of crashes; along with the contributing circumstances of crashes.----- Chapter 4 presents the results of summary statistics for all casualties for which an interview was able to be conducted. Statistics are presented separately for drivers and riders, passengers, pedestrians and cyclists. Details are also presented separately for drivers and riders crashing in off-road and on-road settings. Results from questionnaire data are presented in relation to demographics; the experience of the crash in narrative form; vehicle characteristics and maintenance; trip characteristics (e.g. purpose and length of journey; periods of fatigue and monotony; distractions from driving task); driving history; alcohol and drug use; medical history; driving attitudes, intentions and behaviour; attitudes to enforcement; and experience of road safety advertising.----- Chapter 5 compares the above-listed questionnaire results between on-road crash-involved casualties and interviews conducted in the region with non-crash-involved persons. Direct comparisons as well as age and sex adjusted comparisons are presented.----- Chapter 6 presents information on those casualties who were admitted to one of the study hospitals during the study period. Brief information is given regarding the demographic characteristics of these casualties. Emergency services’ data is used to highlight the characteristics of patient retrieval and transport to and between hospitals. The major injuries resulting from the crashes are presented for each region of the body and analysed by vehicle type, occupant type, seatbelt status, helmet status, alcohol involvement and nature of crash. Estimates are provided of the costs associated with in-hospital treatment and retrieval.----- Chapter 7 describes the characteristics of the fatal casualties and the nature and circumstances of the crashes. Demographics, road user types, licence status, crash type and contributing factors for crashes are presented. Coronial data is provided in regard to contributing circumstances (including alcohol, drugs and medical conditions), cause of death, resulting injuries, and restraint and helmet use.----- Chapter 8 presents the results of a comparison between casualties’ crash descriptions and police-attributed crash circumstances. The relative frequency of contributing circumstances are compared both broadly within the categories of behavioural, environmental, vehicle related, medical and other groupings and specifically for circumstances within these groups.----- Chapter 9 reports on the associated research projects which have been undertaken on specific topics related to rural road safety.----- Finally, Chapter 10 reports on the conclusions and recommendations made from the program of research.---- • Major Recommendations : From the findings of these analyses, a number of major recommendations were made: + Male drivers and riders - Male drivers and riders should continue to be the focus of interventions, given their very high representation among rural and remote road crash fatalities and serious injuries.----- - The group of males aged between 30 and 50 years comprised the largest number of casualties and must also be targeted for change if there is to be a meaningful improvement in rural and remote road safety.----- + Motorcyclists - Single vehicle motorcycle crashes constitute over 80% of serious, on-road rural motorcycle crashes and need particular attention in development of policy and infrastructure.----- - The motorcycle safety consultation process currently being undertaken by Queensland Transport (via the "Motorbike Safety in Queensland - Consultation Paper") is strongly endorsed. As part of this process, particular attention needs to be given to initiatives designed to reduce rural and single vehicle motorcycle crashes.----- - The safety of off-road riders is a serious problem that falls outside the direct responsibility of either Transport or Health departments. Responsibility for this issue needs to be attributed to develop appropriate policy, regulations and countermeasures.----- + Road safety for Indigenous people - Continued resourcing and expansion of The Queensland Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Driver Licensing Program to meet the needs of remote and Indigenous communities with significantly lower licence ownership levels.----- - Increased attention needs to focus on the contribution of geographic disadvantage (remoteness) factors to remote and Indigenous road trauma.----- + Road environment - Speed is the ‘final common pathway’ in determining the severity of rural and remote crashes and rural speed limits should be reduced to 90km/hr for sealed off-highway roads and 80km/hr for all unsealed roads as recommended in the Austroads review and in line with the current Tasmanian government trial.----- - The Department of Main Roads should monitor rural crash clusters and where appropriate work with local authorities to conduct relevant audits and take mitigating action. - The international experts at the workshop reviewed the data and identified the need to focus particular attention on road design management for dangerous curves. They also indicated the need to maximise the use of audio-tactile linemarking (audible lines) and rumble strips to alert drivers to dangerous conditions and behaviours.----- + Trauma costs - In accordance with Queensland Health priorities, recognition should be given to the substantial financial costs associated with acute management of trauma resulting from serious rural and remote crashes.----- - Efforts should be made to develop a comprehensive, regionally specific costing formula for road trauma that incorporates the pre-hospital, hospital and post-hospital phases of care. This would inform health resource allocation and facilitate the evaluation of interventions.----- - The commitment of funds to the development of preventive strategies to reduce rural and remote crashes should take into account the potential cost savings associated with trauma.----- - A dedicated study of the rehabilitation needs and associated personal and healthcare costs arising from rural and remote road crashes should be undertaken.----- + Emergency services - While the study has demonstrated considerable efficiency in the response and retrieval systems of rural and remote North Queensland, relevant Intelligent Transport Systems technologies (such as vehicle alarm systems) to improve crash notification should be both developed and evaluated.----- + Enforcement - Alcohol and speed enforcement programs should target the period between 2 and 6pm because of the high numbers of crashes in the afternoon period throughout the rural region.----- + Drink driving - Courtesy buses should be advocated and schemes such as the Skipper project promoted as local drink driving countermeasures in line with the very high levels of community support for these measures identified in the hospital study.------ - Programs should be developed to target the high levels of alcohol consumption identified in rural and remote areas and related involvement in crashes.----- - Referrals to drink driving rehabilitation programs should be mandated for recidivist offenders.----- + Data requirements - Rural and remote road crashes should receive the same quality of attention as urban crashes. As such, it is strongly recommended that increased resources be committed to enable dedicated Forensic Crash Units to investigate rural and remote fatal and serious injury crashes.----- - Transport department records of rural and remote crashes should record the crash location using the national ARIA area classifications used by health departments as a means to better identifying rural crashes.----- - Rural and remote crashes tend to be unnoticed except in relatively infrequent rural reviews. They should receive the same level of attention and this could be achieved if fatalities and fatal crashes were coded by the ARIA classification system and included in regular crash reporting.----- - Health, Transport and Police agencies should collect a common, minimal set of data relating to road crashes and injuries, including presentations to small rural and remote health facilities.----- + Media and community education programmes - Interventions seeking to highlight the human contribution to crashes should be prioritised. Driver distraction, alcohol and inappropriate speed for the road conditions are key examples of such behaviours.----- - Promotion of basic safety behaviours such as the use of seatbelts and helmets should be given a renewed focus.----- - Knowledge, attitude and behavioural factors that have been identified for the hospital Brief Intervention Trial should be considered in developing safety campaigns for rural and remote people. For example challenging the myth of the dangerous ‘other’ or ‘non-local’ driver.----- - Special educational initiatives on the issues involved in rural and remote driving should be undertaken. For example the material used by Main Roads, the Australian Defence Force and local initiatives.

Life cycle modelling and design knowledge development in 3D virtual environments : final report

Experience plays an important role in building management. “How often will this asset need repair?” or “How much time is this repair going to take?” are types of questions that project and facility managers face daily in planning activities. Failure or success in developing good schedules, budgets and other project management tasks depend on the project manager's ability to obtain reliable information to be able to answer these types of questions. Young practitioners tend to rely on information that is based on regional averages and provided by publishing companies. This is in contrast to experienced project managers who tend to rely heavily on personal experience. Another aspect of building management is that many practitioners are seeking to improve available scheduling algorithms, estimating spreadsheets and other project management tools. Such “micro-scale” levels of research are important in providing the required tools for the project manager's tasks. However, even with such tools, low quality input information will produce inaccurate schedules and budgets as output. Thus, it is also important to have a broad approach to research at a more “macro-scale.” Recent trends show that the Architectural, Engineering, Construction (AEC) industry is experiencing explosive growth in its capabilities to generate and collect data. There is a great deal of valuable knowledge that can be obtained from the appropriate use of this data and therefore the need has arisen to analyse this increasing amount of available data. Data Mining can be applied as a powerful tool to extract relevant and useful information from this sea of data. Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) and Data Mining (DM) are tools that allow identification of valid, useful, and previously unknown patterns so large amounts of project data may be analysed. These technologies combine techniques from machine learning, artificial intelligence, pattern recognition, statistics, databases, and visualization to automatically extract concepts, interrelationships, and patterns of interest from large databases. The project involves the development of a prototype tool to support facility managers, building owners and designers. This final report presents the AIMMTM prototype system and documents how and what data mining techniques can be applied, the results of their application and the benefits gained from the system. The AIMMTM system is capable of searching for useful patterns of knowledge and correlations within the existing building maintenance data to support decision making about future maintenance operations. The application of the AIMMTM prototype system on building models and their maintenance data (supplied by industry partners) utilises various data mining algorithms and the maintenance data is analysed using interactive visual tools. The application of the AIMMTM prototype system to help in improving maintenance management and building life cycle includes: (i) data preparation and cleaning, (ii) integrating meaningful domain attributes, (iii) performing extensive data mining experiments in which visual analysis (using stacked histograms), classification and clustering techniques, associative rule mining algorithm such as “Apriori” and (iv) filtering and refining data mining results, including the potential implications of these results for improving maintenance management. Maintenance data of a variety of asset types were selected for demonstration with the aim of discovering meaningful patterns to assist facility managers in strategic planning and provide a knowledge base to help shape future requirements and design briefing. Utilising the prototype system developed here, positive and interesting results regarding patterns and structures of data have been obtained.