Electoral and Financial Bookkeeping: A Comparison of Pre-Electoral Pledges on Public Spending and the Outcome of Post-Electoral Budget Debates

In the wake of the financial crisis, budgetary discipline has taken centre stage in politics. More than ever a country's budget mirrors the true policy preferences of the legislative majority beyond all political discourse and cheap talk. The paper sheds light on mandate fulfilment in the field of public spending and fiscal policy in general. Based on previous work on pledge fulfilment in Switzerland the paper compares publicised pre-electoral statements of MPs on public spending and the development of the public finances with their post-electoral legislative behaviour during budget debates and votes. The findings of the paper confirm the results of the aforementioned earlier studies and point to the potential of budgetary statements for future mandate fulfilment research.

Bookkeeping for farmers; a treatise on farm accounts,

Mode of access: Internet.

Cotton seed oil mill bookkeeping, illustrating the use of the voucher system.

Mode of access: Internet.

Manual of the standard cost system for photo-engravers, with suggestions for a uniform system of bookkeeping and a method for making the cost system part of the general bookkeeping system ...

Cover-title.

The modern preceptor or a general course of education : containing introductory treatises on language, arithmetic, bookkeeping, algebra, geometry, geography, astronomy, chronology, navigation, drawing, painting, &c., agriculture, geology, moral philosophy : for the use of schools /

Mode of access: Internet.

Outlines in bookkeeping.

Mode of access: Internet.

20th century bookkeeping and accounting : a treatise on modern bookkeeping, accounting, and business customs, as illustrated in the "business transactions" wthich accompany this text.

"Granted a medal of award by the Panama-Pacific international exposition, San Francisco, California, 1915."

Simplified bookless bookkeeping system : a practical accounting manual and reference book for small business.

Mode of access: Internet.

A bookkeeping and accounting manual for local mental health associations,

Mode of access: Internet.

Farm bookkeeping and the federal income tax /

Caption title.

Ancient double-entry bookkeeping. Lucas Pacioli's treatise (A. D. 1494--the earliest known writer on bookkeeping) reproduced and translated with reproductions, notes and abstracts from Manzoni, Pietra, Mainardi, Ympyn, Stevin and Dafforne,

"Historical references": p. 7.

Creamery bookkeeping

Mode of access: Internet.

Acordo de Acionistas e qualidade dos lucros contábeis : Evidências empíricas no Mercado Brasileiro

O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a influência da presença dos acordos de acionistas na qualidade das informações contábeis divulgadas pelas empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA, do ano de 2001 a 2011. Para inferir a respeito da qualidade das informações contábeis foram utilizadas as métricas de informatividade e value relevance. Foram analisados em separado: os acordos de comando (utilizados para garantir o controle) dos acordos de defesa (utilizados para garantir o acesso a determinados direitos através do alcance de um percentual mínimo de capital votante). A amostra teve como critério de corte o mínimo de 0,001 de liquidez na BM&FBOVESPA. Foi utilizada regressão linear múltipla com dados em painel desequilibrado, tendo como variáveis de controle: concentração de votos, tamanho, endividamento, market-to-book e perdas. Com base nos efeitos cumprimento e monitoramento, com a utilização da metodologia proposta, o trabalho aponta que empresas com qualquer um dos tipos de acordo entre acionistas possuem maior qualidade das informações contábeis divulgadas.

New opportunities for farm accounting

There is a gap between the importance given to accounting and the low level of bookkeeping and accounting practice in the agricultural sector. Current general accounting rules do not adapt very well to the particularities of farming and are difficult and expensive to implement. The Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and IASC's Proposed International Accounting Standard on Agriculture (PIASA) could be key elements to improve the use of accounting in European farms. The PIASA provides a strong conceptual framework but might need further instruments for its implementation in practice. FADN is an experienced network that has elaborated very detailed farm accounting procedures. Empirical data indicate that current FADN reports are already considered useful by farmers for different purposes. Some changes in the FADN procedures are suggested, while some aspects of FADN are worthwhile for the future IAS on agriculture.

Tilintarkastusevidenssin luotettavuus

Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää, miten tilintarkastaja suorittaa tilintarkastusevidenssin luotettavuuden arvioinnin osana tilintarkastusprosessia ja millaista tilintarkastusevidenssiä voidaan pitää luotettavana. Tutkimus on rajattu koskemaan ensisijaisesti suomalaista tilintarkastuskäytäntöä ja sääntelyä sekä ainoastaan voittoa tavoittelevien yritysten vuosittaisen kirjanpidon, tilinpäätöksen ja hallinnon tarkastusta. Tavoitteeseen pyritään tarkastelemalla ensin olemassa olevaa aihetta koskevaa kirjallisuutta ja tilintarkastukseen liittyvää sääntelyä.Käytännön toimintaa kartoitetaan suomalaisille KHT-tilintarkastajille suoritetun kyselytutkimuksen avulla. Tutkimuksen mukaan tilintarkastusevidenssin luotettavuuden arviointi on tapauskohtaista ammatillista harkintaa vaativaa toimintaa. Evidenssin luotettavuuteen vaikuttavat monet erilaiset tilannetekijät ja erilaisista lähteistä hankitun evidenssin luotettavuuden välillä voidaan havaita eroja.Arviointi-työn vaikeuden takia tilintarkastajalta edellytetään kokemusta ja ammatti-taitoa sekä riippumattomuutta. Empiirinen tutkimus osoittaa, että käytännössä tilintarkastajien suhtautuminen evidenssin arviointiin on melko käytännönläheistä. Arviointi suoritetaan lähinnä suunnitteluvaiheessa, jossa kartoitetaan tilintarkastukseen liittyvät riskit ja valitaan käytettävät tarkastusmetodit ja näin varmistetaan kerättävän evidenssin luotettavuus. Evidenssin lähteiden luotettavuus arvioidaan muutaman tärkeimmän kriteerin valossa. Tärkeimpinä luotettavuuteen vaikuttavina tekijöinä tilintarkastajat pitävät lähteen riippumattomuutta, yrityksen kontrolliympäristöä sekä omaa ammattitaitoaan.