52 resultados para biotransformação
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There is considerable progress in the study of the biotransformation of limonene. Extensive research on the biotransformation of limonene has resulted in the elucidation of new metabolic pathways. Natural flavors can be produced via biotransformation, satisfying consumer demand for natural products. This review presents some elements concerning the biotransformation of limonene with emphasis on the metabolic pathways. Some comments are also made on problems related to biocatalysis as well as on the application of some compounds originating from the biotransformation of the inexpensive limonene.
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Carotenoids are widely distributed in nature, providing yellow, orange or red color in a great number of vegetables, microorganisms and in some animals. Carotenoids act as biological antioxidants and seem to play an important role in human health by protecting cells and tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals and singlet oxygen. Several authors describe the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids in flavor compounds as occuring through chemical or photochemical degradations or through biotechnological processes. Biotransformation of carotenoids seems to be a reasonable alternative to produce flavor compounds since these compounds are considered 'natural' ingredients. In this work we describe the properties of some carotenoids, as well as biotechnological approaches to obtain its oxyfunctionalized derivatives.
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Devido às limitações de sistemas in vitro atuais, existe uma necessidade de modelos celulares especializados em mimetizar propriamente a biotransformação humana. Além da aplicação destes novos sistemas na avaliação e estudo de toxicidade químicos, estes sistemas permitem o uso em estudos funcionais e mecanísticos de enzimas de biotransformação humanas. Nesta dissertação é abordado o desenvolvimento de modelos celulares competentes em enzimas de biotransformação humanas, aplicado na avaliação de um dos principais metabolitos do fármaco antirretroviral Nevirapina (NVP), como também num estudo mecanístico do importante fator proteico na biotransformação humana, a NADPH citocromo P450 oxido-redutase (CPR). NVP é frequentemente usado no tratamento de HIV-1 e tem sido associado a efeitos adversos como lesões hepáticas e erupções cutâneas severas. Evidências apontam ao envolvimento de citocromos P450 e subsequente sulfonação por sulfotransferases na formação de metabolitos reativos. Contudo, testes padrão in vitro não demonstraram evidências de mutagenicidade ou clastogenicidade. Neste estudo, utilizando uma estirpe de S. typhimurium, competente na expressão controlável e estável de sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1) humana, demonstrou-se mutagenicidade de 12-hidroxi-NVP dependente de SULT1A1. A enzima CPR está envolvida nas principais reações de biotransformação de xenobióticos, além de interagir com outras proteínas importantes com funções celulares importantes. O mecanismo pelo qual CPR doa eletrões aos seus parceiros redox não é completamente claro. Foi desenvolvido um sistema de E. coli para ser aplicado em estudos mecanísticos sobre a doação de eletrões de CPR. Este novo sistema co expressa CPR e hemeoxigenase I (HO-1) humanas, que depende importantemente de CPR, sendo sustentada por sete eletrões doados por cada ciclo enzimático. As condições de cultura foram otimizadas para níveis de expressão CPR/HO-1 aproximados à estequiometria verificada em humanos. Este modelo células foi aplicado no desenvolvimento de um ensaio de cinética de HO-1, focando-se em vários parâmetros para a sua otimização.
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The oleochemical industry has a permanent interested in controlling the physical, functional and organoleptical properties of their products and in producing useful derivatives from their raw materials. The potential of biotechnology for developing novel or well-known products at more competitive costs meets the need of this industrial segment in expanding their goals. In this work some technical aspects, problems and perspectives related to the production of oil and fat derivatives using biotransformation techniques are discussed. Particular emphasis is given to the description of biotransformation processes using lipase as catalyst, in view of the great versatility of this enzyme class to mediate typical reactions in this technological sector.
Resumo:
There is considerable progress in the study of the biotransformation of limonene. Extensive research on the biotransformation of limonene has resulted in the elucidation of new metabolic pathways. Natural flavors can be produced via biotransformation, satisfying consumer demand for natural products. This review presents some elements concerning the biotransformation of limonene with emphasis on the metabolic pathways. Some comments are also made on problems related to biocatalysis as well as on the application of some compounds originating from the biotransformation of the inexpensive limonene.
Resumo:
Carotenoids are widely distributed in nature, providing yellow, orange or red color in a great number of vegetables, microorganisms and in some animals. Carotenoids act as biological antioxidants and seem to play an important role in human health by protecting cells and tissues from the damaging effects of free radicals and singlet oxygen. Several authors describe the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids in flavor compounds as occuring through chemical or photochemical degradations or through biotechnological processes. Biotransformation of carotenoids seems to be a reasonable alternative to produce flavor compounds since these compounds are considered 'natural' ingredients. In this work we describe the properties of some carotenoids, as well as biotechnological approaches to obtain its oxyfunctionalized derivatives.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Pós-graduação em Química - IQ
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Among the sexual hormones the estrogens are receiving major attention due to their biological activity. Such biological response is atributed to the best conformation recognized by their receptors, resulting in maximum responses. The estrogens are also considered responsible for most of disruptor´s effects caused by their presence in aquatic ecosystems. The 17β-estradiol hormone is produced by vertebrates during the reproductive phase of their lives and its presence has been detected in superficial waters. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cause-effect of tilapia exposition to the hormone 17β-estradiol through the analysis of biotransformation enzymes in liver and gills, complemented with the quantification of 17β-estradiol and estrone in water samples collected from fish ponds integrated to swine production. The present study was conducted under laboratory conditions, in a randomized experimental design with three levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) (0, 5, 15 µg L-1), with three replicates. After 7 days of exposure time, liver and gills were extracted to analyze three isoforms of cytochrome P450: EROD, BROD, PROD and the activity of Glutathione S-Transferase (GST). The results showed that the EROD activity (CYP1A), normally induced by the metabolism of aromatic compounds, did not present statistical differences among the treatments exposed to E2, what means that the hormone did not induce isoform 1A in fish under these particular experimental conditions. PROD activity was significantly altered in both concentrations, by means of 5 and 15 µg L-1, when compared to control. This result can indicate an important role of PROD on the metabolism of E2 present in water. Regarding to the BROD activity, it could be observed differences statistically significant between control and both groups of treatments. Two or more CYP isoforms can contribute to the metabolism of the same compound, what makes BROD a candidate as a next bioindicator of the exposure to E2 in aquatic ecosystems. Analysis of variance could confirm the effect of E2 statistically significant on the GST activity in liver tissues with >90% of significance (Prob>F = 0.0753). Furthermore, it was possible to observe that the values of GSTs activities in liver and gills in both, control and treatments, follow a tendency, that means, enzymatic activity in gills increase as the increasing of the activity in the liver tissues. In this study, the 17β–estradiol was found in measurable concentrations in three sampled points, and these values were similar to the findings of other authors at different locations in Brazil. In addition, those values are much higher than the minimum concentration that presented observable effects (10 ng L-1).
Resumo:
A new natural product was isolated from Piper arboreum (Piperaceae) leaves, the methyl 3-geranyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (1). The metabolism of P. arboreum leaves by Naupactus bipes beetle (Germar, 1824 - Coleoptera: Curculionidae) led to the hydrolysis of 1 to 3-geranyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (2). The structures of both compounds were determined based on spectroscopic analysis (¹H and 13C NMR, MS, and IR).
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Foram apresentadas as alterações hematológicas do sangue periférico e da medula óssea em pacientes expostos cronicamente ao benzeno. Foram descritos a biotransformação metabólica e os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos neste tipo de toxicidade. Os dados hematológicos do sangue periférico são mostrados e avaliados em sua importância, sendo a macrocitose e a linfocitopenia sinais precoces de toxicidade ao benzeno. As alterações da medula óssea observadas são demonstradas pelos métodos complementares citológico e histológico. A anormalidade histológica de maior importância foi a hipocelularidade global devida principalmente ao setor granulocítico. Foi observado também aumento do percentual de eosinófilos, de mastócitos e de atipias no setor megacariocítico. Foram observadas alterações de caráter inflamatório e ressaltada a presença de sinais de dismielopoiese. Foram enfatizadas a necessidade da valorização das alterações hematológicas do sangue periférico e a visão critica e global desse importante problema de saúde pública.
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Solventes halogenados -- 1,1,1-tricloretano, tricloretileno, percloretileno -- apresentam o ácido tricloracético (TCA) como produto de biotransformação comum, o qual pode ser utilizado como indicador biológico de dose interna na exposição a estes compostos. Foi realizado estudo de métodos espectrofotométrico e cromatográfico em fase gasosa para a determinação do TCA, bem como da aplicação destes métodos à sua determinação em urina de indivíduos expostos ao 1,1,1-tricloretano. Os resultados mostram a boa precisão à determinação do TCA em urina de indivíduos expostos ao 1,1,1-tricloretano e nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada entre os métodos, ainda que o cromatográfico em fase gasosa apresentasse menor limite de detecção.
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica
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The anti-HIV drug abacavir is associated with idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reactions and cardiotoxicity. Although the mechanism underlying abacavir-toxicity is not fully understood, drug bioactivation to reactive metabolites may be involved. This work was aimed at identifying abacavir-protein adducts in the hemoglobin of HIV patients as biomarkers of abacavir bioactivation and protein modification. The protocol received prior approval from the Hospital Ethics Committee, patients gave their written informed consent and adherence was controlled through a questionnaire. Abacavir-derived Edman adducts with the N-terminal valine of hemoglobin were analyzed by an established liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method. Abacavir-valine adducts were detected in three out of ten patients. This work represents the first evidence of abacavir-protein adduct formation in humans. The data confirm the ability of abacavir to modify self-proteins and suggest that the molecular mechanism(s) of some abacavir-induced adverse reactions may require bioactivation.
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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina