Maternal Depression, Behavioral Profile and School Performance in School-Age Children

The aim of this study was to compare behavioral profile and school performance of school-age children living with a mother who presents clinical history of recurrent depression, diagnosed according to CID-10 criteria in order to verify the influences of such adversity. Thirty-eight mother-child dyads were evaluated using tests, interviews and questionnaires. Approximately two-thirds of the children presented behavioral and school performance difficulties with predominance of emotional and relationship problems, and impairment in the three areas of school performance which were assessed (writing, arithmetic and reading). Such difficulties may be associated with the negative impact of maternal depression. One-third of the children did not present difficulties, which suggests the use of protective mechanisms. The study highlights the importance of considering differences in children's profiles for the planning of mental health practices.

Behavioral Profile of the Novel Cannabinoid Agonist AM4054

Although cannabinoid drugs have been used for thousands of years both recreationally and therapeutically, little has been known about their mechanisms of action until recently. Since the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid CB1 receptor in 1988, the behavioral profile of cannabinoid receptor ligands has been much more thoroughly defined. Cannabinoid CB1 agonists have been shown to produce a variety of behavioral effects including suppression of locomotion, catalepsy, hypothermia, and analgesia. Research has also demonstrated that these behavioral effects can be inhibited by CB1 receptor antagonists including SR 141716 and AM 251. Although behavioral indicators of anxiety including thigmotaxis have been observed in several different paradigms, there is inconclusive and often times contradictory evidence to define the role of anxiety in CB1 receptor activation. The present study addressed the behavioral profile of AM 4054, a novel full agonist at the CB1 receptor, as well as the ability of the CB1 antagonist AM 251 to reverse these effects. To further identify and expand research on the suppression of locomotion and induction of thigmotaxis with the administration of a CB1 agonist, experiment 1 was conducted in the open field. In this experiment, each rat (n=40) was randomly assigned one of the five treatments: vehicle, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64, or 1.25 mg/kg AM 4054. After a 30 minute pre-treatment, each subject was tested in the open field for 18 minutes. Results indicated that AM 4054 produced a dose-related suppression of locomotion as well as the subtle presence of thigmotaxis in two out of four doses. In experiment 2, subjects (n=40) received either vehicle or 2.0 or 4.0 mg/kg AM 251 60 minutes prior to testing. After 30 minutes, the subjects were given either a 0.3 mg/kg dose of AM 4054 or vehicle. After a total pretreatment duration of 60 minutes, the animals were tested on a battery of tasks including an 18 minute session in locomotor boxes. Experiment 2 was a continuation of a previous study conducted in the same lab, which confirmed the effects of AM 4054 on this tetrad of tasks as being consistent with other cannabinoid agonists. In this experiment the effects of AM 4054 were reversed by the administration of the CB1 antagonist AM 251. Past studies have shown that AM 4054 is a highly potent drug with behavioral actions similar to other cannabinoid CB1 agonists. Furthermore, AM 4054 can be a useful drug in future studies, and has potential therapeutic value for the treatment of various conditions.

Behavioral disturbances in Noonan Syndrome: Brazilian preliminary data

Different from other countries Of Europe and North American, studies about the behavioral profile of Noonan syndrome`s patients are inexistent. The objective of this study was to report the profiles of behavioral functions of 10 participants (4 females and 6 males), with mutations in the PTPN11 gene. For this assessment it was used the Inventory of Behaviors of Children and Adolescents from 6 to 18 years (CBCL/6-18) and the Inventory of Auto-Evaluation for Adults from 18 to 59 years (ASR). The main results point that in Adaptive Functioning Scale all the participants were in the normality range. In the Syndrome Scale the adult participants were in normality range and the children were in clinical range to the sub-scales anxious/depressed, somatic complaints and aggressive behavior. In the DSM-Oriented Scale, 25% of the adult patients were in the borderline clinical range and clinical range, respectively, for Avoidant Personality Problems and Antisocial Personality Problems. About the both children in this scale were in the clinical range of Affective Problems and Anxiety Problems. This relatively homogenous sample, regarding the PTPN11 gene, shows a normal adult behavioral profile, on the average. However, the individual children anti adult profiles show diverse internalizing and externalizing behavioral disturbances.

Behavioral profiles displayed by rats in an elevated asymmetric plus-maze: effects of diazepam

When rats are exposed to unknown environments where novelty and fear-inducing characteristics are present (conflictive environments), some specific behaviors are induced and exploration is apparently modulated by fear. In our laboratory, a new type of plus-maze was designed as a model of conflictive exploration. The maze is composed of four arms with different geometrical characteristics, differing from each other by the presence or absence of walls. The degree of asymmetry was as follows: NW, no wall arm; SW, a single high wall present; HL, a low and a high wall present, and HH, two high walls present. The four arms were arranged at 90o angles and the apparatus was called the elevated asymmetric plus-maze (APM). The purpose of the present study was to assess the behavioral profile of rats exposed for a single time to the APM with or without treatment with benzodiazepine. Increasing doses of diazepam were injected intraperitoneally in several groups of male, 90-day-old Holtzman rats. Distilled water was injected in control animals. Thirty minutes after treatment all rats were exposed singly to a 5-min test in the APM. Diazepam induced a biphasic modification of exploration in the NW and SW arms. The increase in the exploration score was evident at low doses of diazepam (0.25-1.0 mg/kg body weight) and the decrease in exploration was found with the higher doses of diazepam (2.0-3.0 mg/kg body weight). Non-exploratory behaviors (permanency) were not affected by benzodiazepine treatment. In the HL arm, exploration was not modified but permanency was increased in a dose-dependent manner. In the HH arm, exploration and permanency were not affected. Results are compatible with the idea that exploration-processing mechanisms in conflictive environments are modulated by fear-processing mechanisms of the brain.

A CRTC1 deficient mouse line study : relevance to mood disorders

Summary Mood disorders are among the most prevalent, psychosocial^ debilitating, chronic and relapsing forms of psychiatric illnesses. Despite considerable advances in their characterization, the heterogeneous nature of susceptibility factors and patient's symptoms could account for the lack of totally effective and remissive treatment. The neurobiological hypothesis of mood disorders etiology has evolved since the monoamine and neurotrophin theories and current evidence is pointing toward their integration in a broader polygenic epistatic model resulting in defective neuroplasticity of circuitries involved in emotion processing. Consequently, the unraveling of molecular underpinning pathways involved in neuronal plasticity, commonly altered among mood disorder syndromes and symptoms, should shed light on their etiology and provide new drug target. The transcription factor CREB has been critically involved in the long-lasting forms of neuronal plasticity and in the regulation of several mood disorders susceptibility genes. In addition, altered CREB activity has been associated with mood disorders pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy. Interestingly, the newly-identified protein CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) was shown by previous studies in the laboratory to be a neuroactivity- dependent cAMP and calcium sensor, a potent activator of CREB-dependent transcription and involved in neuroplasticity mechanisms associated with long-term synaptic potentiation. Furthermore, the major mood disorder susceptibility gene Bdnf was suggested to be transcriptional regulated by CRTC1. Therefore, we aimed to investigate a role for CRTC1 in mood disorders by generating and characterizing a Crtcl deficient mouse model at the behavioral and molecular levels. Interestingly, their comprehensive characterization revealed a behavioral profile mirroring several major symptoms comorbid in mood disorders, including altered social interactions, aggressive behaviors, obesity, psychomotor retardation, increased emotional response to stress, decreased sexual drive and depression-like behaviors. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathological behaviors and the implication of CRTC1 in the regulation of CREB-regulated genes in vivo, we also quantified transcript levels of several relevant CREB-regulated susceptibility genes in brain structures involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Strikingly, we found the underexpression of primary components of the neurotrophin system: Bdnf and its cognate receptor TrkB, a marked decrease in the Nr4a family of transcription factors, implicated in neuroplasticity and associated with dopamine-related disorders, as well as in several other relevant CREB regulated genes. Moreover, neurochemical analysis revealed that Crtcl null mice presented alteration in prefrontal cortical monoamine turnover as well as in hippocampal and accumbal serotonin levels, similarly associated with mood disorders etiology and pharmacotherapy. Together, the present thesis supports the involvement of CRTC1 pathway hypofunction in the pathogenesis of mood disorders and specifically in pathological aggression, obesity and depression-related behavior comorbidities. Ultimately, CRTC1 may represent an interesting antidepressant, antiaggressive or mood stabilizer drug target candidate through the modulation of major CREB regulated susceptibility genes. Les troubles de l'humeur comptent parmi les maladies psychiatriques les plus prévalentes, psychosocialement débilitantes, chroniques et avec le plus grand risque de rechute. Malgré de considérable avancées dans leur caractérisation, la nature hétérogène des facteurs de susceptibilité et des symptômes présentés par les patients, semble justifier l'absence de traitement entraînant une rémission complète de la maladie. L'hypothèse de l'étiologie neurobiologique des troubles de l'humeur a évolué depuis la théorie des monoamines et des neurotrophines. Actuellement, elle tend à les englober dans un modèle polygénique épistatique induisant une déficience de la neuroplasticité des circuits impliqué dans la régulation des émotions. Par conséquent, il apparaît particulièrement relevant de caractériser des voies moléculaires impliquées dans la plasticité neuronale, communément altérées parmi les différents syndromes et symptômes des maladies de l'humeur, afin d'améliorer leur compréhension ainsi que de proposer de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles. Le facteur de transcription CREB a été de façon répétée et cohérente impliqué dans les mécanismes à long terme de la plasticité neuronale, ainsi que dans la régulation de plusieurs gènes de susceptibilité aux maladies de l'humeur. De plus, une altération dans l'activité de CREB a été impliqué dans leur étiologie et pharmacothérapie. De façon intéressante, des résultats préliminaires sur la protéine récemment découverte CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) ont indiqué que son activation était dépendante de l'activité neuronale, qu'il était un senseur du calcium et de l'AMPc, ainsi qu'un coactivateur de CREB requis et puissant impliqué dans les mécanismes de plasticité neuronale associés à la potentialisation à long terme. En outre, des résultats ont suggéré que le gène majeur de susceptibilité Bdnf est régulé par CRTC1. Ainsi, notre objectif a été d'investiguer un rôle éventuel de CRTC1 dans les maladies de l'humeur en générant et caractérisant une lignée de souris déficiente pour Crtcl, tant au niveau comportemental que moléculaire. De façon intéressante, leur caractérisation détaillée a révélé un profil comportemental reflétant de nombreux aspects des maladies de l'humeur incluant une altération des interactions sociales, une agression pathologique, l'obésité, un retard psychomoteur, une réponse émotionnelle au stress accrue, une diminution de la motivation sexuelle, et des comportements reliés à la dépression. Afin d'investiguer les mécanismes moléculaires sous- jacents cette altération du comportement, ainsi que l'implication de CRTC1 dans l'expression des gènes régulés par CREB in vivo, nous avons quantifié les niveaux de transcrits de plusieurs gènes de susceptibilité régulés par CREB et impliqués dans la physiopathologie des maladies de l'humeur. Remarquablement, nous avons trouvé la sous-expression de composants primordiaux du système neurotrophique: Bdnf et son récepteur TrkB, une diminution majeure de la famille des facteurs de transcription Nr4a, impliqués dans la neuroplasticité et associés à des désordres liés à la dopamine, ainsi que de nombreux autres gènes relevants régulés par CREB. De plus, une analyse neurochimique a révélé que les souris déficientes pour Crtcî présentent une altération du turn-over des monoamines du cortex préfrontal ainsi que des niveaux hippocampaux et accumbaux de sérotonine, associés de façon similaire dans l'étiologie et la pharmacothérapie des maladies de l'humeur. Vue dans son ensemble, la présente thèse supporte l'implication d'une sous-régulation de la voie de CRTCI dans la pathogenèse des maladies de l'humeur ainsi que dans la comorbidité de l'agression pathologique, l'obésité et la dépression. En conclusion, CRTCI pourrait représenter une cible médicamenteuse intéressante aux propriétés antidépressante, antiagressive ou stabilisatrice de l'humeur au travers de la modulation de gènes de susceptibilité majeurs régulés par CREB.

Impact des émotions sur les performances

Les émotions jouent un rôle primordial dans les processus cognitifs et plus particulièrement dans les tâches d’apprentissage. D’ailleurs, plusieurs recherches neurologiques ont montré l’interrelation qui existe entre la cognition et les émotions. Elles ont aussi déterminé plusieurs formes d’intelligence humaine autre que l’intelligence rationnelle parmi lesquelles nous distinguons la forme ayant comme dimension émotionnelle, à savoir l’intelligence émotionnelle, vu son impact sur les processus d’apprentissage. L’intelligence émotionnelle est alors un facteur significatif de réussite scolaire et professionnelle. Sous la lumière de ces constatations présentées, les informaticiens à leur tour, vont alors tenter de consentir de plus en plus de place au facteur émotionnel dans les systèmes informatiques et plus particulièrement dans ceux dédiés à l’apprentissage. L’intégration de l’intelligence émotionnelle dans ces systèmes et plus précisément, dans les Systèmes Tutoriels Intelligents (STI), va leur permettre de gérer les émotions de l’apprenant et par la suite améliorer ses performances. Dans ce mémoire, notre objectif principal est d’élaborer une stratégie d’apprentissage visant à favoriser et accentuer la mémorisation chez les enfants. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons développé un cours d’anglais en ligne ainsi qu’un tuteur virtuel utilisant des ressources multimédia tels que le ton de la voix, la musique, les images et les gestes afin de susciter des émotions chez l’apprenant. Nous avons conduit une expérience pour tester l’efficacité de quelques stratégies émotionnelles ainsi qu’évaluer l’impact des émotions suscitées sur la capacité de mémorisation des connaissances à acquérir par l’apprenant. Les résultats de cette étude expérimentale ont prouvé que l’induction implicite des émotions chez ce dernier a une influence significative sur ses performances. Ils ont également montré qu’il n’existe pas une stratégie efficace pour tous les apprenants à la fois, cependant l’efficacité d’une telle stratégie par rapport à une autre dépend essentiellement du profil comportemental de l’apprenant déterminé à partir de son tempérament.

Le développement visuel et cognitif chez les enfants nés à terme ou prématurément

Au cours des 25 dernières années, les recherches sur le développement visuel chez l’humain à l’aide de l’électrophysiologie cérébrale et des potentiels évoqués visuels (PEV) ont permis d’explorer plusieurs fonctions associées au cortex visuel. Néanmoins, le développement de certaines d’entre elles (p. ex. segmentation des textures), tout comme les effets de la prématurité sur celles-ci, sont des aspects qui nécessitent d’être davantage étudiés. Par ailleurs, compte tenu de l’importance de la vision dans le développement de certaines fonctions cognitives (p. ex. lecture, visuomotricité), de plus en plus de recherches s’intéressent aux relations entre la vision et la cognition. Les objectifs généraux de la présente thèse étaient d’étudier le développement visuel chez les enfants nés à terme et nés prématurément à l’aide de l’électrophysiologie, puis de documenter les impacts de la prématurité sur le développement visuel et cognitif. Deux études ont été réalisées. La première visait à examiner, chez des enfants nés prématurément, le développement des voies visuelles primaires durant la première année de vie et en début de scolarisation, ainsi qu’à documenter leur profil cognitif et comportemental. À l’aide d’un devis semi-longitudinal, dix enfants nés prématurément ont été évalués à l’âge de six mois (âge corrigé) et à 7-8 ans en utilisant des PEV, et des épreuves cognitives et comportementales à l’âge scolaire. Leurs résultats ont été comparés à ceux de 10 enfants nés à terme appariés pour l’âge. À six mois, aucune différence de latence ou d’amplitude des ondes N1 et P1 n’a été trouvée entre les groupes. À l’âge scolaire, les enfants nés prématurément montraient, comparativement aux enfants nés à terme, une plus grande amplitude de N1 dans la condition P-préférentielle et dans celle co-stimulant les voies M et P, et de P1 (tendance) dans la condition M-préférentielle. Aucune différence n’a été trouvée entre les groupes aux mesures cognitives et comportementales. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’une naissance prématurée exerce un impact sur le développement des voies visuelles centrales. L’objectif de la seconde étude était de documenter le développement des processus de segmentation visuelle des textures durant la petite enfance chez des enfants nés à terme et nés prématurément à l’aide des PEV et d’un devis transversal. Quarante-cinq enfants nés à terme et 43 enfants nés prématurément ont été évalués à 12, 24 ou 36 mois (âge corrigé pour les prématurés à 12 et 24 mois). Les résultats indiquaient une diminution significative de la latence de la composante N2 entre 12 et 36 mois en réponse à l’orientation, à la texture et à la segmentation des textures, ainsi qu’une diminution significative d’amplitude pour l’orientation entre 12 et 24 mois, et pour la texture entre 12 et 24 mois, et 12 et 36 mois. Les comparaisons entre les enfants nés à terme et ceux nés prématurément démontraient une amplitude de N2 réduite chez ces derniers à 12 mois pour l’orientation et la texture. Bien que ces différences ne fussent plus apparentes à 24 mois, nos résultats semblent refléter un délai de maturation des processus visuel de bas et de plus haut niveau chez les enfants nés prématurément, du moins, pendant la petite enfance. En conclusion, nos résultats indiquent que la prématurité, même sans atteinte neurologique importante, altère le développement des fonctions visuelles à certaines périodes du développement et mettent en évidence l’importance d’en investiguer davantage les impacts (p. ex. cognitifs, comportementaux, scolaires) à moyen et long-terme.

Trastornos del comportamiento y disfunción familiar en niños con enuresis

La enuresis es un trastorno frecuente en niños, afecta el desempeño social y familiar. Se desconoce en nuestro medio la relación entre enuresis, trastornos del comportamiento y disfunción familiar. Objetivo: Determinar diferencias entre un grupo de niños con enuresis y un grupo control, atendidos en la Clínica Infantil Colsubsidio en la frecuencia de disfunción familiar y trastornos del comportamiento a través de cuestionarios diligenciados por las madres. Materiales y métodos: Diseño Corte Transversal con componente analítico. Se formaron 2 grupos: niños con enuresis y un grupo comparable sin enuresis. Se realizó entrevista a las madres quienes diligenciaron el cuestionario apgar familiar y de capacidades y dificultades. Se compararon los puntajes obtenidos en ambos grupos. Resultados: El grupo de pacientes con enuresis mostró disfunción familiar con mayor frecuencia que en el grupo control (P = 0,005). Las variables de comportamiento se dividieron en 5 categorías: síntomas emocionales, problemas de conducta, hiperactividad, problemas en relación con los pares y conducta prosocial. Se encontraron puntajes totales anormales con mayor frecuencia en el grupo con enuresis (P < 0,001). Ambos grupos tuvieron diferencias significativas para cada una de las 4 primeras categorías. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con enuresis presentan con mayor frecuencia disfunción familiar y trastornos del comportamiento. El diseño del presente estudio no permite establecer relaciones de causalidad, pero sí recomendar incluir en el estudio de paciente con Enuresis una evaluación de la funcionalidad familiar y comportamiento de los niños además de los estudios dirigidos a descartar trastornos orgánicos relacionados.

Estudio de caso: perfil neuropsicológico de joven con Síndrome de Williams-Beuren

El síndrome de Williams-Beuren (SWB) es definido como una condición genética cuyo patrón cognitivo se caracteriza principalmente por la presencia de retardo mental leve a moderado, un bajo desempeño en tareas relacionadas con las funciones viso-espaciales y un alto rendimiento en funciones del lenguaje. A pesar de lo anterior, hoy en día no existe un acuerdo general en cuanto al perfil neuropsicológico específico de esta condición en vista del carácter heterogéneo de los cuadros clínicos estudiados en previas investigaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio es realizar una evaluación neuropsicológica a una joven diagnosticada con SWB, para explorar el perfil neuropsicológico y tener una mejor comprensión de las manifestaciones cognitivas de esta condición. Lo anterior teniendo en cuenta los nuevos paradigmas de la discapacidad intelectual, describiendo tanto las debilidades como las fortalezas de las personas con esta condición. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de la evaluación neuropsicológica consistieron fundamentalmente en la conservación de procesos atencionales de tipo auditivo, memoria declarativa explícita anterógrada en rango normal, lenguaje del polo receptivo y motor conservado, un coeficiente intelectual (CI) en 72, ubicado en rango inferior, denotando una inteligencia límite, alteración en habilidades viso-espaciales, limitaciones en funciones ejecutivas, principalmente en planeación y razonamiento abstracto. Lo anterior confirmaría algunos de los aspectos cognitivos señalados en estudios precedentes.

Prefrontal cortical-ventral striatal interactions involved in affective modulation of attentional performance: implications for corticostriatal circuit function

Anatomically segregated systems linking the frontal cortex and the striatum are involved in various aspects of cognitive, affective, and motor processing. In this study, we examined the effects of combined unilateral lesions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the core subregion of the nucleus accumbens (AcbC) in opposite hemispheres (disconnection) on a continuous performance, visual attention test [five-choice serial reaction-time task (5CSRTT)]. The disconnection lesion produced a set of specific changes in performance of the 5CSRTT, resembling changes that followed bilateral AcbC lesions while, in addition, comprising a subset of the behavioral changes after bilateral mPFC lesions previously reported using the same task. Specifically, both mPFC/AcbC disconnection and bilateral AcbC lesions markedly affected aspects of response control related to affective feedback, as indexed by perseverative responding in the 5CSRTT. These effects were comparable, although not identical, to those in animals with either bilateral AcbC or mPFC/AcbC disconnection lesions. The mPFC/AcbC disconnection resulted in a behavioral profile largely distinct from that produced by disconnection of a similar circuit described previously, between the mPFC and the dorsomedial striatum, which were shown to form a functional network underlying aspects of visual attention and attention to action. This distinction provides an insight into the functional specialization of corticostriatal circuits in similar behavioral contexts.

Avaliação sócio-comportamental de crianças portadoras de dermatite atópica

Introdução: A dermatite atópica (DA) é uma doença inflamatória crônica da pele que apresenta um impacto significativo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, em conseqüência de episódios recorrentes durante a vida. Considerando estudos recentes que descrevem a associação entre aspectos psicológicos e a dermatite atópica, acredita-se que a investigação da existência de um possível perfil comportamental destas crianças possa auxiliar o desenvolvimento de intervenções psicoterápicas específicas, assim como aumentar o conhecimento sobre a doença. Método: Este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma avaliação do perfil sóciocomportamental de crianças portadoras de DA e comparando-as com crianças sem a doença. Neste estudo, do tipo caso-controle, foram incluídos dois grupos com idades entre 4 e 18 anos: o grupo estudo, com pacientes portadores de dermatite atópica que consultam no ambulatório do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) e o grupo controle, composto por crianças e adolescentes sem doença dermatológica, matriculados em escola da rede pública de Porto Alegre. O tamanho estimado da amostra foi de 25 indivíduos em cada grupo. A coleta dos dados realizou-se através do CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist), validado no Brasil com o nome de Inventário de Comportamento da Infância e Adolescência. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas duas dimensões globais (internalização e externalização), sendo que as crianças portadoras de dermatite atópica mostraram mais sintomas relacionados com ansiedade, depressão, alterações de pensamento e comportamento agressivo quando comparadas com crianças sem a doença. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam a necessidade de abordagens interdisciplinares no tratamento da criança com DA, valorizando não só as lesões dermatológicas, como também os aspectos emocionais dos indivíduos.

Decision making process: a comparison between the public and private sector

The problem of decision making, its mechanisms and consequences is the very core of management, it is virtually impossible to separate the act of manage from this knowledge area. As defined by Herbert Simon – "decision making" as though it were synonymous with "managing". A decision is a selection made by an individual regarding a choice of a conclusion about a situation. This represents a course of behavior pertaining to what must be done or what must not be done. A decision is the point at which plans, policies and objectives are translated into concrete actions. Our behavior during decisive moments is closely linked with our brain dominance profile. Over the years, our decision-making processes develop a consistent pattern, which can be described as a decision-making style. Our style is grounded in our preferences, which arise from our brain dominance characteristics […]. The importance of understanding the impact of our thinking preferences and how to improve the effectiveness as a leader of organizations are the main justifications for this thesis; the main problem addressed is the behavioral profile diversity in a selective Master’s cohort formed by students from several different countries. The research methodology approach has been quantitative, through questionnaire administration using the HBDI (Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument), a validated framework developed by William "Ned" Herrmann when he was the leader of General Electric's Crotonville facility. This questionnaire has been administered in hundreds of thousands professional, enabling the possibility to establish correlations between a certain group and several historical databases. The selected group of analysis is the first cohort (23 students) from the CIM (Corporate International Master's), a joint program between Georgetown University (USA), ESADE (Spain) and FGV (Brazil). Besides decision preferences, the obtained profile enables the discussion on leadership style, heuristic's pitfalls and a base to compare with future cohorts. The fundamental research question is: how diverse is the dominant decision-making profile for the CIM students?

Caracterização comportamental endócrina das fases ontogenéticas de sagüi comum (Callithrix jacchus)

The use of animal models in biomedical research is ever increasing. Models that use primates might also have advantages in terms of low maintenance costs and availability of biological knowledge, thereby favoring their use in different experimental protocols. Many current stress studies use animal models at different developmental stages since biological response differs during ontogeny. The aims of this study were to perform a detailed characterization of the developmental stages of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), a very important animal model used in biomedical research. Ten subjects, 6 females and 4 males, were followed from birth to initial adult age (16 months). Behavioral and fecal collection for measurement of adrenal (cortisol) and sex (progesterone, estradiol and androgens) hormones took place twice a week during the first month of life and once a week for the remainder of the study. Behavior was observed for 30 minutes in the morning (0700-09:00h) and afternoon (12:00-14:00h). Behavioral profile showed changes during ontogeny, characterizing the 4 developmental stages and the respective phases proposed by Leão et al (2009).. Differentiation of developmental stages was considered using the onset, end, change and stabilization of the behavioral profile parental care (weaning and carrying), ingestion (solid food), affiliation (social grooming) and autogrooming, agonism (scent marking and piloerection) and play behavior and endocrine profile. Infant weaning and carrying terminated within the infantile stage and the peak of solid food ingestion was recorded in the infantile III phase. Receiving grooming was recorded earlier than grooming performed by the infant and autogrooming. The first episode of scent marking was recorded in the 4th week and it was the least variable behavior, in terms of its onset, which, in almost all animals, was between the 5th and 7th week of life. Solitary play and play with the twin started around the 7th week and play with other members of the group started 8 weeks later. Sex hormone secretion started to differ from basal levels between the 21st and 23rd week of life, in males and females, suggesting that puberty occurs simultaneously in both sexes. Basal cortisol, even at an early age, was higher in females than in males. However, cortisol was not correlated with the juvenile stage, as expected, since this stage corresponds to the transition between infancy and adult age and most behaviors are intensified by this time. The behavioral and endocrine profile of subadult animals did not differ from that of the adults. These results provide more detailed parameters for the developmental process of C. jacchus and open new perspectives for the use of experimental approaches focused on the intermediate ontogenetic phases of this species

Comportamento do camarão de água doce macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) em cultivos misto e monossexo

Understanding the behavioral activities of freshwater shrimp in captivity is of paramount importance for the appropriate management of the species. In Brazil, the shrimp Macrobrachium rosenbergii is currently the most widely used species in the freshwater shrimp culture due to its high potential for cultivation and good market acceptance. Thus, the present study aimed to describe and characterize the behavioral activities of M. rosenbergii in monosex and in mixed (male and female) (manuscript 1, 2 and 3) populations and the growth performance of this species in restrictive feeding conditions and in different feeding management (manuscript 4 and 5, respectively) . Juvenile and adult shrimps were collected from ponds of the Aquaculture Station - Unidade Especializada em Ciências Agrárias - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Macaíba/RN and then transferred to the Laboratório de Estudos do Comportamento do Camarão LECC (Laboratory for Shrimp Behavioral Studies) of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN). For each treatment , eight aquaria of 250 L (50 cm x 50 cm x 100 cm) were used in a closed recirculating water system with artificial lighting, constant aeration , continuous filtration through a biochemical and biological filter (canister filter), and fine sand as substrate . The water quality was monitored daily. The lab consisted of two rooms with artificial lighting system , controlled by a timer with dark / light cycle of 12:12 h . In manuscript 1, the behavioral categories of the species were presented through an ethogram, which described 31 behaviors, subdivided into general and agonistic behaviors. Manuscript 2 compared the behavioral profile of shrimps in male and in female monosex and mixed populations over 24 hours in laboratory. In three types (mixed, male monosex and female monosex) of populations during the light and dark phases of the 24 hour cycle, the shrimps showed higher occurrence of cleaning behavior. Manuscript 3 examined the influence of the color of the shelter on the frequency of its use and behavioral activities of shrimp in mixed, in male monosex and in female monosex populations over 24 hours. We observed that the shrimp M. rosenbergii burrow more frequently during the light phase in male monosex and mixed populations; they also tend to choose the black shelters. Female monosex populations tend to use red and orange shelters. In manuscript 4, we evaluated in laboratory the behavioral activities and growth performance of juvenile shrimps under food restriction. We observed that a mild food restriction may be used since there is no loss concerning the growth of the animals; feeding management on alternate days , compared to daily management can be financially productive both reducing labor costs and reducing the amount of feed used . Manuscript 5 evaluated the behavior of shrimps in monosex and in mixed populations, as well as the latency of reach the food according to feed offer (tray or food dispersal) . Our results indicate that animals adjust to both types of feed offer food dispersal as much as tray, but they spend more time to reach the feed when it is offered in trays (feeders). Comparing culture types (mixed, male monosex and female monosex), the latency to reach the food was lower for female monosex population. The data obtained in this study demonstrate the importance of identifying different pressures and environmental stimuli on the behavioral responses of this species. This knowledge would support management improvement to optimize the levels of animals‟ welfare, resulting in a better zootecnical performance

Hierarquia social e sucesso alimentar em callithrix jacchus (Primates, Callithrichidae), sob condições naturais

The competition for resources is one of the costs of group living. The scramble competition is considered an indirect type of competition, mainly associated with factors like group size and distribution of resources. Contest competition occurs when individuals compete directly for resources. In species that exibit this type of competition the establishment of dominance hierarchy can occur, resulting in differences on feeding and reproductive benefits for each member of the group. In these cases, aggressive and submissive behaviors are expected as a way to signal social status. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of social hierarchy over food ingestion in Callithrix jacchus. Data recording was from September/2006 to March/2007, eight days by month, at Floresta Nacional de Açu do Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade. The observation time started at 05:00 AM and finished after the last animal was on the sleeptree. Analyses of aggressive interactions, behavioral profile and diet, reveals a lot of advantages for dominat animals in the study group. Dominant individuals had higher intake of animal matter that subordinates. The last ones, consumed fruits, exsudate and, eventually, explored itens that were not common to the diet. We suggest that dominance hiearchy enable the reproductive female to assure priority on access to food resources, a important caracteristc to supply tha costs to maintain tha high reproductive taxa of the specie. We also suggest that reproductive male, due to the participation on food transfer, had the forage efficience reduced