Keinotekoiset järjestelyt ulosottomenettelyssä

Ulosotolla tarkoitetaan velallisen tuloon ja omaisuuteen kohdistuvaa pakkotäytäntöönpanoa laiminlyötyjen maksujen ja muiden velvoitteiden hoitamiseksi. Ensisijaisesti ulosmittaus tapahtuu velallisen julkisesta omaisuudesta. Mikäli velallinen on keinotekoisia järjestelyjä hyödyntäen siirtänyt omaisuuttaan lähipiirin omistukseen toimien silti tosiasiallisen omistajan tavoin, voidaan omaisuus ulosmitata Ulosottokaaren 4:14 §:n perusteella. Tutkimuksessa on esitelty keinotekoisiin järjestelyihin liittyviä piirteitä ja niiden käsittelyä ulosotossa. Kyseessä on lainopillinen tutkimus, jossa on myös käytetty oikeustapauksia ja tilastoja antamaan syvyyttä ja selvyyttä aiheeseen. Tutkimuksessa saatiin selville, että keinotekoisilla järjestelyillä on paljon yhteistä velallisen rikosten ja keinotekoisten järjestelyn kanssa. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin myös, että asianosaisten oikeuksien toteutumiseen pakkotäytäntöönpanossa on kohdistettava erityistä huomiota. Lisäksi todettiin, että ulosottomenettelyn summaarisen luonteen vuoksi tutkinnallisesti haastavat keinotekoiset järjestelyt on järkevää tarvittaessa siirtää erikoisperinnän käsiteltäväksi. Erikoisperintä toimii ulosottolaitoksen tutkinnallisena osastona tapauksille, joihin normaalissa täytäntöönpanossa eivät riittäisi aika ja resurssit. Keinotekoisia järjestelyjä tutkittaessa kokonaisarvionti ja asianmukainen huolellisuus on tärkeää. Pelkät yksittäiset tunnusmerkit ja indisiot järjestelyn keinotekoisuudesta eivät ole riittäviä sen sivuuttamiseksi. Tutkimuksen perusteella on todettavissa, että keinotekoisen järjestelyn sivuuttamiseen ei lähdetä helposti, koska vaarana on asianosaisten oikeuksien loukkaaminen. Säännös keinotekoisista järjestelyistä on tutkimuksen perusteella erittäin tärkeä ulosottotoimen uskottavuuden turvaamiseksi.

BR3: a biologically inspired fish-like robot actuated by SMA-based artificial muscles

Los peces son animales, donde en la mayoría de los casos, son considerados como nadadores muy eficientes y con una alta capacidad de maniobra. En general los peces se caracterizan por su capacidad de maniobra, locomoción silencioso, giros y partidas rápidas y viajes de larga distancia. Los estudios han identificado varios tipos de locomoción que los peces usan para generar maniobras y natación constante. A bajas velocidades la mayoría de los peces utilizan sus aletas pares y / o impares para su locomoción, que ofrecen una mayor maniobrabilidad y mejor eficiencia de propulsión. A altas velocidades la locomoción implica el cuerpo y / o aleta caudal porque esto puede lograr un mayor empuje y aceleración. Estas características pueden inspirar el diseo y fabricación de una piel muy flexible, una aleta caudal mórfica y una espina dorsal no articulada con una gran capacidad de maniobra. Esta tesis presenta el desarrollo de un novedoso pez robot bio-inspirado y biomimético llamado BR3, inspirado en la capacidad de maniobra y nado constante de los peces vertebrados. Inspirado por la morfología de los peces Micropterus salmoides o también conocido como lubina negra, el robot BR3 utiliza su fundamento biológico para desarrollar modelos y métodos matemáticos precisos que permiten imitar la locomoción de los peces reales. Los peces Largemouth Bass pueden lograr un nivel increíble de maniobrabilidad y eficacia de la propulsión mediante la combinación de los movimientos ondulatorios y aletas morficas. Para imitar la locomoción de los peces reales en una contraparte artificial se necesita del análisis de tecnologías de actuación alternativos, como arreglos de fibras musculares en lugar de servo actuadores o motores DC estándar, así como un material flexible que proporciona una estructura continua sin juntas. Las aleaciones con memoria de forma (SMAs) proveen la posibilidad de construir robots livianos, que no emiten ruido, sin motores, sin juntas y sin engranajes. Asi es como un pez robot submarino se ha desarrollado y cuyos movimientos son generados mediante SMAs. Estos actuadores son los adecuados para doblar la espina dorsal continua del pez robot, que a su vez provoca un cambio en la curvatura del cuerpo. Este tipo de arreglo estructural está inspirado en los músculos rojos del pescado, que son usados principalmente durante la natación constante para la flexión de una estructura flexible pero casi incompresible como lo es la espina dorsal de pescado. Del mismo modo la aleta caudal se basa en SMAs y se modifica para llevar a cabo el trabajo necesario. La estructura flexible proporciona empuje y permite que el BR3 nade. Por otro lado la aleta caudal mórfica proporciona movimientos de balanceo y guiada. Motivado por la versatilidad del BR3 para imitar todos los modos de natación (anguilliforme, carangiforme, subcarangiforme y tunniforme) se propone un controlador de doblado y velocidad. La ley de control de doblado y velocidad incorpora la información del ángulo de curvatura y de la frecuencia para producir el modo de natación deseado y a su vez controlar la velocidad de natación. Así mismo de acuerdo con el hecho biológico de la influencia de la forma de la aleta caudal en la maniobrabilidad durante la natación constante se propone un control de actitud. Esta novedoso robot pescado es el primero de su tipo en incorporar sólo SMAs para doblar una estructura flexible continua y sin juntas y engranajes para producir empuje e imitar todos los modos de natación, así como la aleta caudal que es capaz de cambiar su forma. Este novedoso diseo mecatrónico presenta un futuro muy prometedor para el diseo de vehículos submarinos capaces de modificar su forma y nadar mas eficientemente. La nueva metodología de control propuesto en esta tesis proporcionan una forma totalmente nueva de control de robots basados en SMAs, haciéndolos energéticamente más eficientes y la incorporación de una aleta caudal mórfica permite realizar maniobras más eficientemente. En su conjunto, el proyecto BR3 consta de cinco grandes etapas de desarrollo: • Estudio y análisis biológico del nado de los peces con el propósito de definir criterios de diseño y control. • Formulación de modelos matemáticos que describan la: i) cinemática del cuerpo, ii) dinámica, iii) hidrodinámica iv) análisis de los modos de vibración y v) actuación usando SMA. Estos modelos permiten estimar la influencia de modular la aleta caudal y el doblado del cuerpo en la producción de fuerzas de empuje y fuerzas de rotación necesarias en las maniobras y optimización del consumo de energía. • Diseño y fabricación de BR3: i) estructura esquelética de la columna vertebral y el cuerpo, ii) mecanismo de actuación basado en SMAs para el cuerpo y la aleta caudal, iii) piel artificial, iv) electrónica embebida y v) fusión sensorial. Está dirigido a desarrollar la plataforma de pez robot BR3 que permite probar los métodos propuestos. • Controlador de nado: compuesto por: i) control de las SMA (modulación de la forma de la aleta caudal y regulación de la actitud) y ii) control de nado continuo (modulación de la velocidad y doblado). Está dirigido a la formulación de los métodos de control adecuados que permiten la modulación adecuada de la aleta caudal y el cuerpo del BR3. • Experimentos: está dirigido a la cuantificación de los efectos de: i) la correcta modulación de la aleta caudal en la producción de rotación y su efecto hidrodinámico durante la maniobra, ii) doblado del cuerpo para la producción de empuje y iii) efecto de la flexibilidad de la piel en la habilidad para doblarse del BR3. También tiene como objetivo demostrar y validar la hipótesis de mejora en la eficiencia de la natación y las maniobras gracias a los nuevos métodos de control presentados en esta tesis. A lo largo del desarrollo de cada una de las cinco etapas, se irán presentando los retos, problemáticas y soluciones a abordar. Los experimentos en canales de agua estarán orientados a discutir y demostrar cómo la aleta caudal y el cuerpo pueden afectar considerablemente la dinámica / hidrodinámica de natación / maniobras y cómo tomar ventaja de la modulación de curvatura que la aleta caudal mórfica y el cuerpo permiten para cambiar correctamente la geometría de la aleta caudal y del cuerpo durante la natación constante y maniobras. ABSTRACT Fishes are animals where in most cases are considered as highly manoeuvrable and effortless swimmers. In general fishes are characterized for his manoeuvring skills, noiseless locomotion, rapid turning, fast starting and long distance cruising. Studies have identified several types of locomotion that fish use to generate maneuvering and steady swimming. At low speeds most fishes uses median and/or paired fins for its locomotion, offering greater maneuverability and better propulsive efficiency At high speeds the locomotion involves the body and/or caudal fin because this can achieve greater thrust and accelerations. This can inspire the design and fabrication of a highly deformable soft artificial skins, morphing caudal fins and non articulated backbone with a significant maneuverability capacity. This thesis presents the development of a novel bio-inspired and biomimetic fishlike robot (BR3) inspired by the maneuverability and steady swimming ability of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii, bony fishes). Inspired by the morphology of the Largemouth Bass fish, the BR3 uses its biological foundation to develop accurate mathematical models and methods allowing to mimic fish locomotion. The Largemouth Bass fishes can achieve an amazing level of maneuverability and propulsive efficiency by combining undulatory movements and morphing fins. To mimic the locomotion of the real fishes on an artificial counterpart needs the analysis of alternative actuation technologies more likely muscle fiber arrays instead of standard servomotor actuators as well as a bendable material that provides a continuous structure without joins. The Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) provide the possibility of building lightweight, joint-less, noise-less, motor-less and gear-less robots. Thus a swimming underwater fish-like robot has been developed whose movements are generated using SMAs. These actuators are suitable for bending the continuous backbone of the fish, which in turn causes a change in the curvature of the body. This type of structural arrangement is inspired by fish red muscles, which are mainly recruited during steady swimming for the bending of a flexible but nearly incompressible structure such as the fishbone. Likewise the caudal fin is based on SMAs and is customized to provide the necessary work out. The bendable structure provides thrust and allows the BR3 to swim. On the other hand the morphing caudal fin provides roll and yaw movements. Motivated by the versatility of the BR3 to mimic all the swimming modes (anguilliform, caranguiform, subcaranguiform and thunniform) a bending-speed controller is proposed. The bending-speed control law incorporates bend angle and frequency information to produce desired swimming mode and swimming speed. Likewise according to the biological fact about the influence of caudal fin shape in the maneuverability during steady swimming an attitude control is proposed. This novel fish robot is the first of its kind to incorporate only SMAs to bend a flexible continuous structure without joints and gears to produce thrust and mimic all the swimming modes as well as the caudal fin to be morphing. This novel mechatronic design is a promising way to design more efficient swimming/morphing underwater vehicles. The novel control methodology proposed in this thesis provide a totally new way of controlling robots based on SMAs, making them more energy efficient and the incorporation of a morphing caudal fin allows to perform more efficient maneuvers. As a whole, the BR3 project consists of five major stages of development: • Study and analysis of biological fish swimming data reported in specialized literature aimed at defining design and control criteria. • Formulation of mathematical models for: i) body kinematics, ii) dynamics, iii) hydrodynamics, iv) free vibration analysis and v) SMA muscle-like actuation. It is aimed at modelling the e ects of modulating caudal fin and body bend into the production of thrust forces for swimming, rotational forces for maneuvering and energy consumption optimisation. • Bio-inspired design and fabrication of: i) skeletal structure of backbone and body, ii) SMA muscle-like mechanisms for the body and caudal fin, iii) the artificial skin, iv) electronics onboard and v) sensor fusion. It is aimed at developing the fish-like platform (BR3) that allows for testing the methods proposed. • The swimming controller: i) control of SMA-muscles (morphing-caudal fin modulation and attitude regulation) and ii) steady swimming control (bend modulation and speed modulation). It is aimed at formulating the proper control methods that allow for the proper modulation of BR3’s caudal fin and body. • Experiments: it is aimed at quantifying the effects of: i) properly caudal fin modulation into hydrodynamics and rotation production for maneuvering, ii) body bending into thrust generation and iii) skin flexibility into BR3 bending ability. It is also aimed at demonstrating and validating the hypothesis of improving swimming and maneuvering efficiency thanks to the novel control methods presented in this thesis. This thesis introduces the challenges and methods to address these stages. Waterchannel experiments will be oriented to discuss and demonstrate how the caudal fin and body can considerably affect the dynamics/hydrodynamics of swimming/maneuvering and how to take advantage of bend modulation that the morphing-caudal fin and body enable to properly change caudal fin and body’ geometry during steady swimming and maneuvering.

Monitorización de estructuras aeronáuticas mediante técnicas de inteligencia artificial

Una de las barreras para la aplicación de las técnicas de monitorización de la integridad estructural (SHM) basadas en ondas elásticas guiadas (GLW) en aeronaves es la influencia perniciosa de las condiciones ambientales y de operación (EOC). En esta tesis se ha estudiado dicha influencia y la compensación de la misma, particularizando en variaciones del estado de carga y temperatura. La compensación de dichos efectos se fundamenta en Redes Neuronales Artificiales (ANN) empleando datos experimentales procesados con la Transformada Chirplet. Los cambios en la geometría y en las propiedades del material respecto al estado inicial de la estructura (lo daños) provocan cambios en la forma de onda de las GLW (lo que denominamos característica sensible al daño o DSF). Mediante técnicas de tratamiento de señal se puede buscar una relación entre dichas variaciones y los daños, esto se conoce como SHM. Sin embargo, las variaciones en las EOC producen también cambios en los datos adquiridos relativos a las GLW (DSF) que provocan errores en los algoritmos de diagnóstico de daño (SHM). Esto sucede porque las firmas de daño y de las EOC en la DSF son del mismo orden. Por lo tanto, es necesario cuantificar y compensar el efecto de las EOC sobre la GLW. Si bien existen diversas metodologías para compensar los efectos de las EOC como por ejemplo “Optimal Baseline Selection” (OBS) o “Baseline Signal Stretching” (BSS), estas, se emplean exclusivamente en la compensación de los efectos térmicos. El método propuesto en esta tesis mezcla análisis de datos experimentales, como en el método OBS, y modelos basados en Redes Neuronales Artificiales (ANN) que reemplazan el modelado físico requerido por el método BSS. El análisis de datos experimentales consiste en aplicar la Transformada Chirplet (CT) para extraer la firma de las EOC sobre la DSF. Con esta información, obtenida bajo diversas EOC, se entrena una ANN. A continuación, la ANN actuará como un interpolador de referencias de la estructura sin daño, generando información de referencia para cualquier EOC. La comparación de las mediciones reales de la DSF con los valores simulados por la ANN, dará como resultado la firma daño en la DSF, lo que permite el diagnóstico de daño. Este esquema se ha aplicado y verificado, en diversas EOC, para una estructura unidimensional con un único camino de daño, y para una estructura representativa de un fuselaje de una aeronave, con curvatura y múltiples elementos rigidizadores, sometida a un estado de cargas complejo, con múltiples caminos de daños. Los efectos de las EOC se han estudiado en detalle en la estructura unidimensional y se han generalizado para el fuselaje, demostrando la independencia del método respecto a la configuración de la estructura y el tipo de sensores utilizados para la adquisición de datos GLW. Por otra parte, esta metodología se puede utilizar para la compensación simultánea de una variedad medible de EOC, que afecten a la adquisición de datos de la onda elástica guiada. El principal resultado entre otros, de esta tesis, es la metodología CT-ANN para la compensación de EOC en técnicas SHM basadas en ondas elásticas guiadas para el diagnóstico de daño. ABSTRACT One of the open problems to implement Structural Health Monitoring techniques based on elastic guided waves in real aircraft structures at operation is the influence of the environmental and operational conditions (EOC) on the damage diagnosis problem. This thesis deals with the compensation of these environmental and operational effects, specifically, the temperature and the external loading, by the use of the Chirplet Transform working with Artificial Neural Networks. It is well known that the guided elastic wave form is affected by the damage appearance (what is known as the damage sensitive feature or DSF). The DSF is modified by the temperature and by the load applied to the structure. The EOC promotes variations in the acquired data (DSF) and cause mistakes in damage diagnosis algorithms. This effect promotes changes on the waveform due to the EOC variations of the same order than the damage occurrence. It is difficult to separate both effects in order to avoid damage diagnosis mistakes. Therefore it is necessary to quantify and compensate the effect of EOC over the GLW forms. There are several approaches to compensate the EOC effects such as Optimal Baseline Selection (OBS) or Baseline Signal Stretching (BSS). Usually, they are used for temperature compensation. The new method proposed here mixes experimental data analysis, as in the OBS method, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models to replace the physical modelling which involves the BSS method. The experimental data analysis studied is based on apply the Chirplet Transform (CT) to extract the EOC signature on the DSF. The information obtained varying EOC is employed to train an ANN. Then, the ANN will act as a baselines interpolator of the undamaged structure. The ANN generates reference information at any EOC. By comparing real measurements of the DSF against the ANN simulated values, the damage signature appears clearly in the DSF, enabling an accurate damage diagnosis. This schema has been applied in a range of EOC for a one-dimensional structure containing single damage path and two dimensional real fuselage structure with stiffener elements and multiple damage paths. The EOC effects tested in the one-dimensional structure have been generalized to the fuselage showing its independence from structural arrangement and the type of sensors used for GLW data acquisition. Moreover, it can be used for the simultaneous compensation of a variety of measurable EOC, which affects the guided wave data acquisition. The main result, among others, of this thesis is the CT-ANN methodology for the compensation of EOC in GLW based SHM technique for damage diagnosis.

Ordered yeast artificial chromosome clones representing the Dictyostelium discoideum genome.

High resolution gene maps of the six chromosomes of Dictyostelium discoideum have been generated by a combination of physical mapping techniques. A set of yeast artificial chromosome clones has been ordered into overlapping arrays that cover >98% of the 34-magabase pair genome. Clones were grouped and ordered according to the genes they carried, as determined by hybridization analyses with DNA fragments from several hundred genes. Congruence of the gene order within each arrangement of clones with the gene order determined from whole genome restriction site mapping indicates that a high degree of confidence can be placed on the clone map. This clone-based description of the Dictyostelium chromosomes should be useful for the physical mapping and subcloning of new genes and should facilitate more detailed analyses of this genome. cost of silicon-based construction and in the efficient sample handling afforded by component integration.

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): adequação de uma dieta artificial e avaliação do seu controle biológico com Trichogramma pretiosum Riley em tomateiro

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) é uma das pragas-chave da cultura do tomate e outras solanáceas na América do Sul e atualmente também na Eurásia e África. Devido aos grandes prejuízos que causa à cultura, são principalmente usados inseticidas para o seu controle. Entretanto, na busca de estratégias mais sustentáveis, cada dia adquire maior importância o uso do controle biológico, como uma das estratégias do manejo integrado de pragas. Para o desenvolvimento destas estratégias é fundamental desenvolver um método de criação de T. absoluta em laboratório, em dieta artificial, sem necessitar do hospedeiro natural, muitas vezes difícil de ser obtido e mantido em laboratório, e, de grande importância para produzir parasitoides específicos para esta praga. Dentre os parasitoides mais usados para ovos de lepidópteros está Trichogramma pretiosum Riley 1879 que é usado no controle biológico aplicado desta praga. Tendo como foco principal T. absoluta, neste trabalho foram pesquisados 1) a seleção de uma dieta artificial para este lepidóptero baseando-se em características físicas e químicas, avaliando o seu desempenho por várias gerações em laboratório, e 2) avaliação de aspectos biológicos e reprodutivos de T. pretiosum parasitando ovos de T. absoluta e aspectos físicos da planta (tricomas) para compreender o controle biológico desta praga no tomateiro. Foi encontrado que uma dieta à base de germe-de-trigo, caseína e celulose é apropriada para a criação deste lepidóptero, já que o inseto mostrou adaptação à mesma no transcorrer das gerações com base em características biológicas e de tabela de vida; adicionalmente, os ovos provenientes de T. absoluta alimentada com dieta artificial são comparáveis aos da dieta natural, no parasitismo de T. pretiosum. Com relação ao controle biológico foi demonstrado que este parasitoide desenvolvido em ovos de T. absoluta, diminui seu tamanho e desempenho com o transcorrer das gerações, apresentando menor capacidade de voo do que os insetos produzidos em A. kuenhiella, sendo necessária a liberação de altas densidades de parasitoides por ovo da praga. Foi observado que, embora o parasitismo de T. pretiosum de ovos de T. absoluta seja melhor em variedades com poucos tricomas, uma alta densidade destas estruturas não impede o controle da praga alvo dependendo da disposição destas estruturas. O controle biológico de T. absoluta com T. pretiosum tem uma ação momentânea, sendo necessárias liberações frequentes devido ao fato de os parasitoides desenvolvidos na praga serem menos competitivos com aqueles provenientes do hospedeiro alternativo que apresenta ovos maiores do que T. absoluta.

Effect Of Aloe Vera Application On The Content And Molecular Arrangement Of Glycosaminoglycans During Calcaneal Tendon Healing.

Although several treatments for tendon lesions have been proposed, successful tendon repair remains a great challenge for orthopedics, especially considering the high incidence of re-rupture of injured tendons. Our aim was to evaluate the pharmacological potential of Aloe vera on the content and arrangement of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) during tendon healing, which was based on the effectiveness of A. vera on collagen organization previously observed by our group. In rats, a partial calcaneal tendon transection was performed with subsequent topical A. vera application at the injury site. The tendons were treated with A. vera ointment for 7 days and excised on the 7(th) , 14(th) , or 21(st) day post-surgery. Control rats received ointment without A. vera. A higher content of GAGs and a lower amount of dermatan sulfate were detected in the A. vera-treated group on the 14(th) day compared with the control. Also at 14 days post-surgery, a lower dichroic ratio in toluidine blue stained sections was observed in A. vera-treated tendons compared with the control. No differences were observed in the chondroitin-6-sulfate and TGF-β1 levels between the groups, and higher amount of non-collagenous proteins was detected in the A. vera-treated group on the 21(st) day, compared with the control group. No differences were observed in the number of fibroblasts, inflammatory cells and blood vessels between the groups. The application of A. vera during tendon healing modified the arrangement of GAGs and increased the content of GAGs and non-collagenous proteins.

Update On Ultraviolet A And B Radiation Generated By The Sun And Artificial Lamps And Their Effects On Skin.

Solar radiation, especially ultraviolet A (UVA) and ultraviolet B (UVB), can cause damage to the human body, and exposure to the radiation may vary according to the geographical location, time of year and other factors. The effects of UVA and UVB radiation on organisms range from erythema formation, through tanning and reduced synthesis of macromolecules such as collagen and elastin, to carcinogenic DNA mutations. Some studies suggest that, in addition to the radiation emitted by the sun, artificial sources of radiation, such as commercial lamps, can also generate small amounts of UVA and UVB radiation. Depending on the source intensity and on the distance from the source, this radiation can be harmful to photosensitive individuals. In healthy subjects, the evidence on the danger of this radiation is still far from conclusive.

Artificial Gait In Complete Spinal Cord Injured Subjects: How To Assess Clinical Performance.

Objective Adapt the 6 minutes walking test (6MWT) to artificial gait in complete spinal cord injured (SCI) patients aided by neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Method Nine male individuals with paraplegia (AIS A) participated in this study. Lesion levels varied between T4 and T12 and time post injured from 4 to 13 years. Patients performed 6MWT 1 and 6MWT 2. They used neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and were aided by a walker. The differences between two 6MWT were assessed by using a paired t test. Multiple r-squared was also calculated. Results The 6MWT 1 and 6MWT 2 were not statistically different for heart rate, distance, mean speed and blood pressure. Multiple r-squared (r2 = 0.96) explained 96% of the variation in the distance walked. Conclusion The use of 6MWT in artificial gait towards assessing exercise walking capacity is reproducible and easy to apply. It can be used to assess SCI artificial gait clinical performance.

The need for artificial tears in glaucoma patients: a comparative, retrospective study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the need for artificial tears by glaucoma patients under topical hypotensive treatment and to identify risk factors associated with it. METHODS: The charts of 175 glaucoma patients under medical treatment and 175 age-matched controls were reviewed. Age, gender, use of artificial tears, number of glaucoma medications used, and duration of treatment were recorded. RESULTS: Significantly more glaucoma patients (n=92; 52.6%) used artificial tears compared to age-matched controls (n=31; 17.7%) (p<0.001). Significantly more females (n=81; 39%) than males (n=42; 28.9%) used artificial tears (p=0.036). When the whole population was analyzed, female gender (OR=1.63) and the presence of glaucoma (OR= 5.14) were risk factors for the use of artificial tears (p<0.05). When the glaucoma population was analyzed, female gender (OR=2.57), number of medications >2 (OR=1.92), and duration of treatment >5 years (OR=2.93) were risk factors for the use of artificial tears (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Topical treatment with antiglaucoma medication is a risk factor for the use of artificial tears. Female gender and long-term treatment of glaucoma with two or more medications were aggravating factors for the need for artificial tears.

Abrasion wear resistance of different artificial teeth opposed to metal and composite antagonists

One of the most important properties of artificial teeth is the abrasion wear resistance, which is determinant in the maintenance of the rehabilitation's occlusal pattern. OBJECTIVES: This in vitro study aims to evaluate the abrasion wear resistance of 7 brands of artificial teeth opposed to two types of antagonists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seven groups were prepared with 12 specimens each (BIOLUX & BL, TRILUX & TR, BLUE DENT & BD, BIOCLER & BC, POSTARIS & PO, ORTHOSIT & OR, GNATHOSTAR & GN), opposed to metallic (M & nickel-chromium alloy), and to composite antagonists (C & Solidex indirect composite). A mechanical loading device was used (240 cycles/min, 4 Hz speed, 10 mm antagonist course). Initial and final contours of each specimen were registered with aid of a profile projector (20x magnification). The linear difference between the two profiles was measured and the registered values were subjected to ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: Regarding the antagonists, only OR (M = 10.45 ± 1.42 µm and C = 2.77 ± 0.69 µm) and BC (M = 6.70 ± 1.37 µm and C = 4.48 ± 0.80 µm) presented statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Best results were obtained with PO (C = 2.33 ± 0.91 µm and M = 1.78 ± 0.42 µm), followed by BL (C = 3.70 ± 1.32 µm and M = 3.70 ± 0.61 µm), statistically similar for both antagonists (p>0.05). Greater result variance was obtained with OR, which presented the worse results opposed to Ni-Cr (10.45 ± 1.42 µm), and results similar to the best ones against composite (2.77 ± 0.69 µm). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that the antagonist material is a factor of major importance to be considered in the choice of the artificial teeth to be used in the prosthesis.

Inteligência artificial aplicada à Zootecnia

Os sistemas biológicos são surpreendentemente flexíveis pra processar informação proveniente do mundo real. Alguns organismos biológicos possuem uma unidade central de processamento denominada de cérebro. O cérebro humano consiste de 10(11) neurônios e realiza processamento inteligente de forma exata e subjetiva. A Inteligência Artificial (IA) tenta trazer para o mundo da computação digital a heurística dos sistemas biológicos de várias maneiras, mas, ainda resta muito para que isso seja concretizado. No entanto, algumas técnicas como Redes neurais artificiais e lógica fuzzy tem mostrado efetivas para resolver problemas complexos usando a heurística dos sistemas biológicos. Recentemente o numero de aplicação dos métodos da IA em sistemas zootécnicos tem aumentado significativamente. O objetivo deste artigo é explicar os princípios básicos da resolução de problemas usando heurística e demonstrar como a IA pode ser aplicada para construir um sistema especialista para resolver problemas na área de zootecnia.

Epilithic community development on artificial reefs deployed along a cross-shelf environmental gradient off Paraná state, southern Brazil

Concrete modules were deployed on the bottom of the 11, 18 and 30 meters isobaths along a cross-shelf hydrographic gradient off Paraná State, Southern Brazil, with the purpose of studying the colonization of sessile epilithic macroinvertebrates on artificial surfaces. After one year of submersion a total of 63 species of epilithic organisms were identified, dominated by Ostrea puelchana, Chthamalus bisinuatus, Balanus cf spongicola, Astrangia cf rathbuni, Didemnum spp, poryphers and bryozoans. Diversity index and percent cover at reef stations placed at 11, 18 and 30 meters isobaths were respectively 2.28 and 66.7%, 2.79 and 96.6% and 1.66 and 77.4%. Differences of general community structure among the three assemblages were not clearly related to the general environmental conditions at the bottom layers near the reef stations. Turbidity and larval abundance are discussed as important factors affecting colonization processes. Results indicate that depths between 15-20 meters are more suitable for the implementation of large scale artificial reef systems in the inner shelf off Paraná and, possibly, throughout the inner shelves off southern Brazil with similar hydrographic conditions.

Pitfalls of artificial grouping and stratification of scientific journals based on their Impact Factor: a case study in Brazilian Zoology

The present contribution explores the impact of the QUALIS metric system for academic evaluation implemented by CAPES (Coordination for the Development of Personnel in Higher Education) upon Brazilian Zoological research. The QUALIS system is based on the grouping and ranking of scientific journals according to their Impact Factor (IF). We examined two main points implied by this system, namely: 1) its reliability as a guideline for authors; 2) if Zoology possesses the same publication profile as Botany and Oceanography, three fields of knowledge grouped by CAPES under the subarea "BOZ" for purposes of evaluation. Additionally, we tested CAPES' recent suggestion that the area of Ecology would represent a fourth field of research compatible with the former three. Our results indicate that this system of classification is inappropriate as a guideline for publication improvement, with approximately one third of the journals changing their strata between years. We also demonstrate that the citation profile of Zoology is distinct from those of Botany and Oceanography. Finally, we show that Ecology shows an IF that is significantly different from those of Botany, Oceanography, and Zoology, and that grouping these fields together would be particularly detrimental to Zoology. We conclude that the use of only one parameter of analysis for the stratification of journals, i.e., the Impact Factor calculated for a comparatively small number of journals, fails to evaluate with accuracy the pattern of publication present in Zoology, Botany, and Oceanography. While such simplified procedure might appeals to our sense of objectivity, it dismisses any real attempt to evaluate with clarity the merit embedded in at least three very distinct aspects of scientific practice, namely: productivity, quality, and specificity.

Associação da medroxiprogesterona ao protocolo Ovsynch para inseminação artificial em tempo fixo de búfalas cíclicas (Bubalus bubalis) criadas na Amazônia Oriental

O presente estudo visou avaliar os efeitos da associação da medroxiprogesterona (análogo sintético da progesterona) ao protocolo Ovsynch sobre o crescimento folicular, a ovulação e a taxa de concepção de búfalas criadas na Amazônia Oriental (Tracuateua-PA). Vinte e sete fêmeas adultas (G1 n=14 e G2 n=13), cíclicas, sem bezerro ao pé e com ECC 3,5 foram submetidas a Ovsynch. Os animais do G2 receberam 60 mg de medroxiprogesterona entre D0 e D7 (D0=início do tratamento). A ultra-sonografia ovariana foi realizada nos D 0, 7, 9 e 10. O contingente de folículos pequenos diferiu no D7 (G1: 4,57±0,60 versus G2: 6,54±0,67; P=0,05). Tempo e tratamento influenciaram o diâmetro folicular no D7. O crescimento do folículo dominante entre D7 e D9 foi maior nos animais tratados (G1: 2,05±0,49 mm/dia versus 3,48±0,41 mm/dia; P<0,05). Mais animais do G1 ovularam precocemente (35,71% versus 30,77%), porém isso não afetou as taxas de concepção (G1: 50,00% e G2: 30,77%; P>0,05). Os achados sugerem que a medroxiprogesterona (1) aumenta recrutamento folicular e retarda o crescimento dos folículos com diâmetro maior que 5,0 mm entre D0 e D7; (2) sua retirada incrementa em 1,7 vezes o crescimento folicular do D7 ao D9; (3) pode contribuir para a ovulação de folículos maiores e, em tese, para maior formação de tecido luteínico; (4) não promove ovulação precoce após o Ovsynch; (5) não eleva as taxas de concepção após sincronização de fêmeas cíclicas e com bom escore corporal, devendo ser avaliada para uso em fêmeas acíclicas ou com ECC mais baixo.

Evaluation of follicular lymphoid depletion in the Bursa of Fabricius: an alternative methodology using digital image analysis and artificial neural networks

Fifty Bursa of Fabricius (BF) were examined by conventional optical microscopy and digital images were acquired and processed using Matlab® 6.5 software. The Artificial Neuronal Network (ANN) was generated using Neuroshell® Classifier software and the optical and digital data were compared. The ANN was able to make a comparable classification of digital and optical scores. The use of ANN was able to classify correctly the majority of the follicles, reaching sensibility and specificity of 89% and 96%, respectively. When the follicles were scored and grouped in a binary fashion the sensibility increased to 90% and obtained the maximum value for the specificity of 92%. These results demonstrate that the use of digital image analysis and ANN is a useful tool for the pathological classification of the BF lymphoid depletion. In addition it provides objective results that allow measuring the dimension of the error in the diagnosis and classification therefore making comparison between databases feasible.