FISHMETER: l'app per una scelta ecosostenibile

Lo scopo di questo lavoro è stato quello di realizzare un'app, in collaborazione con l'Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, che fosse di supporto nello stabilire l'ecostenibilità del pesce comprato da potenziali acquirenti. In modo particolare, per ecosostenibilità dell'acquisto del pesce intendiamo principalmente due fattori: - lunghezza minima del pesce pescato; - attenzione posta sul pescare ed acquistare pesce nel giusto periodo dell'anno. Col primo aspetto, intendiamo porre l'attenzione sul fatto che ogni esemplare di pesce deve essere di una certa lunghezza minima per essere pescato e poi messo in vendita mentre col secondo fattore intendiamo l'evitamento della pesca di certe specie di pesce qualora si trovino nella loro stagione riproduttiva. Pertanto, compito fondamentale dell'app presentata in questa tesi è quello di stimare la lunghezza di un pesce acquistato mediante una fotografia scattata allo stesso tramite uno smartphone e di verificare se esso sia stato venduto nella giusta stagione, preoccupandosi poi non solo di informare di conseguenza l'utente ma anche di salvare ed inviare una segnalazione riguardo l'esito dell'operazione a seguito di un'attenta raccolta di dati. Vedremo nel corso di questo documento quali siano stati tutti i passaggi di sviluppo di questa app e quali aspetti abbiano richiesto una maggiore attenzione per mantenere sia una semplicità d'uso nei confronti dell'utente sia un'implementazione rapida ma efficiente.

LIFE4Pollinators app: gamification, citizen science e machine learning per la classificazione e monitoraggio degli insetti impollinatori

Il tema della biodiversità sta assumendo sempre più importanza negli ultimi decenni a causa delle condizioni di rischio, dovute alle attività umane, a cui l'intero mondo naturale è costantemente sottoposto. In questo contesto diventa sempre più importante l'educazione ambientale per aumentare la consapevolezza delle persone e per far si che ognuno possa adottare i dovuti accorgimenti nel rispetto e nella preservazione della natura. Questo progetto nasce con l'obiettivo di approfondire il tema della sensibilizzazione, attraverso lo sviluppo di una applicazione nativa android in grado di classificare gli insetti impollinatori e che, grazie all'integrazione di elementi di gamification, sia in grado di motivare l'utente ad approfondire le proprie conoscenze. Il progetto di tesi è suddiviso in tre capitoli: il primo descrive i concetti di biodiversità, gamification e citizen science su cui si basa l'elaborato; il secondo capitolo rappresenta la fase di progettazione per strutturare il database, le interfacce grafiche e per capire le tecnologie migliore da utilizzare; infine il terzo capitolo mostra l'implementazione completa del progetto, descrivendone nel dettaglio le funzionalità.

Crowdsourcing e gamification in un'app di citizen science per la raccolta dati sull'inquinamento acustico e luminoso

Al giorno d’oggi, l’inquinamento costituisce una delle principali problematiche che l’uomo e il pianeta si trovano ad affrontare. Questo progetto di tesi si pone come obiettivo quello di coinvolgere le persone nella raccolta di dati sull'inquinamento acustico e luminoso attraverso un'app Android, realizzata sfruttando strategie e metodologie quali crowdsourcing, crowdsensing, citizen science e gamification. Il volume di tesi descrive quindi il contesto in cui si è svolto questo progetto, le tecnologie utilizzate e l'implementazione finale. In particolare, nel primo capitolo viene descritto il contesto generale con un approfondimento sul fenomeno dell'inquinamento, trattando in dettaglio quello sonoro e luminoso. Inoltre, il capitolo approfondisce i concetti di crowdsourcing, crowdsensing, citizen science e gamification. Nel secondo capitolo, invece, vengono illustrate le tecnologie utilizzate sia nel client, cioè l'applicazione Android con le sue funzionalità, sia nel server, che comprende l'uso di Flask e di un database PostgreSQL, oltre a delle API di tipo REST. Il terzo e ultimo capitolo verte sull'implementazione dell'applicazione, con dei focus sulle principali scelte adottate.

Open science, citizen science, crowd science – promises and challenges

Presentation at the Nordic Perspectives on Open Access and Open Science seminar, Helsinki, October 15, 2013

Making the impact on research and society : a case study: crowdsourcing solutions developed for the linguistic research and citizen science

Can crowdsourcing solutions serve many masters? Can they be beneficial for both, for the layman or native speakers of minority languages on the one hand and serious linguistic research on the other? How did an infrastructure that was designed to support linguistics turn out to be a solution for raising awareness of native languages? Since 2012 the National Library of Finland has been developing the Digitisation Project for Kindred Languages, in which the key objective is to support a culture of openness and interaction in linguistic research, but also to promote crowdsourcing as a tool for participation of the language community in research. In the course of the project, over 1,200 monographs and nearly 111,000 pages of newspapers in Finno-Ugric languages will be digitised and made available in the Fenno-Ugrica digital collection. This material was published in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s, and users have had only sporadic access to the material. The publication of open-access and searchable materials from this period is a goldmine for researchers. Historians, social scientists and laymen with an interest in specific local publications can now find text materials pertinent to their studies. The linguistically-oriented population can also find writings to delight them: (1) lexical items specific to a given publication, and (2) orthographically-documented specifics of phonetics. In addition to the open access collection, we developed an open source code OCR editor that enables the editing of machine-encoded text for the benefit of linguistic research. This tool was necessary since these rare and peripheral prints often include already archaic characters, which are neglected by modern OCR software developers but belong to the historical context of kindred languages, and are thus an essential part of the linguistic heritage. When modelling the OCR editor, it was essential to consider both the needs of researchers and the capabilities of lay citizens, and to have them participate in the planning and execution of the project from the very beginning. By implementing the feedback iteratively from both groups, it was possible to transform the requested changes as tools for research that not only supported the work of linguistics but also encouraged the citizen scientists to face the challenge and work with the crowdsourcing tools for the benefit of research. This presentation will not only deal with the technical aspects, developments and achievements of the infrastructure but will highlight the way in which user groups, researchers and lay citizens were engaged in a process as an active and communicative group of users and how their contributions were made to mutual benefit.

Birding 2.0: Citizen Science and Effective Monitoring in the Web 2.0 World

The amateur birding community has a long and proud tradition of contributing to bird surveys and bird atlases. Coordinated activities such as Breeding Bird Atlases and the Christmas Bird Count are examples of "citizen science" projects. With the advent of technology, Web 2.0 sites such as eBird have been developed to facilitate online sharing of data and thus increase the potential for real-time monitoring. However, as recently articulated in an editorial in this journal and elsewhere, monitoring is best served when based on a priori hypotheses. Harnessing citizen scientists to collect data following a hypothetico-deductive approach carries challenges. Moreover, the use of citizen science in scientific and monitoring studies has raised issues of data accuracy and quality. These issues are compounded when data collection moves into the Web 2.0 world. An examination of the literature from social geography on the concept of "citizen sensors" and volunteered geographic information (VGI) yields thoughtful reflections on the challenges of data quality/data accuracy when applying information from citizen sensors to research and management questions. VGI has been harnessed in a number of contexts, including for environmental and ecological monitoring activities. Here, I argue that conceptualizing a monitoring project as an experiment following the scientific method can further contribute to the use of VGI. I show how principles of experimental design can be applied to monitoring projects to better control for data quality of VGI. This includes suggestions for how citizen sensors can be harnessed to address issues of experimental controls and how to design monitoring projects to increase randomization and replication of sampled data, hence increasing scientific reliability and statistical power.

The Solar Stormwatch CME catalogue: results from the first space weather citizen science project

Solar Stormwatch was the first space weather citizen science project, the aim of which was to identify and track coronal mass ejections (CMEs) observed by the Heliospheric Imagers aboard the STEREO satellites. The project has now been running for approximately 4 years, with input from >16000 citizen scientists, resulting in a dataset of >38000 time-elongation profiles of CME trajectories, observed over 18 pre-selected position angles. We present our method for reducing this data set into aCME catalogue. The resulting catalogue consists of 144 CMEs over the period January-2007 to February-2010, of which 110 were observed by STEREO-A and 77 were observed by STEREO-B. For each CME, the time-elongation profiles generated by the citizen scientists are averaged into a consensus profile along each position angle that the event was tracked. We consider this catalogue to be unique, being at present the only citizen science generated CME catalogue, tracking CMEs over an elongation range of 4 degrees out to a maximum of approximately 70 degrees. Using single spacecraft fitting techniques, we estimate the speed, direction, solar source region and latitudinal width of each CME. This shows that, at present, the Solar Stormwatch catalogue (which covers only solar minimum years) contains almost exclusively slow CMEs, with a mean speed of approximately 350 kms−1. The full catalogue is available for public access at www.met.reading.ac.uk/spate/stormwatch. This includes, for each event, the unprocessed time-elongation profiles generated by Solar Stormwatch, the consensus time-elongation profiles and a set of summary plots, as well as the estimated CME properties.

Citizen science as a tool for the environmental quality assessment of the Mediterranean coastal habitats

The growing need to assess the environmental status of the Mediterranean coastal marine habitats and the large availability of data collected by Reef Check Italia onlus (RCI) volunteers suggest the possibility to develop innovative and reliable indices that may support decision makers in applying conservation strategies. The aims of this study were to check the reliability of data collected by RCI volunteers, analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of RCI available data, resume the knowledge on the biology and ecology of the monitored species, and develop innovative indices to asses the ecological quality of Mediterranean subtidal rocky shores and coralligenous habitats. Subtidal rocky shores and coralligenous were chosen because these are the habitats more attractive for divers; therefore mlst data are referring to them, moreover subtidal rocky bottom are strongly affected by coastal urbanisation, land use, fishing and tourist activities, that increase pollution, turbidity and sedimentation. Non-indigenous species (NIS) have been recognized as a major threat to the integrity of Mediterranean native communities because of their proliferation, spread and impact on resident communities. Monitoring of NIS’ spreading dynamics at the basin spatial scale is difficult but urgent. According to a field test, the training provided by RCI appears adequate to obtain reliable data by volunteers. Based on data collected by RCI volunteers, three main categories of indices were developed: indices based on species diversity, indices on the occurrence non-indigenous species, and indices on species sensitive toward physical, chemical and biological disturbances. As case studies, indices were applied to stretches of coastline defined according to management criteria (province territories and marine protected areas). The assessments of ecological quality in the Tavolara Marine Protected Area using the species sensitivities index were consisten with those previously obtained with traditional methods.

Citizen science reveals unexpected continental-scale evolutionary change in a model organism

Organisms provide some of the most sensitive indicators of climate change and evolutionary responses are becoming apparent in species with short generation times. Large datasets on genetic polymorphism that can provide an historical benchmark against which to test for recent evolutionary responses are very rare, but an exception is found in the brown-lipped banded snail (Cepaea nemoralis). This species is sensitive to its thermal environment and exhibits several polymorphisms of shell colour and banding pattern affecting shell albedo in the majority of populations within its native range in Europe. We tested for evolutionary changes in shell albedo that might have been driven by the warming of the climate in Europe over the last half century by compiling an historical dataset for 6,515 native populations of C. nemoralis and comparing this with new data on nearly 3,000 populations. The new data were sampled mainly in 2009 through the Evolution MegaLab, a citizen science project that engaged thousands of volunteers in 15 countries throughout Europe in the biggest such exercise ever undertaken. A known geographic cline in the frequency of the colour phenotype with the highest albedo (yellow) was shown to have persisted and a difference in colour frequency between woodland and more open habitats was confirmed, but there was no general increase in the frequency of yellow shells. This may have been because snails adapted to a warming climate through behavioural thermoregulation. By contrast, we detected an unexpected decrease in the frequency of Unbanded shells and an increase in the Mid-banded morph. Neither of these evolutionary changes appears to be a direct response to climate change, indicating that the influence of other selective agents, possibly related to changing predation pressure and habitat change with effects on micro-climate.

Web-based Biodiversity Citizen Science Database (assembled 2012)

The collective impact of humans on biodiversity rivals mass extinction events defining Earth's history, but does our large population also present opportunities to document and contend with this crisis? We provide the first quantitative review of biodiversity-related citizen science to determine whether data collected by these projects can be, and are currently being, effectively used in biodiversity research. We find strong evidence of the potential of citizen science: within projects we sampled (n = 388), ~1.3 million volunteers participate, contributing up to US Dollar 2.5 billion in-kind annually. These projects exceed most federally-funded studies in spatial and temporal extent, and collectively they sample a breadth of taxonomic diversity. However, only 12% of the 388 projects surveyed obviously provide data to peer-reviewed scientific articles, despite the fact that a third of these projects have verifiable, standardized data that are accessible online. Factors influencing publication included project spatial scale and longevity and having publically available data, as well as one measure of scientific rigor (taxonomic identification training). Because of the low rate at which citizen science data reach publication, the large and growing citizen science movement is likely only realizing a small portion of its potential impact on the scientific research community. Strengthening connections between professional and non-professional participants in the scientific process will enable this large data resource to be better harnessed to understand and address global change impacts on biodiversity.

Mapping species distributions : A comparison of skilled naturalist and lay citizen science recording

Acknowledgements We are grateful to Elaine O’Mahony, Imogen Pearce, Richard Comont, Anthony McCluskey and other BBCT staff for the many hours of BeeWatch species identification and for all people who submitted sightings to BeeWatch, OPAL, BWARS and the various local recording schemes and societies. We thank the NBN for allowing us to download the bumblebee records without strings attached, and the Essex, Greater London, Cumbria and Sussex based recording centres for providing records upon request. Finally, we are indebted to Tom August and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable critique on an earlier version of this work.

The role of automated feedback in training and retaining biological recorders for citizen science

© 2016 The Authors. Conservation Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society for Conservation Biology. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Acknowledgments The authors thank H. H. Nguyen for his early development work on the BeeWatch interface; E. O'Mahony, I. Pearce, and R. Comont for identifying numerous photographed bumblebees; B. Darvill, D. Ewing, and G. Perkins for enabling our partnership with the Bumblebee Conservation Trust; and S. Blake for his investments in developing the NLG feedback. The study was part of the Digital Conservation project of dot.rural, the University of Aberdeen's Digital Economy Research Hub, funded by RCUK (grant reference EP/G066051/1).

Cultural Institutions and Citizen Science: Some Educational Aspects

Report published in the Proceedings of the National Conference on "Education and Research in the Information Society", Plovdiv, May, 2015

Crowdsourcing, citizen science or volunteered geographic information? The current state of crowdsourced geographic information

Citizens are increasingly becoming an important source of geographic information, sometimes entering domains that had until recently been the exclusive realm of authoritative agencies. This activity has a very diverse character as it can, amongst other things, be active or passive, involve spatial or aspatial data and the data provided can be variable in terms of key attributes such as format, description and quality. Unsurprisingly, therefore, there are a variety of terms used to describe data arising from citizens. In this article, the expressions used to describe citizen sensing of geographic information are reviewed and their use over time explored, prior to categorizing them and highlighting key issues in the current state of the subject. The latter involved a review of 100 Internet sites with particular focus on their thematic topic, the nature of the data and issues such as incentives for contributors. This review suggests that most sites involve active rather than passive contribution, with citizens typically motivated by the desire to aid a worthy cause, often receiving little training. As such, this article provides a snapshot of the role of citizens in crowdsourcing geographic information and a guide to the current status of this rapidly emerging and evolving subject.