Propionylation of anisole to 4-methoxypropiophenone over zeolite H-beta

The results of a detailed study of the propionylation of anisole over various medium and large pore zeolites such as H-ZSM-5, H-beta, H-Na-beta. H-mordenite. H-Y and H-RE- Y are presented and discussed. In addition, homogenous catalysts and amorphous Si02-Al2O3 are also included for comparison, The catalyst and process parameters are optimised to enhance the conversion of propionyl chloride(PC) and selectivity to 4-methoxypropiophenone(4-MOPP).

A comparative study on the anisole methylation activity of lanthanum-promoted Sn02 catalyst and its sulfate-doped analogue

A comparative study on the anisole methylation with methanol over lanthanum-promoted Sn02 catalyst and its sulfate-doped analogue is presented. A maximum 2.6-xylenol selectivity of 82% was achieved at 400 degreeC under optimized conditions at an anisole conversion of 65% over lanthanum-promoted Sn02 catalyst. The sulfate modification resulted in the dealkylation of anisole to phenol followed by several unselective side reactions due to the creation of strong acid sites. The activity of lanthanum-modified tin oxide catalysts in the selective formation of 2.6-xylenol is ascribed to the presence of weak Lewis acid sites and comparatively stronger basic sites.

Hypobromous Acid, A Powerful Endogenous Electrophile: Experimental And Theoretical Studies.

Hypobromous acid (HOBr) is an inorganic acid produced by the oxidation of the bromide anion (Br(-)). The blood plasma level of Br(-) is more than 1,000-fold lower than that of chloride anion (Cl(-)). Consequently, the endogenous production of HOBr is also lower compared to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Nevertheless, there is much evidence of the deleterious effects of HOBr. From these data, we hypothesized that the reactivity of HOBr could be better associated with its electrophilic strength. Our hypothesis was confirmed, since HOBr was significantly more reactive than HOCl when the oxidability of the studied compounds was not relevant. For instance: anisole (HOBr, k2=2.3×10(2)M(-1)s(-1), HOCl non-reactive); dansylglycine (HOBr, k2=7.3×10(6)M(-1)s(-1), HOCl, 5.2×10(2)M(-1)s(-1)); salicylic acid (HOBr, k2=4.0×10(4)M(-1)s(-1), non-reactive); 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (HOBr, k2=5.9×10(4)M(-1)s(-1), HOCl, k2=1.1×10(1)M(-1)s(-1)); uridine (HOBr, k2=1.3×10(3)M(-1)s(-1), HOCl non-reactive). The compounds 4-bromoanisole and 5-bromouridine were identified as the products of the reactions between HOBr and anisole or uridine, respectively, i.e. typical products of electrophilic substitutions. Together, these results show that, rather than an oxidant, HOBr is a powerful electrophilic reactant. This chemical property was theoretically confirmed by measuring the positive Mulliken and ChelpG charges upon bromine and chlorine. In conclusion, the high electrophilicity of HOBr could be behind its well-established deleterious effects. We propose that HOBr is the most powerful endogenous electrophile.

Aplicação de zeólitos hierárquicos a reacções de acilação de Friedel-Crafts

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química

Cloração do anisol, tolueno e nitrobenzeno com ácido tricloroisocianúrico (ATCI): aspectos computacionais sobre a reatividade e regiosseletividade

We present in this educational article a theoretical analysis based on DFT/B3LYP 6-311++G (d,p) and ab initio MP2/6-311++G(d,p) computational calculation about the reactivity and the regioselectivity on the chlorination reaction of anisole, toluene and nitrobenzene, using trichloroisocyanuric acid (TICA) as donor of Cl+. The H.O.M.O. / L.U.M.O. energy and N.B.O. atomic charges of various aromatic systems were calculated in ab initio level. The energies of the reagents and intermediaries were calculated using D.F.T.. These results have been presented as a quantitative example for the S E A mechanism, in the undergraduate organic chemistry disciplines.

Studies toward the total synthesis of natural and unnatural aeruginosins

Nous avons démontré l’utilité du groupement protecteur tert-butylsulfonyle (N-Bus) pour la chimie des acides aminés et des peptides. Celui-ci est préparé en deux étapes, impliquant la réaction d’une amine avec le chlorure de tert-butylsulfinyle, suivie par l’oxydation par du m-CPBA, pour obtenir les tert-butylsulfonamides correspondants avec d’excellents rendements. Le groupement N-Bus peut être clivé par traitement avec 0.1 N TfOH/DCM/anisole à 0oC en 10h pour régénérer le sel d’ammonium. Une variété d’acides aminés N-Bus protégés ainsi que d’autres aminoacides peuvent alors être utilisés pour préparer divers dipeptides et tripeptides. A l’exception du groupe N-Fmoc, les conditions de déprotection du groupe N-Bus clivent également les groupements N-Boc, N-Cbz et O-Bn. Une déprotection sélective et orthogonale des groupes N-Boc, N-Cbz, N-Fmoc et O-Bn est également possible en présence du groupe protecteur N-Bus. Le nouvel acide aminé non-naturel (3R, 2R) 3–méthyl-D-leucine (β-Me-Leu) et son régioisomère 2-méthyle ont été synthétisés par ouverture d’une N-Ts aziridine en présence d’un excès de LiMe2Cu. Chacun des régioisomères du mélange (1:1,2) a été converti en la méthylleucine correspondante, puis couplé à l’acide D-phényllactique puis au motif 2-carboxyperhydroindole 4-amidinobenzamide en présence de DEPBT. Des élaborations ultérieures ont conduit à des analogues peptidiques non-naturels d’aeruginosines telles que la chlorodysinosine A. Les deux analogues ont ensuite été évalués pour leur activité inhibitrice de la thrombine et la trypsine. La présumée aeruginosine 3-sulfate 205B et son anomère β ont été synthétisés avec succès à partir de 5 sous-unités : la 3-chloroleucine, l’acide D-phényllactique, le D-xylose, le 2-carboxy-6-hydroxyoctahydroindole et l’agmatine. La comparaison des données RMN 1H et 13C reportées avec celles obtenues avec l’aeruginosine synthétique 205B révèle une différence majeure pour la position du groupe présumé 3'-sulfate sur l’unité D-xylopyranosyle. Nous avons alors synthétisés les dérivés méthyl-α-D-xylopyranosides avec un groupement sulfate à chacune des positions hydroxyles, afin de démontrer sans ambiguïté la présence du sulfate en position C-4' par comparaison des données spectroscopiques RMN 1H et 13C. La structure de l’aeruginosine 205B a alors été révisée. Une des étapes-clés de cette synthèse consiste en la formation du glycoside avec le groupe hydroxyle en C-6 orienté en axial sur la sous-unité Choi. Le 2-thiopyridylcarbonate s’est avéré une méthode efficace pour l’activation anomérique. Le traitement par AgOTf et la tétraméthylurée en solution dans un mélange éther-DCM permet d’obtenir l’anomère α désiré, qui peut alors être aisément séparé de l’anomère β par chromatographie

A comparative study of medium and large pore zeolites in alkylation reactions

In this thesis an attempt has been made to compare the catalytic activity of some medium and large pore zeolites in a few alkylation and acylation reactions. The work reported in the present study is basically centered around the following zeolites namely, ZSM-5, mordenite, zeolite Y and beta. The major reactions carried out were benzoylation of o-xylene, propionylation of toluene and anisole and benzylation of 0xylene.The programme involves the synthesis, modifications and characterization of the zeolite catalysts by various methods. The influence of various parameters such as non-framework cations, Si/AI ratio of zeolites, temperature of the reaction, catalyst concentration, molar ratio of the reactants and recycling of the catalysts were also examined upon the conversion of reactants and the formation of the desired products in the alkylation / acylation reactions.The general conclusions drawn by us from the results obtained are summarized in the last chapter of the thesis. Zeolite beta offers interesting opportunities as a potential catalyst in alkylation reactions and the area of catalysis by medium and large pore zeolites is very fascinating and there is plenty of scope for further research in this field. Moreover, zeolite based catalysts are effective in meeting current industrial processing and more stringent environment pollution limits.

Transition metal and rare earth metal modified sol-gel titania: a versatile catalyst for organic transformations

Catalysis is a mature field with extensive practical applications in today's society.indeed,the catalysis of petroleum refining,fine chemical synthesis and emission control demands the production of catalysts in bulk quantities.Future improvement of these well established processes is likely to be incremental.On the other hand,the continuous demand for new products will require additional novel and innovative processes.The need for pollution abatement and prevention also imposes new demands on catalysis, and new processes are periodically advanced for the control of emission of gases as well as for remediation processes such as the cleaning of underground waters. The number of problems where catalysis can have a big impact is constantly growing.In general,science stimulated by the technology has enriched the field of catalysis in a way that has had broad and lasting value.The thesis"Transition metal and rare earth metal modified sol-gel titania: a versatile catalyst for organic transformations" accounts the preparation and characterization studies of both transition metals and rare earth metals modified sol-gel titania and its applications in industrially useful organic reactions.

Studies on the catalysis by sulfated mixed oxides of tin with some rare earth elements

A comparative study of acid-base properties and catalytic activity of Sn-La and Sn-Sm mixed oxides and their corresponding sulfate modified analogues are reported in this thesis. The catalytic activity and product selectivity in the decomposition of alcohols are correlated with the acid-base and redox properties of the catalyst systems under study The effect of catalyst preparation, pretreatment and various reaction parameters on the catalytic activity of sulfate modified oxides is investigated in the oxidative dehydrogenation reactions The experimental conditions are optimised to synthesise industrially important organic chemicals viz. 2,6 xylenol, o-cresol, N-methylanilne and N,N-dimethylaniline employing the mixed oxide systems. The effect of sulfate treatment on the catalytic activity of these systems in the alkylation reactions of phenol, anisole and aniline is also investigated and the merits and demerits of sulfate treatment are highlighted.

“A comparative study of medium and large pore zeolites in alkylation reactions”

Zeolites have established themselves as industrial catalysts for over two decades for a variety of hydrocarbon processing reactions where acidity and shape selectivity are important factors. As solid catalysts, zeolites may be advantageous and superior compared to their homogenous counterparts due to their characteristic properties. It is only in recent years that the utility of zeolites for organic synthesis is recognized for producing specific organic intermediates and fine chemicals in high selectivity. In this thesis an attempt has been made to compare the catalytic activity of some medium and large pore zeolites in a few alkylation and acylation reactions. The work reported in the present study is basically centered around the following zeolites namely, ZSM-5, mordenite, zeolite Y and beta. The major reactions carried out were benzoylation of o-xylene, propionylation of toluene and anisole and benzylation of oxylene. . The programme involves the synthesis, modifications and characterization of the zeolite catalysts by various methods. The influence of various parameters such as non-framework cations, Si/Al ratio of zeolites, temperature of the reaction, catalyst concentration, molar ratio of the reactants and recycling of the catalysts were also examined upon the conversion of reactants and the formation of the desired products in the alkylation/ acylation reactions. The general conclusions drawn by us from the results obtained are summarized in the last chapter of the thesis. Zeolite beta ofi'ers interesting opportunities as a potential catalyst in alkylation reactions and the area of catalysis by medium and large pore zeolites is very fascinating and there is plenty of scope for further research in this field. Moreover, zeolite based catalysts are effective in meeting current industrial processing and more stringent environment pollution limits.

Detecção e caracterização de biomarcadores voláteis em indivíduos com patologias oncológicas

Com a realização deste trabalho, pretendeu-se traçar o perfil padrão da composição volátil típico de fluidos biológicos (urina) de indivíduos sem patologia oncológica (grupo de controlo) comparando-os com os de pacientes (grupo com patologia oncológica). As amostras de urina de ambos os grupos foram analisadas por microextracção em fase sólida em modo de headspace acoplada à espectrometria de massa (HS-SPME-GC/qMS). Com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência de extracção da SPME, foram optimizados alguns parâmetros com influência no processo extractivo, nomeadamente o tipo de fibra, o tempo e a temperatura de extracção. Assim sendo, foram testadas e comparadas seis fibras comercialmente disponíveis, polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS, 100 m), poliacrilato (PA, 85 m), carboxeno-polidimetilsiloxano (CAR/PDMS, 75 m), carbowax-divinilbenzeno (CW/DVB, 65 m), divinilbenzeno-carboxen-polidimetilsiloxano (DVB/CAR/PDMS, 50/30 m) e polidimetilsiloxano-divinilbenzeno (PDMS/DVB, 65 m). A influência do tempo (30, 45, 60 e 75 min) e temperatura (30, 50 e 60 ºC) de extracção foram optimizados de modo a obter uma melhor eficiência de extracção dos compostos voláteis presentes nas amostras de urina. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos usando a fibra carboxeno-polidimetilsiloxano (CAR/PDMS, 75 m), com uma velocidade de agitação de 800 rpm durante 75 min a uma temperatura de 50 ºC. Para os dois grupos em estudo, foram identificados 80 compostos voláteis pertencentes a diversas famílias químicas, nomeadamente, aldeídos, cetonas, derivados benzénicos, compostos terpénicos, ácidos orgânicos, compostos furânicos, compostos sulfurados, fenóis voláteis, ésteres, álcoois superiores e derivados do naftaleno. Os compostos maioritários pertencentes aos grupos analisados foram a 4-heptanona, a 2-pentanona, a acetona, a 2-butanona, o 1(2- furanil)etanona, o 3-metil-3-fenil-2-propenal, o 3,4-dimetilbenzaldeído, o decanal, o dissulfureto de dimetilo, o metanotiol, o 2-metoxitiofeno, o 4-metil-fenol, o p-tert-butil-fenol, o 2,4-bis(1,1- dimetiletil)fenol, o fenol, o m-cimeno, o p-cimeno, o tolueno, o 1-etil-3,5-diisopropilbenzeno, o 2,6-dimetil-7-octen-2-ol, a D-carvona, o vitispirano I e o vitispirano II. O teste One-Way ANOVA foi aplicado aos resultados com o intuito de verificar se existiam diferenças significativas entre os grupos avaliados (Controlo e Oncológico), sendo o dissulfureto de dimetilo, o 2-metoxitiofeno, e o p-cimeno estatisticamente significativos. A aplicação da análise multivariável às amostras de urina das diferentes patologias permitiu diferenciá-las no qual se obteve 81,02% da variância total.A aplicação da análise multivariável às amostras de urina das diferentes patologias permitiu diferenciá-las no qual se obteve 81,02% da variância total. A patologia de Hodgkin é influenciada pelas variáveis heptanal e o 2-metil-3-fenil-2-propenal. O Controlo é afectado essencialmente pelas variáveis p-cimeno, 1,4,5-trimetilnaftaleno e o dissulfureto de dimetilo. O Cólon é influenciado pelo 4-metilfenol, anisole e 1,2-dihidro-1,1,6-trimetil-naftaleno. O 1-octanol e a 3-heptanona influenciam, essencialmente as patologias da Mama e Leucemia.

Investigation of urinary volatile organic metabolites as potential cancer biomarkers by solid-phase microextraction in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive diagnostic strategies aimed at identifying biomarkers of cancer are of great interest for early cancer detection. Urine is potentially a rich source of volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) that can be used as potential cancer biomarkers. Our aim was to develop a generally reliable, rapid, sensitive, and robust analytical method for screening large numbers of urine samples, resulting in a broad spectrum of native VOMs, as a tool to evaluate the potential of these metabolites in the early diagnosis of cancer. METHODS: To investigate urinary volatile metabolites as potential cancer biomarkers, urine samples from 33 cancer patients (oncological group: 14 leukaemia, 12 colorectal and 7 lymphoma) and 21 healthy (control group, cancer-free) individuals were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed. Dynamic solid-phase microextraction in headspace mode (dHS-SPME) using a carboxenpolydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) sorbent in combination with GC-qMS-based metabolomics was applied to isolate and identify the volatile metabolites. This method provides a potential non-invasive method for early cancer diagnosis as a first approach. To fulfil this objective, three important dHS-SPME experimental parameters that influence extraction efficiency (fibre coating, extraction time and temperature of sampling) were optimised using a univariate optimisation design. The highest extraction efficiency was obtained when sampling was performed at 501C for 60min using samples with high ionic strengths (17% sodium chloride, wv 1) and under agitation. RESULTS: A total of 82 volatile metabolites belonging to distinct chemical classes were identified in the control and oncological groups. Benzene derivatives, terpenoids and phenols were the most common classes for the oncological group, whereas ketones and sulphur compounds were the main classes that were isolated from the urine headspace of healthy subjects. The results demonstrate that compound concentrations were dramatically different between cancer patients and healthy volunteers. The positive rates of 16 patients among the 82 identified were found to be statistically different (Po0.05). A significant increase in the peak area of 2-methyl3-phenyl-2-propenal, p-cymene, anisole, 4-methyl-phenol and 1,2-dihydro-1,1,6-trimethyl-naphthalene in cancer patients was observed. On average, statistically significant lower abundances of dimethyl disulphide were found in cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: Gas chromatographic peak areas were submitted to multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and supervised linear discriminant analysis) to visualise clusters within cases and to detect the volatile metabolites that are able to differentiate cancer patients from healthy individuals. Very good discrimination within cancer groups and between cancer and control groups was achieved.

Caracterização da diversidade genética e da composição química dos óleos essenciais de populações de Ocimum selloi Benth

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA

Hypobromous acid, a powerful endogenous electrophile: Experimental and theoretical studies

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Annulation of Tetrathiafulvalene to the Bay Region of Perylenediimide: Fast Electron-Transfer Processes in Polar and Nonpolar Solvents

A tetrathiafulvalene donor has been annulated to the bay region of perylenediimide through a 1H-benzo-[d]pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazol-1-one spacer affording an extended pi-conjugated molecular dyad (TTF-PDI). To gain insight into its ground- and excited-state electronic properties, the reference compound Ph-PDI has been prepared via a direct Schiff-base condensation of N,N'-bis(1-octylnonyl) benzoperylene-1',2':3,4:9,10-hexacarboxylic-1',2'-anhydride-3,4:9,10-bis (imide) with benzene-1,2-diamine. Both the experimental and the computational (DFT) results indicate that TTF-PDI exhibits significant intramolecular electronic interactions giving rise to an efficient photoinduced charge-separation process. Free-energy calculations verify that the process from TTF to the singlet-excited state of PDI is exothermic in both polar and nonpolar solvents. Fast adiabatic electron-transfer processes of a compactly fused, pi-conjugated TTF-PDI dyad in benzonitrile, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, anisole and toluene were observed by femtosecond transient absorption spectral measurements. The lifetimes of radical-ion pairs slightly increase with decreasing the solvent polarities, suggesting that the charge-recombination occurs in the Marcus inverted region. By utilizing the nanosecond transient absorption technique, the intermolecular electron-transfer process in a mixture of has been observed via the triplet excited PDI for the first time.