GIS and qualitative data on young mothers’ use of urban neighbourhoods for physical activity

Public health research consistently demonstrates the salience of neighbourhood as a determinant of both health-related behaviours and outcomes across the human life course. This paper will report on the findings from a mixed-methods Brisbane-based study that explores how mothers with primary school children from both high and low socioeconomic suburbs use the local urban environment for the purpose of physical activity. Firstly, we demonstrate findings from an innovative methodology using the geographic information systems (GIS) embedded in social media platforms on mobile phones to track locations, resource-use, distances travelled, and modes of transport of the families in real-time; and secondly, we report on qualitative data that provides insight into reasons for differential use of the environment by both groups. Spatial/mapping and statistical data showed that while the mothers from both groups demonstrated similar daily routines, the mothers from the high SEP suburb engaged in increased levels of physical activity, travelled less frequently and less distance by car, and walked more for transport. The qualitative data revealed differences in the psychosocial processes and characteristics of the households and neighbourhoods of the respective groups, with mothers in the lower SEP suburb reporting more stress, higher conflict, and lower quality relationships with neighbours.

Weight, physical activity and dietary behavior change in young mothers : short term results of the HeLP-her cluster randomized controlled trial

Background
Preventing weight gain rather than treating established obesity is an important economic and public health response to the rapidly increasing rates of obesity worldwide. Treatment of established obesity is complex and costly requiring multiple resources. Preventing weight gain potentially requires fewer resources to reach broad population groups, yet there is little evidence for successful interventions to prevent weight gain in the community. Women with children are an important target group because of high rates of weight gain and the potential to influence the health behaviors in family members.

Methods
The aim of this cluster randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the short term effect of a community-based self-management intervention to prevent weight gain. Two hundred and fifty mothers of young children (mean age 40 years ± 4.5, BMI 27.9 kg/m2 ± 5.6) were recruited from the community in Melbourne, Australia. The intervention group (n = 127) attended four interactive group sessions over 4 months, held in 12 local primary schools in 2006, and was compared to a group (n = 123) receiving a single, non-interactive, health education session. Data collection included self-reported weight (both groups), measured weight (intervention only), self-efficacy, dietary intake and physical activity.

Results
Mean measured weight decreased significantly in the intervention group (-0.78 kg 95% CI; -1.22 to -0.34, p < 0.001). Comparing groups using self-reported weight, both the intervention and comparison groups decreased weight, -0.75 kg (95% CI; -1.57 to 0.07, p = 0.07) and -0.72 kg (95% CI; -1.59 to 0.14 p = 0.10) respectively with no significant difference between groups (-0.03 kg, 95% CI; -1.32 to 1.26, p = 0.95). More women lost or maintained weight in the intervention group. The intervention group tended to have the greatest effect in those who were overweight at baseline and in those who weighed themselves regularly. Intervention women who rarely self-weighed gained weight (+0.07 kg) and regular self-weighers lost weight (-1.66 kg) a difference of -1.73 kg (95% CI; -3.35 to -0.11 p = 0.04). The intervention reported increased physical activity although the difference between groups did not reach significance. Both groups reported replacing high fat foods with low fat alternatives and self-efficacy deteriorated in the comparison group only.

Conclusion
Both a single health education session and interactive behavioral intervention will result in a similar weight loss in the short term, although more participants in the interactive intervention lost or maintained weight. There were small non-significant changes to physical activity and changes to fat intake specifically replacing high fat foods with low fat alternatives such as fruit and vegetables. Self-monitoring appears to enhance weight loss when part of an intervention.

Young mothers’ lived experiences prior to becoming pregnant in rural Victoria : a phenomenological study

Objective: To explore the lived experiences and social context prior to becoming pregnant, of women who became mothers during adolescence in rural Victoria.
Design: Qualitative interpretive phenomenological study using semistructured interviews.
Setting: Rural community in North East Victoria, Australia.
Participants: Four rural women who gave birth to a child between the ages of 15 and 19.
Results: Five themes emerged from the data as being essential to the participants’ experiences prior to pregnancy. These included feeling isolated; life change: transition into adulthood; support and understanding in sexual relationships; feeling dissatisfied; and overcoming adversity. Participants’ provided practical recommendations to improve life for young people in rural areas through reflecting on their own experiences.
Conclusion: These findings highlight the complex nature of rural young women’s experiences leading up to pregnancy and suggest that early motherhood might be largely reflective of the social environment in which one lives prior to pregnancy. Providing somewhere safe to go, organised and appropriate social activities and increasing access to health services were identified as being pertinent to improving experiences for rural young people prior to pregnancy. Health professionals should consider the importance of supporting young women through non-judgemental, approachable and accessible services.

Are mothers of young children really inactive?

Australian surveys have found that only 43% of women meet the current recommendation for regular moderate physical activity, and that women who are mothers of young children are even less likely to be adequately active for health benefit. These women spend a significant proportion of their day in occupational, household and care-giving activities, which may not be ‘captured’ in conventional physical activity surveys. The purpose of this study was to compare physical activity in young mothers and age-matched controls using three different measures of physical activity. 35 women (16 mothers of young children, M) and 19 age-matched comparison women (NM) completed a survey which asked about walking to and from places, and about moderate and vigorous activity in leisure time and at work (paid and unpaid). They also kept a detailed diary of all their activities for two week-days and two week-end days, and wore a pedometer (Yamax digiwalker) on these days. Each activity in the diary was assigned an energy expenditure (EE) score based on it's intensity (Compendium of Physical Activity) and time spent in that activity. There were no differences between M and NM for pedometer steps (M: 9270 sd 2947; NM: 9768 sd 3051) or for daily energy expenditure (EE) calculated from the diaries (M: 2029 sd 189; NM: 2015 sd 169 METS.mins) or survey (M: 2079 sd 448; NM: 1495 sd 325). There was a significant correlation between pedometer steps and daily METs.mins estimated from the diaries (r = 0.35, p = 0.04); however no relationship was observed between pedometer steps and EE from the survey (r = .09, p = .56). Further analysis of the individual survey items found pedometer steps to be related to EE from walking to and from places (r = .34) and leisure time (r = .31), but not work related activity (r = -.08). There were no significant relationships between EE computed from the diaries and any of the survey questions. The three activity measures indicate that the physical activity levels of the young mothers in our sample were comparable to age-matched non-mothers. The results of the correlation analyses highlight the difficulty of assessing low-intensity work-related physical activity via self-report. Supported by Australian Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care.

Young women's recent experience of labour and birth care in Queensland

Background Young parenthood continues to be an issue of concern in terms of clinical and psychosocial outcomes for mothers and their babies, with higher rates of medical complications such as preterm labour and hypertensive disease and a higher risk of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate how young age impacts on women's experience of intrapartum care. Methods Secondary analysis of data collected in a population based survey of women who had recently given birth in Queensland, comparing clinical and interpersonal aspects of the intrapartum maternity care experience for 237 eligible women aged 15–20 years and 6534 aged more than 20 years. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were undertaken. Results In the univariate analysis a number of variables were significantly associated with clinical aspects of labour and birth and perceptions of care: young women were more likely to birth in a public facility, to travel for birth and to live in less economically advantaged areas, to have a normal vaginal birth and to have one carer through labour. They were also less likely to report being treated with respect and kindness and talked to in a way they could understand. In logistic regression models, after adjustment for parity, other socio-demographic factors and mode of birth, younger mothers were still more likely to birth in a public facility, to travel for birth, to be more critical about interpersonal and aspects of care and the hospital or birth centre environment. Conclusion This study shows how experience of care during labour and birth is different for young women. Young women reported poorer quality interpersonal care which may well reflect an inferior care experience and stereotyping by health professionals, indicating a need for more effective staff engagement with young women at this time.

Young women’s experiences as consumers of maternity care in Queensland

Background: Young motherhood is commonly associated with vulnerabilities, stereotyping of young women’s behaviour and poor outcomes for them and their children. The objective was to understand how maternity care is experienced for this group in the transition to parenthood. Methods: Data from a large-scale 2010 survey of women’s experience of maternity care were analysed using qualitative methods with open text responses. Results: 7,193 women responded to the survey: 237 were aged 20 years or less. Most (83%) of these young women provided open text responses. The main themes were: ‘being a consumer’, ‘the quality of care’, ‘needing support’ and ‘pride in parenthood’ while subthemes included ‘being young’ and ‘how staff made me feel’, ‘testimonials for staff’, ‘not being left’ and ‘it’s all worthwhile’. Conclusion: Many young women responding described a positive experience. For many first time mothers this marked a positive change in their identity. Nevertheless staff perceptions and attitudes affected how they saw themselves and what they took away from their experience of maternity care. A key message for other women supported and reinforced their role as active and involved consumers who, in engaging with services, have to stand up for themselves and make their needs and wishes known.

'I know I'm doing a good job': canonical and autobiographical narratives of teenage mothers

Teenage pregnancy is typically presented as a problem to be solved, if not as an epidemic in need of urgent intervention. This paper reports on Australian research that examined the phenomenon of teenage motherhood from the perspective of the young women themselves. The theoretical frame of narrative was adopted in order to understand both the way in which the young mothers were making sense of their own lives, and the way in which they interpreted the canonical narrative of teenage motherhood. Interviews with 20 young mothers demonstrated both their awareness of the canonical narrative, in which they are judged and condemned, and their contrasting autobiographical narratives, in which they are represented as good mothers who are capable of learning the skills of motherhood. Although the women refused to emphasise the disadvantages of teenage motherhood, they acknowledged difficulties. Throughout their autobiographical accounts, a 'consoling plot' was evident. Young women may be supported in their endeavour to emplot their lives to their own benefit by family narratives of teenage motherhood.

The Young Mother and the Labor Market

Introduction - The Centro de Orientacao ao Adolescente of Campinas (Southeastern Brazil) maintains a program to qualify economically disadvantaged adolescent students aged 15 to 18 years to enter the labor market. Objective - To understand life projects of teenagers who became mothers while participating in the program, in the period from 2003 to 2008, aiming to find the place of professional life in their life trajectory before and after motherhood. Method - Eight young mothers were interviewed, and a qualitative methodology was applied to the analysis of the interviews. Results - The trajectories of study and work were discontinued or adapted due to motherhood. Four young mothers completed high school and none had entered university. Three did not return to work and the rest had diverse work experiences. The reported difficulties to enter the labor market were: inadequate instruments to support the children's care, low income, lack of work experience, presence of small children and little educational background. Final Considerations - Teenage motherhood did not indicate the exclusion of educational or work projects but indicated adjustments and the need for a family and social support network. It was noted the need for public policies targeted at the inclusion of youths in the labor market and at support services such as nurseries. Also, the need for a change in gender relations was demonstrated, with greater equality of rights as a precondition for the inclusion of women, especially those who are mothers, in the labor market.

Asthma in young south Asian women living in the United Kingdom: the importance of early life

BACKGROUND: Studies of immigrants suggest that the environment during fetal life and duration of residence in the host country might influence the development of asthma. Little is known about the importance of the timing of the exposure in the host country and whether migrants might be especially vulnerable in certain age windows. OBJECTIVE: We compared the reported prevalence of asthma between young white and south Asian women in the United Kingdom, and investigated associations with country of birth and age at immigration. METHODS: A questionnaire on atopic disorders was posted to 2380 south Asian and 5796 white young mothers randomly sampled in Leicestershire. Data on ethnicity were also available from maternity records. Data were analysed using multivariable logistic regression and a propensity score approach. Results The reported prevalence of asthma was 10.9% in south Asian and 21.8% in white women. South Asian women who migrated to the United Kingdom aged 5 years or older reported less asthma (6.5%) than those born in the United Kingdom or who migrated before age 5 (16.0%), with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.38 [95% Confidence Interval 0.23-0.64, P<0.001]. For those who migrated aged over 5 years, the prevalence did not alter with the duration of residence in the United Kingdom. Current exposure to common environmental risk factors had relatively little effect on prevalence estimates. CONCLUSION: These data from a large population-based study support the hypothesis that early life environmental factors influence the risk of adult asthma.

Emerging adulthood and patterns of physical activity among young Australian women

The transition from adolescence to young adulthood is associated with a sharp decline in physical activity, particularly for women. This article explores the relations between physical activity status and change and status and change in four life domains: residential independence, employment status, relationship status, and motherhood. Two waves of survey data from a representative sample of 8,545 Australian women, aged 18-23 at Survey 1 and 22-27 at Survey 2, were analyzed. Cross-sectionally, physical inactivity was most strongly related to being a mother married, and not being in the labor force. Longitudinally, decreases in physical activity were most strongly associated with moving into a live-in relationship, with getting married, and with becoming a mother When considered in combination, women who were married with children and not employed outside the home were the most likely to be physically inactive. The data suggest that adoption of adult statuses, particularly traditional roles involving family relationships and motherhood, is associated with reductions in physical activity for these women, although it is possible that the effect is driven by socioeconomic factors associated with early transitions. The data suggest a need for interventions to promote continued physical activity among young women who cohabit or marry and among those not in the workforce, in addition to those supporting young mothers to be physically active.

Young maternal age at first birth and mental health later in life: does the association vary by birth cohort?

BACKGROUND: It is well established that maternal age at childbirth has implications for women's mental health in the short term, however there has been little research regarding longer term implications and whether this association has changed over time. We investigated longer term mental health consequences for young mothers in Australia and contrasted the effects between three birth cohorts. METHODS: Using thirteen waves of data from 4262 women aged 40 years or above participating in the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia Survey, we compared the mental health of women who had their first child aged 15-19 years, 20-24 years, and 25 years and older. Mental health was measured using the mental health component summary score of the SF-36. We used random-effects linear regression models to generate estimates of the association between age at first birth and mental health, adjusted for early life socioeconomic characteristics (country of birth, parents' employment status and occupation) and later life socioeconomic characteristics (education, employment, income, housing tenure, relationship status and social support). We examined whether the association changed over time, testing for effect modification across three successive birth cohorts. RESULTS: In models adjusted for early life and later life socioeconomic characteristics, there was strong evidence of an association between teenage births and poor mental health, with mental health scores on average 2.76 to 3.96 points lower for mothers aged younger than 20 years than for mothers aged 25 years and older (Late Baby Boom (born 1936-1945): -3.96, 95% CI -5.38, -2.54; Early Baby Boom (born 1946-1955): -3.01, 95% CI -4.32, -1.69; Lucky Few (born 1956-1965): -2.76, 95% CI -4.34, -1.18), and evidence of an association for mothers aged 20-24 years compared to mothers aged 25 years and older in the most recent birth cohort only (-1.09, 95% CI -2.01, -0.17). There was some indication (though weak) that the association increased in more recent cohorts. CONCLUSION: This study highlights that young mothers, and particularly teenage mothers, are a vulnerable group at high risk of poor mental health outcomes compared to mothers aged 25 years and above, and there was some suggestion (though weak) that the health disparities increased over time.

Vääränikäisiä äitejä? : Ikä ja äitiyden yhteiskunnalliset ehdot

This dissertation reports on research on the contradictions between “right-aged” motherhood accordant with normative life-course and the motherhood of a woman who lives her life according to her own choices and options. The focus of this study is to analyse and interpret the motherhood of women who have become mothers for the first time both at a very young age (under 20) and at an older age (in their 40s), from the viewpoint of life-course, age and social class. The study discusses motherhood both as an experience and as a socially-constructed phenomenon. Research questions are the following: How do mothers at different ages talk about pregnancy and motherhood as a part of their life-course? What meanings do mothers at different ages give to age, growing up and adulthood? How is social class constructed in the speech of different-aged mothers? This dissertation includes five articles and a summary chapter. The theoretical starting points for the study are Finnish critical family studies, Finnish feminist social policy studies and Anglo-American feminist motherhood studies. Additionally, this study draws on sociological age studies and new sociological social class studies. The methodological approach is discursive-materialistic. This approach recognises issues related to language, cultural representation and subjectivity, but it also aims to locate them in their social and historical context. The data is drawn from twenty-four interviews of different-aged mothers and articles collected from popular magazines on babies and parenting. In the interview data, different issues related to motherhood are constructed due not only to the women’s age, but also their social background. Social class becomes visible in the relationship between the interviewed women and nuclear family, expert knowledge or money and livelihood. In this study, social class and age are intertwined. It is almost impossible to analytically distinguish which of the mothers’ experiences are related to class and which are related to age. In this study, young motherhood is shown as quite positive. Even though the interviewed young women did not usually plan to have a child, it was not a great shock either. In the young mothers’ speech, motherhood appears as a natural part of the life-course and growing up. The conditions young mothers suggested as necessary to good motherhood do not depend on standard of living, education or social background. A young age is seen as a resource, not as an obstacle to good motherhood. Postponing one’s motherhood is associated with materialism and a career-oriented lifestyle. The older mothers in this study rarely reported having postponed their motherhood on purpose. Some of them explained the delay with extended studies or financial insecurity caused by part-time unemployment. Others recounted they had been insecure about their abilities to cope with a child or lacked a suitable partner. Some of them may have wanted a child much earlier in life, given the right circumstances. In the older mothers’ speech, motherhood is strongly associated with adult life, permanent employment and a (heterosexual) nuclear family.

A maternagem em unidade de abrigamento: a relação entre mães adolescentes e seus filhos

Pesquisa qualitativa que tem por objeto a relação entre mãe adolescente abrigada e seu filho. Objetiva descrever o significado do filho para a mãe adolescente abrigada; compreender os fatores que influenciam no estabelecimento da relação mãe adolescente abrigada e seu filho; e analisar a relação mãe-filho nos espaços do abrigamento partir dos cuidados realizados pela mãe adolescente abrigada. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma instituição de abrigamento no município do Rio de Janeiro, localizada no bairro de Vila Isabel. Os sujeitos foram seis mães adolescentes que se encontravam abrigadas em companhia de seus filhos. As entrevistas foram feitas através de um roteiro contendo questões de identificação das depoentes e perguntas abertas. A análise dos resultados foi realizada com base em Bardin (análise de conteúdo), emergindo duas categorias, a saber: 1) o significado do filho para a mãe adolescente; e 2) vivências maternas no cuidado do filho no interior da unidade de abrigamento. Ademais, evidencia-se que as mães adolescentes percebem seus filhos em sua vida como um aumento da responsabilidade e como fator de amadurecimento. O filho atua como estimulador deste processo, na medida em que ao depender da mãe adolescente para sobreviver, acaba induzindo transformações pessoais e sociais. Este novo ser representa para estas mães afeto, amor, carinho e sua própria família. O sentimento de amor que sente pelo filho e a forma como desempenha a maternagem solidificam a relação deste binômio, impulsionando a busca por uma mudança social em sua vida e o desejo de não mais voltar às ruas. A maternagem desenvolvida pelas jovens mães ocorreu de forma suficientemente boa, conseguindo atender as necessidades básicas de seu filho e estabelecendo a relação afetiva entre este binômio, mesmo mencionando a interferência dos profissionais de abrigo com relação ao cuidado que desenvolvem ao seu filho. É necessário oferecer bases para que essa mãe adolescente sinta-se fortalecida nas atividades maternas e que estas possam também continuar a desenvolver o cuidado do filho de maneira que atendam as necessidades do bebê, mantendo uma boa relação entre este binômio, para que o filho tenha um desenvolvimento emocional sadio e seja um adulto seguro para se lançar no mundo sem medos dos obstáculos e limitações provenientes de uma vida cheia de exclusões.

Fatores associados a transtornos mentais comuns e desejo de engravidar em gestantes adolescentes

De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, o período da adolescência é aquele compreendido entre os 10 e os 19 anos de idade, a população de adolescentes é crescente e um em cada cinco indivíduos encontra-se nessa faixa etária. Anualmente, 60 em cada mil jovens se tornam mães, o que faz da gravidez na adolescência tema de interesse por parte de pesquisadores de todo o mundo. No município do Rio de Janeiro, observou-se o acompanhamento da tendência nacional de aumento de gravidez precoce, com maior variação positiva encontrada na faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos. O objetivo no Artigo I: Determinar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns (TMC) em uma população de adolescentes grávidas e avaliar sua associação com características da gravidez e fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e de rede social de apoio. Artigo II: Determinar a prevalência de desejo de engravidar em uma população de gestantes adolescente, verificar possíveis associações com fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos e de rede social de apoio e avaliar o papel da idade como modificador de efeito dessas associações. Foram utilizados nos Artigos I e II o método de estudo seccional de base ambulatorial realizado com 232 adolescentes grávidas, em qualquer trimestre gestacional, regularmente atendidas nos serviços de pré-natal de dois hospitais públicos especializados do município do Rio de Janeiro, de maio a outubro de 2007. Foi utilizado questionário autopreenchível para a avaliação das características da gravidez, rede social de apoio, idade, renda, escolaridade, abandono escolar, situação conjugal, raça/cor e trabalho. As análises dos TMC foram conduzidas através do GHQ-12. Os resultados no Artigo I foram, a prevalência de TMC foi de 45,3%. O modelo final ajustado mostrou associação com TMC para as seguintes variáveis: renda familiar menor que três salários mínimos (RP = 2,32; IC 95% 1,15 - 4,67), não ter apoio familiar (RP = 2,18; IC 95% 1,69-2,81), não ter amigas para conversar (RP = 1,48; IC 95% 1,13-1,92) e não ter religião (RP = 1,72; IC 95% 1,25 - 2,36). No Artigo II, foram a prevalência de desejo de engravidar entre as gestantes adolescentes foi de 46,2%. No modelo final ajustado, as variáveis que apresentaram razões de prevalência (RP) estatisticamente significantes para associação com desejo de engravidar foram: ser casada ou viver em união estável (RP = 1,80; IC 95% 1,27-2,56), não ter amigas ou amigos com quem conversar (RP = 1,48; IC 95% 1,15-1,90). Adolescentes entre 12 e 16 anos e cursando o primeiro grau desejavam menos a gravidez (RP = 0,57; IC 95% 0,38- 0,88). Artigo I: Os resultados encontrados mostram que, frente à forte associação entre TMC e gravidez em adolescentes, temos a necessidade de implementação de políticas públicas que busquem minimizar os danos decorrentes das gestações em adolescentes, através da promoção de programas que incentivem a participação familiar no processo de aceitação da gravidez, bem como propiciando espaços para discussão, onde essas jovens possam ser ouvidas e orientadas. Artigo II: Os resultados deste estudo comprovam que a gravidez na adolescência não é necessariamente indesejada. Assim, fatores como viver em união estável e não ter amigas(os) para conversar aumentam o desejo de engravidar. Por outro lado, ter entre 12 e 16 anos e ainda estar no primeiro grau diminui este desejo. Tais achados podem ajudar os profissionais de saúde que lidam com essa faixa etária a identificar possíveis situações de risco para a gravidez e assim direcionar sua orientação de forma precisa e adequada.