Quantitative image analysis as a tool for Yarrowia lipolytica dimorphic growth evaluation in different culture media

Yarrowia lipolytica, a yeast strain with a huge biotechnological potential, capable to produce metabolites such as γ-decalactone, citric acid, intracellular lipids and enzymes, possesses the ability to change its morphology in response to environmental conditions. In the present study, a quantitative image analysis (QIA) procedure was developed for the identification and quantification of Y. lipolytica W29 and MTLY40-2P strains dimorphic growth, cultivated in batch cultures on hydrophilic (glucose and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and hydrophobic (olive oil and castor oil) media. The morphological characterization of yeast cells by QIA techniques revealed that hydrophobic carbon sources, namely castor oil, should be preferred for both strains growth in the yeast single cell morphotype. On the other hand, hydrophilic sugars, namely glucose and GlcNAc caused a dimorphic transition growth towards the hyphae morphotype. Experiments for γ-decalactone production with MTLY40-2P strain in two distinct morphotypes (yeast single cells and hyphae cells) were also performed. The obtained results showed the adequacy of the proposed morphology monitoring tool in relation to each morphotype on the aroma production ability. The present work allowed establishing that QIA techniques can be a valuable tool for the identification of the best culture conditions for industrial processes implementation.

Oxygen mass transfer impact on citric acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica from crude glycerol

Production of citric acid from crude glycerol from biodiesel industry, in batch cultures of Yarrowia lipolytica W29 was performed in a lab-scale stirred tank bioreactor in order to assess the effect of oxygen mass transfer rate in this bioprocess. An empirical correlation was proposed to describe oxygen volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa) as a function of operating conditions (stirring speed and specific air flow rate) and cellular density. kLa increased according with a power function with specific power input and superficial gas velocity, and slightly decreased with cellular density. The increase of initial kLa from 7 h-1 to 55 h-1 led to 7.8-fold increase of citric acid final concentration. Experiments were also performed at controlled dissolved oxygen (DO) and citric acid concentration increased with DO up to 60% of saturation. Thus, due to the simpler operation setting an optimal kLa than at controlled DO, it can be concluded that kLa is an adequate parameter for the optimization of citric acid production from crude glycerol by Y. lipolytica and to be considered in bioprocess scale-up. Our empirical correlation, considering the operating conditions and cellular density, will be a valid tool for this purpose.

Lard as a suitable and cheap substrate for microbial lipids production by Yarrowia lipolytica

[Excerpt] Current agricultural and industrial practices have led to the generation of large amounts of various low-value or negative cost crude wastes, which are difficult and economically notattractive to treat and valorize. One important example of waste generation is animal fat, commonly found in tanning process and slaughterhouses. These wastes, in which the lipids are often the main and most problematic components, are not currently used effectively and there are almost no application methods to recover the respective value. (...)

Biotechnological valorization of waste cooking oils: lipase and microbial lipids production by Yarrowia lipolytica

[Excerpt] Waste cooking oils (WCO) generated from vegetable oils used at high temperatures in food frying, cause environmental problems and must be reutilized. New strategies to valorize these wastes are attracting a great scientific interest due to the important advantages offered from an economic and environmental point of view. A microbial platform can be established to convert low-value hydrophobic substrates, such as waste cooking oils, to microbial lipids (single cell oil, SCO) and other value-added bioproducts, such as lipase. (...)

Engineering polyhydroxyalkanoate content and monomer composition in the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica by modifying the ß-oxidation multifunctional protein.

Recombinant strains of the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica expressing the PHA synthase gene (PhaC) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the peroxisome were found able to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). PHA production yield, but not the monomer composition, was dependent on POX genotype (POX genes encoding acyl-CoA oxidases) (Haddouche et al. FEMS Yeast Res 10:917-927, 2010). In this study of variants of the Y. lipolytica β-oxidation multifunctional enzyme, with deletions or inactivations of the R-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase domain, we were able to produce hetero-polymers (functional MFE enzyme) or homo-polymers (with no 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity) of PHA consisting principally of 3-hydroxyacid monomers (>80%) of the same length as the external fatty acid used for growth. The redirection of fatty acid flux towards β-oxidation, by deletion of the neutral lipid synthesis pathway (mutant strain Q4 devoid of the acyltransferases encoded by the LRO1, DGA1, DGA2 and ARE1 genes), in combination with variant expressing only the enoyl-CoA hydratase 2 domain, led to a significant increase in PHA levels, to 7.3% of cell dry weight. Finally, the presence of shorter monomers (up to 20% of the monomers) in a mutant strain lacking the peroxisomal 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase domain provided evidence for the occurrence of partial mitochondrial β-oxidation in Y. lipolytica.

Roles of multiple acyl-CoA oxidases in the routing of carbon flow towards β-oxidation and polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica.

The oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica possesses six acyl-CoA oxidase (Aox) isoenzymes encoded by genes POX1-POX6. The respective roles of these multiple Aox isoenzymes were studied in recombinant Y. lipolytica strains that express heterologous polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase (phaC) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in varying POX genetic backgrounds, thus allowing assessment of the impact of specific Aox enzymes on the routing of carbon flow to β-oxidation or to PHA biosynthesis. Analysis of PHA production yields during growth on fatty acids with different chain lengths has revealed that the POX genotype significantly affects the PHA levels, but not the monomer composition of PHA. Aox3p function was found to be responsible for 90% and 75% of the total PHA produced from either C9:0 or C13:0 fatty acid, respectively, whereas Aox5p encodes the main Aox involved in the biosynthesis of 70% of PHA from C9:0 fatty acid. Other Aoxs, such as Aox1p, Aox2p, Aox4p and Aox6p, were not found to play a significant role in PHA biosynthesis, independent of the chain length of the fatty acid used. Finally, three known models of β-oxidation are discussed and it is shown that a 'leaky-hose pipe model' of the cycle can be applied to Y. lipolytica.

Efecto genotóxico de la cafeína sobre células de yarrowia lipolytica deficientes en los mecanismos de reparación del ADN.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Nutrición) UANL, 2014.

Papel de la subunidad alpha de la proteína G heterotrimérica en el sensado de glucosa y en la diferenciación celular del hongo dimórfico yarrowia lipolytica.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias en Nutrición) UANL, 2014.

Production of bioactive peptides through sequencial action of Yarrowia lipolytica proteases and chemical glycation

This PhD thesis is aimed at studying the suitability of proteases realised by Yarrowia lipolytica to hydrolyse proteins of different origins available as industrial food by-products. Several strains of Y. lipolytica have been screened for the production of extracellular proteases by zymography. On the basis of the results some strains released only a protease having a MW of 37 kDa, which corresponds to the already reported acidic protease, while other produced prevalently or only a protease with a MW higher than 200 kDa. The proteases have been screened for their "cold attitude" on gelatin, gluten and skim milk. This property can be relevant from a biotechnological point of view in order to save energy consumption during industrial processes. Most of the strains used were endowed with proteolytic activity at 6 °C on all the three proteins. The proteolytic breakdown profiles of the proteins, detected at 27 °C, were different related to the specific strains of Y. lipolytica. The time course of the hydrolysis, tested on gelatin, affected the final bioactivities of the peptide mixtures produced. In particular, an increase in both the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was detected when the protease of the strain Y. lipolytica 1IIYL4A was used. The final part of this work was focused on the improvement of the peptides bioactivities through a novel process based on the production of glycopeptides. Firstly, the main reaction parameters were optimized in a model system, secondly a more complex system, based on gluten hydrolysates, was taken into consideration to produce glycopeptides. The presence of the sugar moiety reduced the hydrophobicity of the glycopeptides, thus affecting the final antimicrobial activity which was significantly improved. The use of this procedure could be highly effective to modify peptides and can be employed to create innovative functional peptides using a mild temperature process.

HAK transporters from Physcomitrella patens and Yarrowia lipolytica mediate sodium uptake

The widespread presence of Na+ specific uptake systems across plants and fungi is a controversial topic. In this study we identify two HAK genes, one in the moss Physcomitrella patens and the other in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, that encode Na+ specific transporters. Because HAK genes are numerous in plants and are duplicated in many fungi, our findings suggest that some HAK genes encode Na+ transporters and that Na+ might play physiological functions in plants and fungi more extensively than is currently thought.

Short DNA Fragments without Sequence Similarity Are Initiation Sites for Replication in the Chromosome of the Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica

We have previously shown that both a centromere (CEN) and a replication origin are necessary for plasmid maintenance in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica (Vernis et al., 1997). Because of this requirement, only a small number of centromere-proximal replication origins have been isolated from Yarrowia. We used a CEN-based plasmid to obtain noncentromeric origins, and several new fragments, some unique and some repetitive sequences, were isolated. Some of them were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and correspond to actual sites of initiation (ORI) on the chromosome. We observed that a 125-bp fragment is sufficient for a functional ORI on plasmid, and that chromosomal origins moved to ectopic sites on the chromosome continue to act as initiation sites. These Yarrowia origins share an 8-bp motif, which is not essential for origin function on plasmids. The Yarrowia origins do not display any obvious common structural features, like bent DNA or DNA unwinding elements, generally present at or near eukaryotic replication origins. Y. lipolytica origins thus share features of those in the unicellular Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in multicellular eukaryotes: they are discrete and short genetic elements without sequence similarity.

Fisiologia e formação de partículas lipídicas durante o crescimento da levedura Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50682.

A levedura Yarrowia lipolytica tem sido muito investigada, especialmente por ser um microrganismo oleaginoso, ou seja, capaz de acumular grandes quantidades de lipídios, o que ocorre majoritariamente em organelas denominadas partículas lipídicas. Estes lipídios apresentam várias potenciais aplicações biotecnológicas, como por exemplo na produção de óleo microbiano (single cell oil) e na produção de biodiesel. Durante este projeto de mestrado, objetivou-se estudar a fisiologia de duas linhagens da levedura Y. lipolytica, sendo uma tradicionalmente estudada pela comunidade científica internacional (linhagem w29) e outra isolada da Baía da Guanabara, no Rio de Janeiro (linhagem IMUFRJ 50682). Foram realizados cultivos em frascos agitados tipo Erlenmeyer com defletores tampados com algodão (volume total 500 mL, volume de meio 100 mL, 28 oC e 200 rotações por minuto), durante os quais foi possível: 1) escolher um meio de cultivo de composição totalmente definida, com tiamina como único fator de crescimento, adequado a estudos de fisiologia quantitativa com esta levedura; 2) verificar que Y. lipolytica não é capaz de crescer com sacarose ou xilose como única fonte de carbono; 3) verificar que Y. lipolytica cresce com velocidade específica de crescimento máxima (Máx) de 0,49 h-1 num meio complexo contendo glicose, extrato de levedura e peptona (meio YPD), 0,31 h-1 em meio definido com glicose como única fonte de carbono e 0,35 h-1 no mesmo meio, mas com glicerol como única fonte de carbono, sem excreção de metabólitos para o meio de cultivo; 4) verificar que ocorreu limitação por oxigênio nos cultivos em frasco agitado, sendo este o motivo pelo qual as células deixaram de crescer exponencialmente; 5) verificar que o uso de ureia, em vez de sulfato de amônio, como fonte de nitrogênio, contribui para uma variação menor do pH durante os cultivos, sem prejuízo ao crescimento da levedura; 6) observar que, ao se restringir a oferta de nitrogênio à levedura (aumento da relação C/N inicial no meio de 12,6 para 126), as células têm sua morfologia alterada e apresentam maior quantidade de partículas lipídicas; 7) determinar uma composição elementar para a biomassa de Y. lipolytica (CH1,98O0,58N0,13), em que os átomos de carbono encontram-se em média mais reduzidos do que na biomassa de leveduras como Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Dekkera bruxellensis. Foram também realizados cultivos em biorreator em batelada (1 L de volume útil, 28 oC, aerobiose plena e pH controlado em 5,0), durante os quais foi possível: a) estabelecer um protocolo de cultivo para Y. lipolytica em biorreator (que envolvem agitação mecânica, aeração e uso de anti-espumante, entre outras diferenças em relação aos cultivos em frasco); b) confirmar os valores dos principais parâmetros fisiológicos apresentados por esta levedura, anteriormente obtidos a partir de cultivos em frasco; c) confirmar que o fator de conversão de substrato a células (Yx/s) é maior para cultivos realizados com glicerol como fonte única de carbono (0,53 g/g para a linhagem IMUFRJ 50682), do que com glicose (0,48 g/g para a mesma linhagem). Finalmente, cultivos realizados em quimiostato com glicerol como fonte de carbono e energia, limitados por amônio (fonte de nitrogênio, relação C/N 126), às vazões específicas de 0,25 h-1 e 0,15 h-1, permitiram observar que o número de partículas lipídicas por célula de Y. lipolytica permaneceu em torno de 2 em ambas as situações e houve uma diminuição no teor de nitrogênio nas células quando a velocidade específica de crescimento diminuiu de 0,25 para 0,15 h-1.