The purpose and place of mentoring for women managers in organisations: An Australian perspective

Mentoring has been identified as an important career development activity for women managers. Over the last four decades, organisations world-wide have implemented formal mentoring programs for women and for members of minority groups in recognition of the personal and professional benefits mentoring provides, not only for persons who are mentored but also, for those who undertake the mentoring. This chapter reviews the literature on mentoring and the contribution it can make to the career development of women managers. It reviews several inter-related bodies of literature: women’s representation in management positions worldwide; theories and frameworks of mentoring; empirical research exploring the impact of mentoring relationships on women managers’ career development; current illustrations of formal programs offered to women managers in the public and private sectors; and some critical issues that continue to impact women managers in relation to mentoring relationships. The chapter concludes by making an argument for further research on gender and mentoring.

The silicon ceiling : women managers and leaders in ICT in Australia

When I was in high school, it was always talked up that women could do science, engineering and technical [work] too. While we are just as capable as men, when we get into these industries, we face other challenges. There have been brave women who have done their bit to overcome these challenges, but it also requires brave men to challenge the attitudes of these industries to women participating in their workplaces. (APESMA, 2010) Silicon: Elemental silicon has a large impact on the modern world economy ... Because of wide use of silicon in integrated circuits, the basis of most computers, a great deal of modern technology depends on it. (Wikipedia, 2011) The chapter begins with a historical and current analysis of female participation in the workforce, in education and in leadership. The second section focuses on the information and communication technology (ICT) workforce in particular. The third section presents findings from a recent case study that gathered both quantitative and qualitative data from a diverse group of professional women in ICT. The case study provides a view into the ICT profession from the female perspective and identifies a selection of factors that would make a significant difference to female participation and longevity in the profession. The conclusion reached after this investigation is that the silicon ceiling is certainly not visible, yet remains fixed due to nonessential job characteristics that persist in the industry. The future looks bleak unless more female managers and male champions ensure that these nonessential employment characteristics are removed from ICT positions.

Gender and feminine Identities - women as managers in a UK academic institution

The paper considers gender identities in higher education. It examines how people involved in university life engage in (re)creating gender identities and in (re)producing gender-related expectations (and stereotypes) of managerial behaviour. The process of construction of feminine identities is explored through the discourses of academics from a UK university (mainly women who hold managerial positions). The paper reports findings from a series of in-depth interviews with women managers (dean, associate deans and heads of departments) and with university academics (men and women) from a Business School, part of a large British new university. The school was of special interest because women held the majority of senior managerial posts. It appears that the process of construction of femininities is mainly developed around four (stereo-)typical aspects generally associated with feminine management practices (multi-tasking, supporting and nurturing, people and communication skills, and team-work).

Perceptions of Discrimination Among Women as Managers In Hospitality Organizations

Women in hospitality organizations are moving up the corporate ladder at a pace significantly outdistancing their colleagues of a few decades ago, but women managers selectively perceive overt and covert discriminatory resistance, from chauvinism to carefully-contrived covert prejudicial treatment constructed to insure a no-win situation. The authors attempted to determine if these discriminatory practices against equally well-trained, qualified, and experienced hospitality women middle managers do affect their perception of their career growth as compared to male counterparts

Women Hospitality Managers: Perceptions of Gender-Related Career Challenges

In spite of increases in the number of women who are both academically pre- pared and interested in pursuing hospitality management careers, women appear to be leaving the industry at a much higher rate than their male counter- parts. Although women are better represented in lower and middle management than ever before, there has been no corresponding increase in the number of women in top level management positions. The author explores women managers' perceptions of the career-related challenges they confront in hospitality environments and suggests that inadequate access to informal information networks, lack of women mentors, and the impact of unique job characteristics are their most significant concerns.

Feminism's marginal problem: Women in management

Contemporary feminism has, from its inception, been ambivalent in its responses to the issue of women in management. On the one hand, feminists have recognised as a problem the limited numbers of women in management and the barriers that they encounter. They have promoted the development of programs such as affirmative action with, arguably, greater, or lesser success. At the same time, there has been a reluctance by some feminists to attach too much importance to the issue, given the manifestly more severe forms of discrimination encountered by other groups of women. According to this view, the problems of a privileged elite are a lesser priority, that is, marginal to more pressing feminist concerns.

This paper is based on research into career success predictors. It draws on work on culture and models of change in higher education to show that while interventions such as legislation granting maternity leave are significant initiatives to be strongly supported, the impact of such policies is mediated by the social rules of the organisation. These rules are a corollary of enduring value structures which are embedded in organisational cultures.

Research findings showed that the value systems, and especially the social rules which operate within organisations impact on men and women's career success differently. This research provides valuable insights into the mechanisms operating at several levels (at the organisational level as well as at the level of individual women) which tend to construct women as marginal in management.

Seeking to understand the marginality experienced by women in management has benefits that extend well beyond improving the lot of individual women managers. This is because better conceptualisations of marginality and, concomitantly, power in organisations can provide leverage for more far reaching changes for women generally.

Leadership in executive women from the viewpoint of project management competences: a study in the region of Madrid / Liderazgo de la mujer directiva desde las competencias para la dirección de proyectos: estudio en la región de Madrid

Today's knowledge society is creating increasingly competitive environments in which cognitive factors, creativity, knowledge and information determine the success of organizations. In this context the exercise of management and leadership is essential to achieve objectives, goals and relationships. Both concepts have been historically associated with the male domain because of the underrepresentation of women in managerial positions. However, the increasing participation of women in the workplace has led to the development of an extensive literature on the possible existence of differences between the styles of male and female leadership, although it has not been addressed from the analysis of competences associated with each sex. Through a participatory process the abilities and skills associated with women managers are analyzed, the differences in leadership styles and the barriers that still exist for the promotion of women into management positions. The results indicate that women particularly value the skills associated with human relationships, the female leadership style tends to be transformational and that there are still barriers to their advancement to management positions.

Leadership and project management competences in executive women: different styles from the agents' perceptions

The exercise of management and leadership are key aspects to achieve objectives, goals and relationships in the current knowledge society marked by increasingly competitive environments in which cognitive factors, creativity, knowledge and information determine the success of organizations. Both concepts have been historically associated with the male domain because of the underrepresentation of women in managerial positions. However, the increasing participation of women in the workplace has led to the development of an extensive literature on the possible existence of differences between the styles of male and female leadership, although it has not been addressed from the analysis of competences associated with each sex. Through a participatory process the abilities and skills related to women managers are analyzed and the differences in leadership styles. The results indicate that women particularly value the skills associated with human relationships, and that female leadership style tends to be transformational.

Women in management in the new economic environment:the case of India

Liberalization of the Indian economy has created considerable employment opportunities for those, including women, who possess marketable skills and talent. Historically, women in India have not enjoyed a good status in workplace settings whether in managerial or operative roles. This traditional positioning of women has restricted the intensity of their efforts towards realizing the benefits of the globalisation process. An attempt has been made in this contribution to highlight the important issues relating to women in management in the Indian context. The messages from a review of the literature are analysed. Research evidence from various sources is presented to highlight the dynamics of developments in the status of Indian women managers. The contribution discusses the main aspects of the historical, socio-cultural and economic factors influencing women managers: issues concerning gender-based stereotypes; the main barriers to women's movement to top managerial positions; the impact of developments in information technology (IT) on women managers; and the way forward. Results from two research projects are also presented. The analysis has important messages for practitioners and contributes to women's studies and management in the Indian context. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Ltd.

Between a rock and a hard place:exploring women's experience of participation and progress in managerial careers

Purpose – The growth of women in management has been argued to offer a route to reduce organizational and social inequality. The purpose of this paper is to explore the careers and experiences of female managers from a variety of organizations operating in the West Midlands region of the UK. Design/methodology/approach – This study is based on 56 interviews conducted with women managers within various sectors. The interviewees also completed pictorial careers maps, which along with interview recordings were analyzed. Findings – The key themes to emerge from this research centre upon the factors that draw women into management (which we term seductive elements) as well as some of the hindering practices that prevent women from progressing. Significantly, we find that managerial careers are associated with gendered assumptions and practices (e.g. facilitating and developing people) which contribute to construct management (done by women) as bounded-up characteristically with “feminized” behaviours. Research limitations/implications – The research is based upon a relatively small sample that is multi-sectorial. Wider studies that increase population size, together with deeper studies that hold sectorial variables constant would further add weight to the findings presented here. Practical implications – The paper draws attention to the “lived reality” of doing management, which, we argue often, for women in particular involves the reconciliation of contradictions and conflicting pressures. We draw attention to the lack of “alternative models” of organization and highlight the potential for gender-focus mentoring and management education. Originality/value – The paper is of value in giving voice to a selection of women managers by allowing them to reflect upon and explore their experience of management. The paper also documents the day-to-day reality of women's managerial careers that require the re-enactment and reproduction of stereotypical gender norms.

Being female doing gender:narratives of women in education management

The paper explores gender relations in academia and discusses how gender is constructed within academic institutions. It is based upon the study of a business school, part of a British university. The construction of gender relations within this institution was of special interest because the majority of managerial roles were occupied by women. All female academic managers (dean, associate deans and heads of department) and a random selection of female and male academics were interviewed. The process of construction of gender relations is investigated through the analysis of the discrepancy between the ‘masculine culture’ of high education institutions and the dominance of women managers within this organization. It is suggested that the numerical dominance of women managers may create tensions between their individual identities as women and their managerial identities, due to the predominance of masculine practices and values within the organization. Additionally, it emerged that the maintenance of masculine ideals and practices is also associated with downplaying women’s achievements.

Perfil de la mujer en la alta dirección en Colombia

El objetivo del presente estudio descriptivo fenomenológico es identificar los perfiles sociodemográficos que predominan en un grupo de mujeres directivas en Colombia, y observar las características de su liderazgo; para tal propósito se realizó un estudio cualitativo y un análisis de los determinantes de la participación laboral de las mujeres en Colombia. Se tomó como base de información encuestas realizadas a un grupo de mujeres de la alta dirección en Colombia, implementando un análisis de las categorías identificadas en el estudio para describir los perfiles sociodemográficos y del liderazgo femenino en Colombia. Los resultados sugieren que en Colombia las características que explican dichos perfiles describen a mujeres colombianas que ocupan cargos de Gerentes, Subgerentes, Presidentes, Vicepresidentes y Directoras, quienes culminaron una carrera de pregrado y tienen una completa preparación académica y trayectoria al interior de la organización. Respecto al liderazgo, la motivación por desempeñarse bien en el trabajo, el empeño en la productividad por alcanzar los logros y las metas propuestas en la actividad, el trabajo en equipo y la preocupación por contar con un buen ambiente de trabajo son las categorías que caracterizan a este grupo de mujeres.

Dones directives i lideratge: el cas de les empreses gironines

L'objectiu de la tesi és l'anàlisi del accés de les dones a la direcció d'empreses, el seu estil de lideratge, Així com les dificultats que han trobat i tenen actualment per poder exercir la direcció. D'entrada s'ha fet una revisió de la literatura acadèmica sobre el lideratge i l'evolució de les seves característiques fins als dos grans estils: transaccional i transformacional. A partir d'aquest punt, es van recopilant una sèries d'estudis que analitzen les característiques diferencials de gènere i la influència que tenen en els estils de lideratge, per poder elaborar un model conceptual d'anàlisi que s'aplica en l'estudi empíric. Aquest fa referència a la realitat de les dones directives a les empreses de Girona i comarques. En primer lloc es fa una aproximació a les empreses per poder detectar on estan situades les dones directives i poder conèixer el seu perfil, així com l'estil de lideratge que tenen, com han accedit a la direcció i les dificultats que han de superar per poder exercir. Es fa especial referència a la conciliació de la vida laboral i la vida familiar, i també es fa una anàlisi de les motivacions que tenen per exercir la direcció i com veuen el futur per a les dones directives. La metodologia inclou anàlisi quantitativa i qualitativa: per a la quantitativa es varen fer servir dos qüestionaris, el primer dirigit als directius i directives d'una mostra de les empreses de Girona, en que es varen aconseguir 252 qüestionaris vàlids i el segon dirigit a dones directives de les empreses, amb l'obtenció de 100 qüestionaris vàlids. Posteriorment i en la recollida de dades de la fase qualitativa, es varen realitzar entrevistes a 19 dones directives, amb una posterior anàlisi del discurs. L'anàlisi de dades ens mostra que l'accés a la direcció és, en elevats percentatges, la via familiar o el fet de ser empresàries. S'ha de tenir en compte el context en el que estan aquestes empreses, que és de petita i mitjana i bàsicament familiar. L'estil de lideratge amb el que més s'identifiquen és el transformacional, però tenint també molt en compte la importància dels resultats. Les motivacions bàsiques manifestades són: autorrealització i desenvolupament personal. Pel que fa a les dificultats, les directives enquestades i entrevistades no han trobat gaires problemes importants, però el que sí han manifestat, ha estat la sensació de que pel fet de ser dones, han hagut de demostrat molt més la seva capacitat i vàlua en diferents circumstàncies de l'exercici de la direcció. També es té en compte que en les últimes investigacions sobre el tema, malgrat que és considera que les dones poden fer aportacions molt valuoses a les empreses i que poden ser molt positives per l'exercici de la direcció, encara no hi ha en les grans empreses un nombre de dones en càrrecs d'alta direcció que afavoreixi un accés més fàcil als consells d'administració, a no ser que siguin dones membres de la família accionarial.

Carreira dos jovens executivos: competências em destaque para a posição de gerência em seis organizações nacionais de grande porte em diferentes segmentos

O objetivo do presente estudo é verificar quais são as competências comuns nas 6 empresas analisadas e quais se despontam na carreira de jovens executivos entre 24 e 35 anos, o que propicia a construção de um caminho para o crescimento profissional. Esta pesquisa caracterizou-se por ser qualitativa, exploratória, descritiva e documental. O levantamento de dados foi realizado através de fontes bibliográficas e de uma pesquisa documental no banco de dados de uma empresa de consultoria multinacional, com sede em São Paulo. As competências que mais se destacam foram: paixão pelo que faz em três empresas, foco em resultados, em duas e capacidade de realização, em uma. Conclui-se que as empresas estão à procura de executivos que tenham dedicação, arrojo, criatividade, empreendedorismo, facilidade de negociação e que busquem resultados. Verificou-se também que estes profissionais, além de sua formação acadêmica, devem centrar-se em seu desenvolvimento pessoal na busca pela qualificação nessas competências.

'Girls who do Boys like they’re girls'? Exploring the role of gender in the junior management of contemporary service work

This article attempts to explain the clustering of women managers at junior managerial grades in the service sector by focusing on the structuring and organization of work in a call centre. The article is based on an ethnography of an organization and seeks to contribute to the ongoing debate in gender research by exploring and documenting the requirement for the enactment of masculinities at work for successful managers. Central to our account is the role of team leader which, as a junior management position, occupies a key role in understanding and accounting for the gendered hierarchical terrain of contemporary service-based organizations. In exploring the role of team leader, a position that tends overwhelmingly to be held by female staff, we draw attention to the perception of the gendered nature of the role by subordinate members of the organization, the team-leaders themselves and more senior managers. The position is also brought into sharp relief in comparison with the subordinate role of the ‘problem manager’, a position overwhelmingly held by men.