A.I.D. and third world women, the unmet potential [microform] : hearing before the Select Committee on Hunger, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, hearing held in Washington DC, May 11, 1988.

"Serial no. 100-26."

Women in development : looking to the future : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, June 7, 1984.

Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche.

Going up? Women in the public sector

Abstract: Purpose – This paper aims to document women's reflections on their careers over a ten-year period to provide quantitative baseline data on which to frame follow-up in-depth interviews. The participants work in the public service in Queensland (Australia) and had been recommended for, and participated in, women in management (WIM) courses conducted in the early 1990s. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected by means of a survey (containing closed and open items) which gathered demographic data and data related to employment history, perceptions of success and satisfaction, and the women's future career expectations. Findings – Findings revealed that the percentage of women in middle and senior management had increased over the ten-year period, although not to the extent one might have anticipated, given that the women had been targeted as high flyers by their supervisors. While not content with their classification levels (i.e. seniority), the majority of the cohort viewed their careers as being successful. Practical implications – Questions arise from this study as to why women are still “not getting to the top”. There are also policy implications for the public service concerning women's possible “reinventive contribution” and training implications associated with women only courses. Originality/value – The study is part of an Australian longitudinal study on the careers of women who attended a prestigious women-only management course in the early 1990s in Queensland. This is now becoming a study of older women.

Venus and Leadership: Women Hospitality Leaders

The authors report on a survey of 234 women executives in the hospitality industry using factor analysis to discover the seven underlying dimensions of women leaders: perseverance, trust, inner values, responsibility, stewardship, communication, and vision.

Give and You Shall Receive: Investing in the Careers of Women Professionals

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore what organizations can do to facilitate the retention and advancement of women professionals into top leadership positions. A social exchange framework is applied to examine ways organizations can signal support for and investment in the careers of women professionals, and ultimately the long-term work relationship. Design/methodology/approach – This paper employed a qualitative methodology; specifically, semi-structured interviews with 20 women executives, in primarily the US hospitality industry, were conducted. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and content analyzed. Findings – Organizations are likely to strengthen the retention of their female professionals if they signal support through purposeful, long-term career development that provides a sightline to the top, and ultimately creates more female role models in senior-level positions. Organizations can also signal support through offering autonomy over how work is completed, and designing infrastructures of support to sustain professionals during mid-career stages. Findings are used to present a work-exchange model of career development. Research limitations/implications – This research is an exploratory study that is limited in its scope and generalizability. Practical implications – The proposed work-exchange model can be used to comprehensively structures initiatives that would signal organizational support to – and long-term investment in – female professionals and enable them to develop their career paths within their organizations. Originality/value – Through offering a work-exchange model of career development, this paper identifies components of organizational support from a careers perspective, and highlights the factors that could potentially contribute to long-term growth and retention of women professional

The senior female international managerial career move: a qualitative study in a European context

Research investigating the position of women in management has, largely, been confined within national boundaries. Over the last fifteen years, empirical studies of women in international management have been undertaken, predominantly in North America. In this research field, many questions remain unanswered or have been only partially addressed. The particular focus of this study is on the senior female international managerial career move in Europe — a relatively unexplored area. Fifty senior female expatriate managers were interviewed, representing a wide range of industry and service sectors. The study, for the first time, assesses an exclusively senior sample of female managers who have made at least one international career move. This study of senior females in international management makes a theoretical contribution, not only to the analysis of gender and international human resource management, but also to wider debates within the contemporary women in management and career theory literatures. The aims of the study were to develop an understanding of the senior female international career move in a European context in order to more fully understand both the covert and overt barriers that may limit women’s international career opportunities. The results of the study show that the senior international career move has largely been developed along a linear male model of career progression, a development which, taken together with gender disparity both in organisations and family responsibilities, frequently prevents women employees from reaching senior managerial positions. The study proposes a model of the senior female international managerial career move, thereby contributing primarily to the international human resource management literature. The implications of the study for research literatures in women in management and career theory are also explored and a future research agenda developed.

Gènere i lideratge a l'administració pública de Girona [versió html]

L'objectiu de la publicació és mostrar els resultats obtinguts en l'anàlisi dels trets bàsics de l'estudi dintre l'Administració Autonòmica de Girona, que són: identificació de la població directiva pel que fa a la quantitat i al perfil; vies d'accés a la direcció; obstacles per assolir i desenvolupar el càrrec; dificultats per conciliar família i treball; característiques i estils de lideratge. Alhora, es pretén donar una visió global del desenvolupament de polítiques i de la seva aplicació a les administracions. El projecte s'ha desenvolupat en el marc de la convocatòria de subvencions per a treballs de recerca sobre Administració pública (2005) promoguda per l'Escola d'Administració Pública de Catalunya i la publicació ha estat editada gràcies a l'ajut per a activitats de projecció del Consell Social de la Universitat de Girona (ref. EPP2/06 )

Dones directives i lideratge: el cas de les empreses gironines

L'objectiu de la tesi és l'anàlisi del accés de les dones a la direcció d'empreses, el seu estil de lideratge, Així com les dificultats que han trobat i tenen actualment per poder exercir la direcció. D'entrada s'ha fet una revisió de la literatura acadèmica sobre el lideratge i l'evolució de les seves característiques fins als dos grans estils: transaccional i transformacional. A partir d'aquest punt, es van recopilant una sèries d'estudis que analitzen les característiques diferencials de gènere i la influència que tenen en els estils de lideratge, per poder elaborar un model conceptual d'anàlisi que s'aplica en l'estudi empíric. Aquest fa referència a la realitat de les dones directives a les empreses de Girona i comarques. En primer lloc es fa una aproximació a les empreses per poder detectar on estan situades les dones directives i poder conèixer el seu perfil, així com l'estil de lideratge que tenen, com han accedit a la direcció i les dificultats que han de superar per poder exercir. Es fa especial referència a la conciliació de la vida laboral i la vida familiar, i també es fa una anàlisi de les motivacions que tenen per exercir la direcció i com veuen el futur per a les dones directives. La metodologia inclou anàlisi quantitativa i qualitativa: per a la quantitativa es varen fer servir dos qüestionaris, el primer dirigit als directius i directives d'una mostra de les empreses de Girona, en que es varen aconseguir 252 qüestionaris vàlids i el segon dirigit a dones directives de les empreses, amb l'obtenció de 100 qüestionaris vàlids. Posteriorment i en la recollida de dades de la fase qualitativa, es varen realitzar entrevistes a 19 dones directives, amb una posterior anàlisi del discurs. L'anàlisi de dades ens mostra que l'accés a la direcció és, en elevats percentatges, la via familiar o el fet de ser empresàries. S'ha de tenir en compte el context en el que estan aquestes empreses, que és de petita i mitjana i bàsicament familiar. L'estil de lideratge amb el que més s'identifiquen és el transformacional, però tenint també molt en compte la importància dels resultats. Les motivacions bàsiques manifestades són: autorrealització i desenvolupament personal. Pel que fa a les dificultats, les directives enquestades i entrevistades no han trobat gaires problemes importants, però el que sí han manifestat, ha estat la sensació de que pel fet de ser dones, han hagut de demostrat molt més la seva capacitat i vàlua en diferents circumstàncies de l'exercici de la direcció. També es té en compte que en les últimes investigacions sobre el tema, malgrat que és considera que les dones poden fer aportacions molt valuoses a les empreses i que poden ser molt positives per l'exercici de la direcció, encara no hi ha en les grans empreses un nombre de dones en càrrecs d'alta direcció que afavoreixi un accés més fàcil als consells d'administració, a no ser que siguin dones membres de la família accionarial.

A masculinização da mulher líder no Brasil: quatro estudos sobre estereótipos de gênero e protótipos de liderança

A entrada da mulher no mercado de trabalho gerou uma série de mudanças nas organizações, entretanto, a carreira da mulher executiva ainda apresenta disparidades em relação à carreira dos seus colegas homens. Essa disparidade pode decorrer da incongruência entre o papel social da mulher e o papel esperado de um líder. No entanto, este fenômeno parece está passando por mudanças, dado o empowerment das mulheres tanto no cenário corporativo como político. Neste sentido, surge a problemática desta pesquisa: qual o real comportamento da mulher ao assumir papeis de liderança? O quadro teórico que cerca esta pesquisa envolve a teoria do papel social (EAGLY, 1987), que postula que cada indivíduo tem um papel socialmente aceito, no qual se inclui o papel de líder, formado através de protótipos de como deve ou deveria se comportar, e também papeis gênero, no qual são definidos os comportamentos socialmente aceitos para homens e para mulheres. Nesta direção, para fazer a comparação dos papeis socialmente esperados de ambos os sexos e os papeis requeridos ao líder é utilizada a teoria de congruência de papeis (EAGLY e KARAU, 2002). Dado este quadro teórico, para atender ao objetivo desta pesquisa, são realizados quatro estudos que utilizam metodologias qualitativas, experimentais e quantitativas. No primeiro estudo, são testadas as relações entre sexo do líder e as dimensões agênticas e comunais do protótipo de liderança por meio de análise de conteúdo de descrições de mulheres e homens líderes. Já no segundo estudo, é testada, por meio de um experimento, a congruência da avaliação de líderes masculino e feminino com o comportamento agêntico e comunal. No terceiro estudo, são examinados quatro perfis de liderança e como estes estão associados entre si a partir de dados coletados por meio de questionários estruturados. São analisadas as características do líder em geral e do líder eficaz com as características do líder masculino e da líder feminina. Estas análises também são realizadas considerando o perfil sexual do respondente (BEM, 1974). Por fim, no quarto estudo são analisadas entrevistas em profundidade a fim de identificar como ocorrem e quais as causas destes acontecimentos supracitados. Os resultados demonstraram que ao assumir um papel de liderança, a mulher tende a assumir características agênticas do protótipo de liderança (como força, masculinidade e tirania), ou seja, tende a masculinizar-se para ser aceita pelas outras pessoas. Os resultados revelam também poucas diferenças entre os líderes homens e mulheres, o que corrobora a primeira conclusão. Por outro lado, as características comunais do líder (como sensibilidade) revelam-se como as mais críticas para a aceitação do líder pelos seus subordinados, mas não para a sua eficácia. Dessa forma, este trabalho busca contribuir para compreender melhor o fenômeno da liderança feminina, lançando luz sobre as eventuais incongruências entre os papeis sociais e gerenciais da mulher na sociedade brasileira contemporânea.

Participação das mulheres no conselho de administração e diretoria, valor e desempenho das companhias brasileiras de capital aberto

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar se a presença de mulheres no conselho de administração e diretoria gera impacto no valor e desempenho das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto. Em geral, a literatura sugere que a participação feminina no conselho de administração e em cargos de diretoria tende a gerar valor e desempenho superior. Este trabalho realiza um estudo inédito no Brasil, analisando 658 empresas de capital aberto no período de 2002 a 2009. Os resultados indicam que não existe uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre presença de mulheres no conselho de administração e em cargos de diretoria para o valor das empresas, mas existe uma relação negativa entre presença de mulheres no conselho e desempenho das empresas.

Barriers to work place advancement : the experience of the white female work force : a research monograph /

"Contract no. 42USC252C3"

Women in leadership: An analysis of the gender pay gap in ASX-listed firms

This study provides evidence that after several decades of fighting for equal pay for equal work, an unexplained gender pay gap remains amongst senior executives in ASX-listed firms. After controlling for a large suite of personal, occupational and firm observables, we find female senior executives receive, on average, 22.58 percent less in base salary for the period 2002–2013. When executives are awarded performance-based pay, females receive on average 16.47 percent less in cash bonus and 18.21 percent less in long-term incentives than males. The results are robust to using firm fixed effects and propensity-score matching. Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition results show that the mean pay gap cannot be attributed to gender differences in attributes, including job titles. Instead, the results point to differences in returns on firm-specific variables, in particular firm risk.

The career development of Black female chief nurse executives

This qualitative study was designed to explore the career development of Black female chief nurse executives. Although a small proportion of Black female nurses have achieved positions at the nurse executive level, there remains a paucity of Black female nurse executives in this crucial position which raised the question of what factors contributed to this lack of advancement, but, more important, what factors have contributed to the success of the few who have achieved such level of success in healthcare organizations. The purpose of the study was to explore the career paths of Black female chief nurse executives with a view of understanding the factors which both facilitate and hinder the career development of these leaders in healthcare organizations. The guiding research question was, How do Black female nurse executives in this sample describe their career development? The participants in this study were Black female chief nurse executives located throughout the United States who, for the most part, were raised in segregation with a strong family foundation. To collect data, semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with 10 Black female chief nurse executives throughout the United States. The transcripts from the interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed. Using Super’s (1990, 1996), and Gottfredson’s (1981, 1996, 2002, 2005) career development theories and critical race theory (Crenshaw, 1995; Delgado, 2000) as the theoretical framework, the researcher found that the participants’ career development was influenced by (a) strong support system, (b) guidance, (c) influence of diversity, and (d) servant leadership. The findings help us understand the factors that have contributed to their successes as Black chief nurse executives. With the increasingly diverse population and concurrent increasing diversity in nursing and concerns about healthcare disparities, it is imperative that organizations attract, hire, develop, retain, and advance qualified Black nurses. Future studies addressing not only the career development of Black nurses but nurses in general might be informed by the present study’s findings. Recommendations are offered for nursing practice, education, and organizational policy.