Voltage Magnitude Analysis Considering Load Curtailment Minimization in Sub-Transmission Networks with Distributed Generators

Most of distribution generation and smart grid research works are dedicated to the study of network operation parameters, reliability among others. However, many of this research works usually uses traditional test systems such as IEEE test systems. This work proposes a voltage magnitude study in presence of fault conditions considering the realistic specifications found in countries like Brazil. The methodology considers a hybrid method of fuzzy set and Monte Carlo simulation based on the fuzzyprobabilistic models and a remedial action algorithm which is based on optimal power flow. To illustrate the application of the proposed method, the paper includes a case study that considers a real 12 bus sub-transmission network.

Voltage Analysis and Load Curtailment Minimization in Sub-transmission Networks with Distributed Generation

Most of distributed generation and smart grid research works are dedicated to network operation parameters studies, reliability, etc. However, many of these works normally uses traditional test systems, for instance, IEEE test systems. This paper proposes voltage magnitude and reliability studies in presence of fault conditions, considering realistic conditions found in countries like Brazil. The methodology considers a hybrid method of fuzzy set and Monte Carlo simulation based on the fuzzy-probabilistic models and a remedial action algorithm which is based on optimal power flow. To illustrate the application of the proposed method, the paper includes a case study that considers a real 12-bus sub-transmission network.

Location of single line-to-ground faults on distribution feeders using voltage measurements

This paper proposes a dedicated algorithm for lation of single line-to-ground faults in distribution systems. The proposed algorithm uses voltage and current phasors measured at the substation level, voltage magnitudes measured at some buses of the feeder, a database containing electrical, operational and topological parameters of the distribution networks, and fault simulation. Voltage measurements can be obtained using power quality devices already installed on the feeders or using voltage measurement devices dedicated for fault location. Using the proposed algorithm, likely faulted points that are located on feeder laterals geographically far from the actual faulted point are excluded from the results. Assessment of the algorithm efficiency was carried out using a 238 buses real-life distribution feeder. The results show that the proposed algorithm is robust for performing fast and efficient fault location for sustained single line-to-ground faults requiring less than 5% of the feeder buses to be covered by voltage measurement devices. © 2006 IEEE.

Redundancy and Observability Analysis of Conventional and PMU Measurements

This letter shows that the matrix can be used for redundancy and observability analysis of metering systems composed of PMU measurements and conventional measurements (power and voltage magnitude measurements). The matrix is obtained via triangular factorization of the Jacobian matrix. Observability analysis and restoration is carried out during the triangular factorization of the Jacobian matrix, and the redundancy analysis is made exploring the matrix structure. As a consequence, the matrix can be used for metering system planning considering conventional and PMU measurements. These features of the matrix will be outlined and illustrated by numerical examples.

Rede de Distribuição da ilha Graciosa: Análise e Exploração de Funcionamento

Nos tempos atuais as empresas que atuam no ramo dos sistemas elétricos de energias enfrentam desafios cada vez mais exigentes, dado o enquadramento normativo a que estão sujeitas por parte da entidade reguladora dos serviços energéticos. No caso do Arquipélago dos Açores, o normativo relativo ao regulamento da qualidade de serviço entrou em vigor em 2006, trazendo à EDA,S.A. (Eletricidade dos Açores), entidade responsável pelo transporte e distribuição de energia na região, novas exigências para adequados níveis de eficiência e de garantias aos clientes, no que respeita à qualidade de serviço que lhes é prestado. No âmbito deste trabalho, é efetuado o estudo do trânsito de potência sobre a rede distribuição 15 kV da ilha Graciosa. Para tal, é realizada a modelização da rede no software de rede elétricas porwerworld 8.0. e são idealizados um conjunto de cenários de exploração da rede, que visam simular situações reais que ocorrem na exploração diária da rede de distribuição da ilha. Nas simulações a efetuar consideram-se dois cenários com perfil de carga distintos, um referente à ponta máxima, e outro referente ao vazio mínimo, verificados no ano de 2014. Quanto ao modo de exploração da rede nos cenários a simular, é contemplado o modo de exploração normalmente operado pela empresa gestora, bem como diversas reconfigurações sobre o modo de exploração normalmente operado, realizadas através da abertura e fecho dos aparelhos de corte constituintes da rede. Em todos os cenários simulados, é realizado um estudo relativamente à potência de perdas do sistema, ao perfil da tensão nos diversos postos de transformação, e ao congestionamento de energia verificado nas linhas de distribuição da rede.

A multi-objective optimization of the active and reactive resource scheduling at a distribution level in a smart grid context

In the traditional paradigm, the large power plants supply the reactive power required at a transmission level and the capacitors and transformer tap changer were also used at a distribution level. However, in a near future will be necessary to schedule both active and reactive power at a distribution level, due to the high number of resources connected in distribution levels. This paper proposes a new multi-objective methodology to deal with the optimal resource scheduling considering the distributed generation, electric vehicles and capacitor banks for the joint active and reactive power scheduling. The proposed methodology considers the minimization of the cost (economic perspective) of all distributed resources, and the minimization of the voltage magnitude difference (technical perspective) in all buses. The Pareto front is determined and a fuzzy-based mechanism is applied to present the best compromise solution. The proposed methodology has been tested in the 33-bus distribution network. The case study shows the results of three different scenarios for the economic, technical, and multi-objective perspectives, and the results demonstrated the importance of incorporating the reactive scheduling in the distribution network using the multi-objective perspective to obtain the best compromise solution for the economic and technical perspectives.

Estimativa do comportamento de máquinas assíncronas sujeitas a afundamentos de tensão

Os afundamentos de tensão são reduções de curta duração entre o 10% a 90% da magnitude de tensão eficaz. Usualmente, estes afundamentos são associados com falhas no sistema de energia elétrica, mas podem ser causados pela elevada corrente de partida de motores de indução ou energização de transformadores. Apesar de sua curta duração, tais eventos podem causar sérios problemas para alguns equipamentos. As conseqüências dos afundamentos de tensão sobre a máquina assíncrona são: perda de velocidade durante o afundamento e picos de corrente e de conjugado que aparecem na queda de tensão e no instante de restabelecimento. Este estudo visa analisar o comportamento da máquina assíncrona diante de afundamentos de tensão e as características destes, devido à influência do motor assíncrono como carga. Enfocando-se neste ponto, é que foram considerados diferentes tipos de afundamentos devido a diferentes falhas, que produziram quedas de tensão nos terminais da máquina assíncrona com variações na magnitude e no argumento de tensão. As simulações foram realizadas aplicando um método numérico tradicional e um método simplificado, o método simplificado lineariza as equações diferenciais elétricas da máquina assíncrona considerando a velocidade mecânica constante, para o cálculo dos transitórios elétricos no início da queda de tensão e no restabelecimento da mesma. Os transitórios obtidos pelo método numérico tradicional (Runge Kutta quarta ordem) e o método simplificado foram comparados, para verificar a precisão deste método com respeito ao numérico tradicional, concluindo-se, que o método simplificado poderá aplicar-se em máquinas de baixo escorregamento e elevada constante de inércia. Além disso, foram realizados experimentos, submetendo o sistema a diferentes quedas de tensão, considerando diferentes magnitudes e durações no afundamento.

A modified Primal-Dual Logarithmic-Barrier Method for solving the Optimal Power Flow problem with discrete and continuous control variables

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Método da continuação aplicado na análise de contingência de linhas de transmissão

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Técnica de parametrização geométrica para o fluxo de carga continuado baseado nas variáveis tensão nodal e fator de carregamento

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

An Improved Parameterization Technique for the Continuation Power Flow

Continuation methods have been long used in P-V curve tracing due to their efficiency in the resolution of ill-conditioned cases, with close to singular Jacobian matrices, such as the maximum loading point of power systems. Several parameterization techniques have been proposed to avoid matrix singularity and successfully solve those cases. This paper presents a simple geometric parameterization technique to overcome the singularity of the Jacobian matrix by the addition of a line equations located at the plane determined by a bus voltage magnitude and the loading factor. This technique enlarges the set of voltage variables that can be used to whole P-V curve tracing, without ill-conditioning problems and no need of parameter changes. Simulation results, obtained for large realistic Brazilian and American power systems, show that the robustness and efficiency of the conventional power flow are not only preserved but also improved.

Primal-dual logarithmic barrier and augmented Lagrangian function to the loss minimization in power systems

This article presents a new approach to minimize the losses in electrical power systems. This approach considers the application of the primal-dual logarithmic barrier method to voltage magnitude and tap-changing transformer variables, and the other inequality constraints are treated by augmented Lagrangian method. The Lagrangian function aggregates all the constraints. The first-order necessary conditions are reached by Newton's method, and by updating the dual variables and penalty factors. Test results are presented to show the good performance of this approach.

Logarithmic barrier-augmented Lagrangian function to the optimal power flow problem

This paper presents a new approach to solve the Optimal Power Flow problem. This approach considers the application of logarithmic barrier method to voltage magnitude and tap-changing transformer variables and the other constraints are treated by augmented Lagrangian method. Numerical test results are presented, showing the effective performance of this algorithm. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Assessment of branch outage contingencies using the continuation method

This paper provides a contribution to the contingency analysis of electric power systems under steady state conditions. An alternative methodology is presented for static contingency analyses that only use continuation methods and thus provides an accurate determination of the loading margin. Rather than starting from the base case operating point, the proposed continuation power flow obtains the post-contingency loading margins starting from the maximum loading and using a bus voltage magnitude as a parameter. The branch selected for the contingency evaluation is parameterised using a scaling factor, which allows its gradual removal and assures the continuation power flow convergence for the cases where the method would diverge for the complete transmission line or transformer removal. The applicability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology have been investigated on IEEE test systems (14, 57 and 118 buses) and compared with the continuation power flow, which obtains the post-contingency loading margin starting from the base case solution. In general, for most of the analysed contingencies, few iterations are necessary to determine the post-contingency maximum loading point. Thus, a significant reduction in the global number of iterations is achieved. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be used as an alternative technique to verify and even to obtain the list of critical contingencies supplied by the electric power systems security analysis function. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Aplicação do método de Newton desacoplado para o fluxo de carga continuado

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)