Os requisitos de forma da cláusula compromissória inserida nos contratos comerciais internacionais e a jurisprudência do STJ

Nesta pesquisa comparo as interpretações que têm prevalecido no contexto internacional e na jurisprudência do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (“STJ”), versando sobre os requisitos de forma da cláusula compromissória inserida nos contratos comerciais internacionais. Contratos comerciais internacionais, nesta pesquisa, são aqueles que contém cláusula compromissória que elege arbitragem com sede fora do Brasil. Na Primeira Parte, examino a experiência internacional a partir (a) da questão da lei aplicável ao exame dos requisitos de forma da cláusula compromissória inserida nos contratos comerciais internacionais, (b) dos seus requisitos de forma propriamente ditos e (c) da interrelação destes requisitos com a exceção de ordem pública no âmbito da arbitragem comercial internacional. No que diz respeito aos requisitos de forma propriamente ditos, passo pela análise histórica dos principais foros internacionais, de alguns instrumentos de soft law selecionados, da legislação e da jurisprudência estrangeira. Meu objetivo é verificar a solução conferida no contexto internacional à questão, criando um quadro de análise para ser comparado com o levantamento da jurisprudência do STJ que será feito na Segunda Parte. Na Segunda Parte, por sua vez, examino a jurisprudência do STJ versando sobre estes mesmos requisitos de forma. Ao fim, concluo que, enquanto efetivamente há alguns pontos de divergência entre a orientação do STJ e àquela que prevalece na experiência internacional, estas diferenças não são tantas e vem sistematicamente diminuindo. Na Conclusão procuro sintetizar e confrontar os achados da pesquisa, fazendo ainda algumas proposições objetivas com o intuito de pacificar a discussão sobre o tema no Brasil.

Morbilidade evitável relacionada com medicamentos: Desenvolvimento de novos indicadores e validação preliminar para cuidados primários em Portugal

Sumário: A morbilidade evitável relacionada com medicamentos (MERM) é um problema de saúde pública com considerável impacto negativo para os doentes e os sistemas de saúde. Os indicadores de MERM constituem medidas operacionais de gestão do risco terapêutico, uma vez que permitem identificar processos de cuidados de saúde que predizem um resultado clínico negativo potencialmente evitável. O uso destes indicadores pode contribuir para reduzir a morbilidade evitável relacionada com medicamentos, evitando danos desnecessários e desperdício de recursos. Objectivo: Desenvolver novos indicadores de MERM para cuidados primários em Portugal a partir da análise de resumos das características de medicamentos (RCM's) e determinar a validade preliminar de face e de conteúdo dos indicadores derivados para este setting. Métodos: A primeira fase deste estudo consistiu num ensaio piloto, com o intuito de testar uma metodologia de inclusão dos RCM's com base na frequência de dispensa da especialidade farmacêutica no ambulatório. Seguidamente procedeu-se ao desenvolvimento de mais indicadores de MERM utilizando a metodologia testada no ensaio piloto. Os indicadores obtidos foram alvo de uma primeira análise com base em aspectos como duplicações e relevância para cuidados primários, de modo a seleccionar os que poderiam passar à fase de validade preliminar de face e de conteúdo. Procedeu­ se então à pesquisa de evidência clínica em fontes de referência para estes indicadores. Na última fase do estudo estes indicadores, bem como a respectiva evidência clínica, foram analisados por um painel de peritos constituído por quatro académicos (dois médicos de família e dois farmacêuticos), sendo aprovados ou eliminados com base num critério de consenso. Resultados: Obteve-se um total de 64 indicadores de MERM, a partir da análise de 35 RCM's. Sujeitaram-se à determinação da validade preliminar de face e de conteúdo 44 indicadores. Foram aprovados por consenso 28 indicadores, tendo sido excluídos 17 (4 por consenso e 13 sem obtenção de consenso). Conclusão: É exequível derivar novos indicadores de MERM para cuidados primários a partir da análise de RCM's. A validade formal de face e de conteúdo destes indicadores obtidos será objecto de estudo de ulterior investigação. /ABSTRACT: Backgroud: Preventable drug-relate morbidity (PDRM) is a public health problem with significant negative impact at a patient and system level. PDRM indicators are operational measures of therapeutic risk management; they identifying processes of care leading to preventable adverse outcomes. The use of these indicators may contribute to tackle preventable drug related morbidity, avoiding unnecessary harm and waste of resources. Objective: To develop new PDRM indicators to Portuguese primary care based on the analysis of summaries of product characteristics (SPC’s) and to determine their preliminary face and content validity to this setting. Methods: Firstly a pilot study was conducted to test a methodology for including SPC's based on the most frequently sold medicines in the ambulatory. Then more indicators were developed using the previously tested methodology. The indicators obtained were analyzed in respect to aspects such as duplications and relevance for primary care to select those that could proceed to the next stage. Clinical evidence was searched for each of these indicators in gold-standard information sources. Finally, this set of indicators and the respective clinical evidence were analysised by a panel of four experts (two academic general practitioners and two academic pharmacists). Preliminary face and content validity was established by means of consensus. Results: A total of 64 indicators was obtained, based on the analysis of 35 SPCs. Forty­ four indicators were subjected to a preliminary assessment of face and content validity, resulting in 28 consensus-approved indicators. Seventeen indicators were excluded (4 rejected by consensus and 13 that did not reach consensus). Conclusion: lt is feasible to derive new PDRM indicators for primary care based on SPC's. The formal face and content validity of the indicators will be determined in a further study.

Teste Illinois de Habilidades Psicolinguísticas: analise critica do modelo mediacional e de diversos aspectos da validade do instrumento

Este trabalho investiga basicamente a validade do Teste Illinois de Habilidades Psicolinguísticas -ITPA -instrumento de avaliação do desenvolvimento da linguagem infantil. Seus autores, S. Kirk e J.J. McCarthy (1961), utilizam o referencial teórico proposto por C. Osgood (1957), a ele incorporando o modelo derivado da Teoria da Informação, o que permite que, na prática clínica, o ITPA possa ser incluído no processo psicodiagnóstico como instrumento de avaliação dos problemas da comunicação em crianças entre três e dez anos. Os objetivos que conduzem e orientam o trabalho apresentado podem ser definidos em três níveis: 1) O que trata dos constructos e suas interrelaç6es -análise crítica da validade teóricado ITPA; 2) O que avalia sua condição de instrumento diagnóstico do desempenho escolar -sensibilidade discriminante do rendimento acadêmico; 3) O que trata da eficácia da prática psicopedagógica proposta pelo mesmo instrumento. O estudo sobre a validade teórica foi realizado com 931 crianças entre três e dez anos de idade, em processo de escolarização, frequentando creches, jardins de infância ou classes regulares da Rede de Ensino do Primeiro Grau no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Utilizou-se a técnica da Análise Fatorial, complementada por uma abordagem lógica que comprovaram algumas das dimensões propostas pelo referencial teórico de Kirk e McCarthy. Para a validade diagnóstica foram avaliadas 71 crianças com dificuldades no desempenho acadêmico, expressas através de conceitos de insuficiência ou deficiência de rendimento e seus resultados foram comparados com os de um subgrupo, aleatoriamente constituído de crianças que participaram do estudo anterior. Utilizou-se a técnica da Análise Discriminante chegando-se à seguinte conclusão: embora a validade de constructo do IIPA não tenha sido completamente confirmada num nível diagnóstico os resultados permitem identificar, com baixa margem de erro, as crianças que pertencem a um ou outro dos grupos de contraste. Quanto ao terceiro nível, foi feita ampla-revelação bibliográfica sobre investigações efetuadas com este instrumento no Brasil e no Exterior. Visou-se avaliar a eficácia da prática psicopedagógica utilizada quando desenvolvida à luz dos recursos de intervenção que o IIPA propõe. Concluiu-se que as pesquisas, até o presente momento efetuadas, não são suficientes para formar um juízo mais seguro da praxis educativa destinada à reabilitação das crianças com problemas da comunicação - o que constitui impedimento a seu desempenho acadêmico - em função das controvérsias que tais pesquisas apresentam.

Uma justificava da validade do teorema fundamental da álgebra para o ensino médio

Among several theorems which are taught in basic education some of them can be proved in the classroom and others do not, because the degree of difficulty of its formal proof. A classic example is the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra which is not proved, it is necessary higher-level knowledge in mathematics. In this paper, we justify the validity of this theorem intuitively using the software Geogebra. And, based on [2] we will present a clear formal proof of this theorem that is addressed to school teachers and undergraduate students in mathematics

Structural differentiation and corporate venturing : the moderating role of formal and informal integration mechanisms

Research has suggested that corporate venturing is crucial to strategic renewal and firm performance, yet scholars still debate the appropriate organizational configurations to facilitate the creation of new businesses in existing organizations. Our study investigates the effectiveness of combining structural differentiation with formal and informal organizational as well as top management team integration mechanisms in establishing an appropriate context for venturing activities. Our findings suggest that structural differentiation has a positive effect on corporate venturing. In addition, our study indicates that a shared vision has a positive effect on venturing in a structurally differentiated context. Socially integrated senior teams and cross-functional interfaces, however, are ineffective integration mechanisms for establishing linkages across differentiated units and for successfully pursuing corporate venturing.

Principals as architects of formal mentoring programs in schools

An important responsibility of principals in schools is fostering a healthy learning-rich environment for both staff and students. Previous research (Duignan & Gurr, 2008; Ehrich, 1998; Leithwood & Day, 2007; Nias, Southworth, & Campbell, 1992) has shown that effective principals create opportunities for teachers to learn with and from each other. For instance, they are involved in establishing supportive structures and creating environments for collaboration and learning to take place (Leithwood & Day, 2007). They do this in a variety of ways such as providing resources and professional development opportunities, structuring time for staff to learn and work together, and establishing a host of other conditions to facilitate learning and sharing.

The roles and importance of formal and informal sources of business support in young firms : evidence from the UK’s 2008 Federation of Small Business Survey

Objectives This research explores the relationship between young firms, their growth orientation-intention and a range of relationships which can be seen to provide business support. Prior-work Research indicates that networks impact the firm’s ability to secure resources (Sirmon and Hitt 2003; Liao and Welsch. 2004; Hanlon and Saunders 2007). Networks have been evaluated in a number of ways ranging from simple counts to characteristics of their composition (Davidsson and Honig 2003), strength of relationships (Granovetter 1973) and network diversity (Carter et al 2003). By providing access to resources and knowledge (from start-up assistance and raising capital, (e.g. Smallbone et al, 2003), networks may assist in enabling continued persistence during those times where firms may experience resource constraints owing to firm growth (Baker and Nelson 2005). Approach The data used in this research was generated in the 2008 UK Federation of Small Businesses (FSB) survey. Over 1,000 of the firms responding were found to fall into the category of “young”, ((defined as firms under 4 years old). Firms were considered the unit of analysis with the entrepreneur being the chief spokesperson for the firm. Preliminary data analysis considered key demographic characteristics and industry classifications, comparing the FSB data with that of the UK government’s own (BERR) Small Business Surveys of 2007 and 2008, to establish some degree of representativeness of the respondents. The analysis then examined networks with varying potential ability to provide support for young firms, the networks measured in terms of number, diversity, characteristic and strength in its relationship to young firm growth orientation. The diversity of business-support-related relationships ranged from friends and family, through professional services, customers and suppliers, and government business services, to trade associations and informal business networks. The characteristics of these formal and informal sources of support for new businesses are examined across a range of business support-type activities for new firms. The number of relationships and types of business support are also explored. Finally, the strength of these relationships is examined by analysis of the source of business support, type of business support, and links to the growth orientation-intention of the firm, after controlling for a number of key variables related to firm and industry status and owner characteristics. Results Preliminary analysis of the data by means of univariate analysis showed that average number of sources of advice was around 2.5 (from a potential total of 6). In terms of the diversity of relationships, universities had by far the smallest percentage of firms receiving beneficial advice from them. Government business services were beneficially used by 40% of young firms, the other relationship types being around the 50-55% mark. In terms of characteristics of the advice, the average number of areas in which benefit was achieved was around 5.5 of a maximum of 15. Start-up advice has by far the highest percentage of firms obtaining beneficial advice, with increasing sales, improving contacts and improving confidence being the other categories at or around the 50% mark. Other market-focused areas where benefits were also received were in the areas of new markets, existing product improvements and new product improvements, where around 40% of the young responding firms obtained benefit. Regression techniques evaluating the strength of these relationships in terms of the links between business support (by source of support, type of support, and range of support) and firm growth orientation-intention focus highlighted a number of significant relationships, even after controlling for a range of other explanatory variables identified in the literature. Specifically, there was found to be a positive relationship between receiving business advice generally (regardless of type or source) and growth orientation. This relationship was seen to be stronger, however, when looking at the number of types of beneficial advice received, and stronger again for the number of sources of this advice. In terms of individual sources of advice, customers and suppliers had the strongest relationship with growth, with Government business services also found to be significant. Combining these two sources was also seen to increase the strength of the relationship between these two sources of advice and growth orientation. In considering areas of support, growth was most strongly positively related to advice that benefited the development of new products and services, and also business confidence, but was negatively related to advice linked to business recovery. Finally, amalgamating the 4 key types and sources of advice to examine the impact of combinations of these types and sources of advice also improved the strength of the relationship. Implications The findings will assist in the understanding of young firms in general and growth more specifically, particularly the role and importance of specific sources, types and combinations of business support used more extensively by new young growth-oriented firms. Value This research may assist in processes designed to allow entrepreneurs to make better decisions; educators and support organizations to develop better advice and assistance, and Governments design better conditions for the creation of new growth-oriented businesses.

Attitudes to Formal Business Training and Learning amongst Entrepreneurs in the Cultural Industries: Situated Business Learning through "Doing with Others."

Presents arguments supporting a social model of learning linked to situated learning and cultural capital. Critiques training methods used in cultural industries (arts, publishing, broadcasting, design, fashion, restaurants). Uses case study evidence to demonstrates inadequacies of formal training in this sector. (Contains 49 references.)