Emergence and seed persistence of Echinochloa colona, Urochloa panicoides and Hibiscus trionum in the sub-tropical environment of north-eastern Australia.

Better understanding of seed-bank dynamics of Echinochloa colona, Urochloa panicoides and Hibiscus trionum, major crop weeds in sub-tropical Australia, was needed to improve weed control. Emergence patterns and seed persistence were investigated, with viable seeds sown at different depths in large in-ground pots. Seedlings of all species emerged between October and March when mean soil temperatures were 21-23C. However, E. colona emerged as a series of flushes predominantly in the first year, with most seedlings emerging from 0-2 cm. Urochloa panicoides emerged mostly as a single large flush in the first two years, with most seedlings emerging from 5 cm. Hibiscus trionum emerged as a series of flushes over three seasons, initially with majority from 5 cm and then 0-2 cm in the later seasons. Longevity of the grass seed was short, with <5% remaining after burial at 0-2 cm for 24 months. In contrast, 38% of H. trionum seeds remained viable after the same period. Persistence of all species increased significantly with burial depth. These data highlight that management strategies need to be tailored for each species, particularly relating to the need for monitoring, application times for control tactics, impact of tillage, and time needed to reduce the seed-bank to low numbers.

Bioecología de Urochloa panicoides

Se estudiaron aspectos claves de la regulación poblacional de U. panicoides en cultivos de maíz y soja, con énfasis en los procesos de germinación, emergencia y producción de semillas. Se realizaron ensayos a campo y en condiciones controladas determinándose los factores ambientales que modifican el nivel de dormición y la emergencia de la maleza. Se realizó un estudio de demografía de U. panicoides en cultivos de maíz y soja, cuantificándose el efecto de los herbicidas y de los cultivos sobre la emergencia, supervivencia y fecundidad de la maleza. En referencia a los procesos de germinación y emergencia, las semillas después de cuatro meses de ocurrida la dispersión, permanecieron dormidas independientemente de las condiciones ambientales a las que fueron sometidas. Luego de 7 meses de postmaduración, la permanencia de las semillas a 4 ºC no solo no redujo la dormición sino que por el contrario indujo la misma. Al cabo del mismo período, las semillas sometidas a las condiciones ambientales presentes en el campo y aquellas almacenadas a 25 ºC presentaron un menor nivel de dormición y, por lo tanto, germinaron en un amplio rango de temperaturas. La temperatura base, óptima y máxima, fueron estimadas en 6, 35 y 45 ºC respectivamente. U. panicoides emergió a inicios de primavera con su principal flujo en el mes de octubre, requiriendo 250 ºC día a partir de la imbibición de las semillas, para que se produzca un 50 por ciento de emergencia. La disminución de la radiación solar incidente sobre el suelo a partir del uso de mallas plásticas, redujo la amplitud térmica del mismo y el número de plantas emergidas de esta especie. U. panicoides demostró una alta tolerancia a atrazina y susceptibilidad a metolaclor, obteniéndose control total de la especie a dosis de marbete de este último producto bajo condiciones controladas. Sin embargo a campo el control con dichos herbicidas en maíz fue parcial, lo que permitió la reposición del banco de semillas en este cultivo. La emergencia temprana de la maleza y su alta susceptibilidad al herbicida glifosato facilitaron el control de esta especie en el cultivo de soja, evitando de esta forma la producción de descendencia.

Bioecología de Urochloa panicoides

Se estudiaron aspectos claves de la regulación poblacional de U. panicoides en cultivos de maíz y soja, con énfasis en los procesos de germinación, emergencia y producción de semillas. Se realizaron ensayos a campo y en condiciones controladas determinándose los factores ambientales que modifican el nivel de dormición y la emergencia de la maleza. Se realizó un estudio de demografía de U. panicoides en cultivos de maíz y soja, cuantificándose el efecto de los herbicidas y de los cultivos sobre la emergencia, supervivencia y fecundidad de la maleza. En referencia a los procesos de germinación y emergencia, las semillas después de cuatro meses de ocurrida la dispersión, permanecieron dormidas independientemente de las condiciones ambientales a las que fueron sometidas. Luego de 7 meses de postmaduración, la permanencia de las semillas a 4 ºC no solo no redujo la dormición sino que por el contrario indujo la misma. Al cabo del mismo período, las semillas sometidas a las condiciones ambientales presentes en el campo y aquellas almacenadas a 25 ºC presentaron un menor nivel de dormición y, por lo tanto, germinaron en un amplio rango de temperaturas. La temperatura base, óptima y máxima, fueron estimadas en 6, 35 y 45 ºC respectivamente. U. panicoides emergió a inicios de primavera con su principal flujo en el mes de octubre, requiriendo 250 ºC día a partir de la imbibición de las semillas, para que se produzca un 50 por ciento de emergencia. La disminución de la radiación solar incidente sobre el suelo a partir del uso de mallas plásticas, redujo la amplitud térmica del mismo y el número de plantas emergidas de esta especie. U. panicoides demostró una alta tolerancia a atrazina y susceptibilidad a metolaclor, obteniéndose control total de la especie a dosis de marbete de este último producto bajo condiciones controladas. Sin embargo a campo el control con dichos herbicidas en maíz fue parcial, lo que permitió la reposición del banco de semillas en este cultivo. La emergencia temprana de la maleza y su alta susceptibilidad al herbicida glifosato facilitaron el control de esta especie en el cultivo de soja, evitando de esta forma la producción de descendencia.

Períodos de dessecação de Urochloa ruziziensis e seu reflexo na produtividade da soja RR

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência do estresse hídrico e salino na germinação de urochloa decumbens e urochloa ruziziensis

Studies of the germination response of seeds subjected to artificial stresses are provided tools for better understanding of the survivability and adaptation of these species in natural stress conditions such as drought or saline soils, common in agricultural and forest regions, contributing significantly to the development of management strategies. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the possible effects of water and salt stress on germination of Urochloa decumbens and Urochloa ruziziensis. The test was conducted at the Faculty of Technology of São Paulo, campus of Capon Bonito. The seeds were sown with four replicates of 50 seeds in paper soaked in solutions with the potentials of 0.0, -0.2, -0.4 and -0.8 MPa, induced with polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and NaCl. The germination test was conducted at 25 degrees C in the presence of light, evaluating the first test score at seven days after sowing, and weekly germination (normal seedlings) until 35 days. We calculated the index of germination rate. The results allowed the conclusion that water stress causes a greater reduction in force, speed of germination and cumulative germination of seeds of U. decumbens and U. ruziziensis than salt stress. The species U. decumbens showed higher tolerance to water and salt stresses.

Effect of water stress on herbicide efficiency applied to Urochloa decumbens

M.R. Rocha-Pereira, A.E. Klar, D. Martins, G.S. Ferreira de Souza, and J. Villalba. 2012. Effect of water stress on herbicide efficiency applied to Urochloa decumbens. Cien. Inv. Agr. 39(1): 211-220. This project aimed to measure the control efficiency of Acctil Coenzime A Carboxilase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides post-emergence applied to Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R.D. Webster under different soil water contents. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, UNESP, Botucatu, Silo Paulo. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replications, consisting of a 9 x 4 factorial, combined with three water management systems (-0.03, -0.07 and -1.5 MPa) and three herbicides (fluazifop-p-butyl, haloxyfop-methyl and sethoxydim + oil using four doses (100, 50, 25 and 0% of the recommended dose). Herbicide applications were conducted at two vegetative stages for all species: a 4-6 leaf stage and a 2-3 tiller stage. The physiological parameters evaluated were as follows: photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf temperature and plant dry matter. The visual assessments of phytotoxicity were performed 28 days after herbicide application. The control efficiency was lower in plants grown under soil water potential conditions of -1.5 MPa, regardless of the herbicide used during the two application stages; however, none reached 100% control. Fractionation of the recommended herbicide doses reduced effectiveness, with the exception of the 50%-dose application of sethoxydim and fluazifop-p-butyl herbicides, which were also effective in the 4-6 leaf plant control under normal water conditions.

Adubação nitrogenada no feijoeiro após milho safrinha consorciado com Urochloa brizantha e Urochloa ruziziensis

Common bean plant demanding higher amounts of nitrogen (N), but are scarce information about common bean N demanding when grown after maize intercropped with palisade grass. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of N fertilization in common bean grown under no-tillage system, in succession to out-of-season maize intercropped with Urochloa brizantha (Syn. Brachiaria bryzantha) or Urochloa ruziziensis (Syn. Brachiaria ruziziensis). The experiment was conducted during two agricultural years, on a dystroferric Haplorthox. A randomized blocks design, in a split plot scheme, with four replicates, was used. The plots were composed by two types of straws previous common bean crop (maize + U. brizantha and maize + U. ruziziensis) and subplots were composed by four N rates (0, 35, 70 and 140 kg ha(-1)), using ammonium nitrate as source. Nitrogen application improved N nutrition and increased the growth of common bean plants grown after out-of-season maize intercropped with U. brizantha or U. ruziziensis, but little influenced grain yield. Grain yield of common bean grown after out-of-season maize intercropped with U. brizantha or U. ruziziensis was similar.

Densidades de plantas de Urochloa decumbens em convivência com Corymbia citriodora

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of plant densities of Urochloa decumbens on the early growth of Corymbia citriodora. The experimental design was completely randomized design with four replications, each plot consisted of a of 60 L capacity vase. The signal grass densities were 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 plants m(-2), along with one eucalyptus plant. At the end of eight months of living together increase in height and in diameter and plant dry mass of eucalyptus and signal grass were carried out. The eucalyptus characteristics were influenced by all the weed populations, the effect being more pronounced with the increasing of grass density.

Consórcio de milho com Urochloa ruziziensis e os efeitos na cultura da soja em rotação

This work aimed to study the intercropping of corn and Urochloa ruziziensis cv. Common, regarding to vegetative growth and corn yield, capacity of production of forage dry matter, the infestation of weeds and the effect of this system of production in the soybean crop in rotation. Two forms of sowing (hand-sowing and on-line sowing) of U. ruziziensis, four amounts of seeds (200, 400, 600 e 800 points of cultural value, PCV = quantities of seeds x cultural value) and one treatment additional with the single corn were studied. The intercropping did not affect negatively the vegetative growth and corn yield when compared to the single corn. The sowing of 200 PCV of U. ruziziensis seeds, hand-sowed and on-line sowed to 22 days after of sowing of the corn was enough for the maintenance of adequate amount of straw on the soil. At the moment of the harvest of the corn, the dry matter of weed reduced with the increase of the amount of U. ruziziensis seeds and was bigger when the forager was hand-sowed. In the soybean crop in rotation, the density and dry matter of weed reduced linearly with the increase of the amount of U. ruziziensis seeds used in the first year of the research. The intercropping of corn and U. ruziziensis in the first year of the experiment benefited the plants population, plants height and yield of soybean when compared to the monoculture of corn in the same period.

Temperatura e osmocondicionamento na germinação de sementes de Urochloa brizantha (STAPF) Webster cv. Basilisk

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação da tolerância ao alumínio em Urochloa spp

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Regeneração natural de um fragmento de cerrado degradado com a formação de pastagens de braquiária (Urochloa decumbens (Stapf) R. D. Webster)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito residual do consórcio de milho e Urochloa ruziziensis com inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense e adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no cultivo do feijão e trigo irrigado em sistema plantio direto

Pós-graduação em Agronomia - FEIS

Parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no feijoeiro em sucessão ao milho e Urochloa ruziziensis em sistemas plantio direto

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Produção Vegetal) - FCAV

Intervalo de dessecação de Urochloa ruziziensis (R. German & Evrard) Crins e seu efeito alelopático na cultura da soja RR

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)