Randomized controlled trial of physiotherapy for postpartum stress incontinence : 7-year follow-up

Objective To estimate the long-term effect of intensive, 6-week physiotherapy programs, with and without deep abdominal muscle (TrA) training, on persistent postpartum stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Methods The study was a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Fifty-seven postnatal women with clinically demonstrated persistent SUI 3 months after delivery participated in 8 weeks of either pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) (28) or PFMT with deep abdominal muscle training (PFMT + TrA) (29). Seven years post-treatment, 35 (61.4%) participants agreed to the follow-up; they were asked to complete a 20-min pad test and three incontinence-specific questionnaires with an assessor blinded to each participant's group assignment. Results: Of the 35 (61.4%) who agreed to the follow-up: 26 (45.6%) took the 20-min pad test (12 PFMT and 14 PFMT + TrA) and 35 (61.4%) completed the questionnaires (18 PFMT and 17 PFMT + TrA). The baseline clinical characteristics of the follow-up and non-follow-up participants were not significantly different; nor did they differ between PFMT and PFMT + TrA participants enrolled in the follow-up study. At 7 years, the pad test scores for the PFMT group did not differ statistically from those of the PFMT + TrA group. When combining both treatment groups, a total of 14/26 (53%) follow-up participants were still continent according to the pad test. Conclusion The addition of deep abdominal training does not appear to further improve the outcome of PFM training in the long term. However, benefits of physiotherapy for postpartum SUI, although not as pronounced as immediately after the initial intervention, is still present 7 years post-treatment.

Effectiveness of diapers among people with chronic incontinence in Thailand

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to assess effect of adult diapers on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and the independent level of performing activities of daily living (ADLs) in people with urinary or fecal incontinence. Psychological consequences of patients’ caregivers were also measured.
Methods:
This quasi-experimental study was conducted at two rehabilitation centers in Thailand. People aged 15 years or greater with chronic urinary or fecal incontinence were
eligible. Study participants received adult diapers for 10 weeks after recruitment. Thai EuroQol Five Dimensions (EQ-5D) and the Barthel Index were measured at baseline and weeks
2, 6, and 10 to evaluate HRQOL and the independent level of performing ADLs, respectively. The Braden Scale was used to assess the risk of having pressure ulcers. Mean
differences in the Thai EQ-5D, the Barthel Index, and the Braden Scale, before and after receiving adult diapers, were estimated using a multilevel linear regression model.
Results:
There were ninety patients and forty-eight caregivers who took part in this study. HRQOL and independent level of performing ADLs had improved significantly by week 10
after receiving adult diapers with mean differences of 0.102 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.046–0.158) and 4.40 (95% CI, 1.74–7.07), respectively. The risk of having
pressure ulcers had significantly decreased by 67 percent (95% CI, 16 percent–78 percent) by week 10 after receiving adult diapers.
Conclusions:
The results indicate a significant improvement of HRQOL and the independent level of performing ADLs among incontinent patients after receiving adult diapers. These results were used to inform the development of the health benefits package under the Universal Health Coverage Scheme in Thailand.

Differences in pelvic floor morphology between continent, stress urinary incontinent, and mixed urinary incontinent elderly women : an MRI study

Aims To compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic floor musculature (PFM), bladder neck and urethral sphincter morphology under three conditions (rest, PFM maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and straining) in older women with symptoms of stress (SUI) or mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) or without incontinence. Methods This 2008–2012 exploratory observational cohort study was conducted with community-dwelling women aged 60 and over. Sixty six women (22 per group), mean age of 67.7 ± 5.2 years, participated in the study. A 3 T MRI examination was conducted under three conditions: rest, PFM MVC, and straining. ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis tests (data not normally distributed) were conducted, with Bonferroni correction, to compare anatomical measurements between groups. Results Women with MUI symptoms had a lower PFM resting position (M-Line P = 0.010 and PC/H-line angle P = 0.026) and lower pelvic organ support (urethrovesical junction height P = 0.013) than both continent and SUI women. Women with SUI symptoms were more likely to exhibit bladder neck funneling and a larger posterior urethrovesical angle at rest than both continent and MUI women (P = 0.026 and P = 0.008, respectively). There were no significant differences between groups on PFM MVC or straining. Conclusions Women with SUI and MUI symptoms present different morphological defects at rest. These observations emphasize the need to tailor UI interventions to specific pelvic floor defects and UI type in older women.

Differences in pelvic floor morphology between continent, stress urinary incontinent, and mixed urinary incontinent elderly women : an MRI study

Aims To compare magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvic floor musculature (PFM), bladder neck and urethral sphincter morphology under three conditions (rest, PFM maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and straining) in older women with symptoms of stress (SUI) or mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) or without incontinence. Methods This 2008–2012 exploratory observational cohort study was conducted with community-dwelling women aged 60 and over. Sixty six women (22 per group), mean age of 67.7 ± 5.2 years, participated in the study. A 3 T MRI examination was conducted under three conditions: rest, PFM MVC, and straining. ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis tests (data not normally distributed) were conducted, with Bonferroni correction, to compare anatomical measurements between groups. Results Women with MUI symptoms had a lower PFM resting position (M-Line P = 0.010 and PC/H-line angle P = 0.026) and lower pelvic organ support (urethrovesical junction height P = 0.013) than both continent and SUI women. Women with SUI symptoms were more likely to exhibit bladder neck funneling and a larger posterior urethrovesical angle at rest than both continent and MUI women (P = 0.026 and P = 0.008, respectively). There were no significant differences between groups on PFM MVC or straining. Conclusions Women with SUI and MUI symptoms present different morphological defects at rest. These observations emphasize the need to tailor UI interventions to specific pelvic floor defects and UI type in older women.

Multiple sclerosis and continence issues : an exploratory study

The study described in this article aimed to identify issues relating to incontinence and assess the impact of referral to a continence adviser on the lives of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The study design used an in-depth, two-phase anonymous mail survey within a general community as nominated by the participants. Fifty-six people participated in phase 1 and eleven people completed phase 2. The results indicated that incontinence is a problem for the vast majority of participants — people with MS. One-third of the eligible participants took up the option of a consultation, assessment and treatment from a continence nurse. Reasons for not taking up the visit from the continence nurse included ‘managing OK’, ‘didn’t think it would help’, ‘embarrassed’ and ‘too busy’. Increasing awareness of urinary incontinence in the community is important and education needs to focus on at-risk groups in presenting the range of options available to assist people experiencing incontinence.

Normal reference values of strength in pelvic floor muscle of women: A descriptive and inferential study

Background To describe the clinical, functional and quality of life characteristics in women with Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI). In addition, to analyse the relationship between the variables reported by the patients and those informed by the clinicians, and the relationship between instrumented variables and the manual pelvic floor strength assessment. Methods Two hundred and eighteen women participated in this observational, analytical study. An interview about Urinary Incontinence and the quality of life questionnaires (EuroQoL-5D and SF-12) were developed as outcomes reported by the patients. Manual muscle testing and perineometry as outcomes informed by the clinician were assessed. Descriptive and correlation analysis were carried out. Results The average age of the subjects was (39.93?±?12.27 years), (24.49?±?3.54 BMI). The strength evaluated by manual testing of the right levator ani muscles was 7.79?±?2.88, the strength of left levator ani muscles was 7.51?±?2.91 and the strength assessed with the perineometer was 7.64?±?2.55. A positive correlation was found between manual muscle testing and perineometry of the pelvic floor muscles (p?

Health-Related Quality of Life and Mental Disorders in Finland

Quality of life (QoL) and Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are becoming one of the key outcomes of health care due to increased respect for the subjective valuations and well-being of patients and an increasing part of the ageing population living with chronic, non-fatal conditions. Preference-based HRQoL measures enable estimation of health utility, which can be useful for rational rationing, evidence-based medicine and health policy. This study aimed to compare the individual severity and public health burden of major chronic conditions in Finland, including and focusing on reliably diagnosed psychiatric conditions. The study is based on the Health 2000 survey, a representative general population survey of 8028 Finns aged 30 and over. Depressive, anxiety and alcohol use disorders were diagnosed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). HRQoL was measured with the 15D and the EQ-5D, with 83% response rate. This study found that people with psychiatric disorders had the lowest 15D HRQoL scores at all ages, in comparison to other main groups of chronic conditions. Considering 29 individual conditions, three of the four most severe (on 15D) were psychiatric disorders; the most severe was Parkinson s disease. Of the psychiatric disorders, chronic conditions that have sometimes been considered relatively mild - dysthymia, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia - were found to be the most severe. This was explained both by the severity of the impact of these disorders on mental health domains of HRQoL, and also by the fact that decreases were widespread on most dimensions of HRQoL. Considering the public health burden of conditions, musculoskeletal disorders were associated with the largest burden, followed by psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric disorders were associated with the largest burden at younger ages. Of individual conditions, the largest burden found was for depressive disorders, followed by urinary incontinence and arthrosis of the hip and knee. The public health burden increased greatly with age, so the ageing of the Finnish population will mean that the disease burden caused by chronic conditions will increase by a quarter up to year 2040, if morbidity patterns do not change. Investigating alcohol consumption and HRQoL revealed that although abstainers had poorer HRQoL than moderate drinkers, this was mainly due to many abstainers being former drinkers and having the poorest HRQoL. Moderate drinkers did not have significantly better HRQoL than abstainers who were not former drinkers. Psychiatric disorders are associated with a large part of the non-fatal disease burden in Finland. In particular anxiety disorders appear to be more severe and have a larger public health burden than previously thought.

Tratamento da incontinência urinária de esforço por meio de eletroestimulação funcional dos músculos do assoalho pélvico: revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos aleatorizados

Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar, através de uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos aleatorizados, os benefícios da estimulação elétrica funcional endovaginal ou dos tratamentos conservadores às pacientes com incontinência urinária de esforço, e demonstrar qual modalidade de tratamento conservador apresenta melhores resultados na terapêutica dessas mulheres: a estimulação elétrica funcional endovaginal, em comparação com os cones vaginais ou a realização de exercícios perineais. Para tanto, foram realizadas buscas nas principais bases de dados científicos, por estudos que atendessem a pergunta da pesquisa, tipo de intervenção e tipo de participantes selecionados. Destes, foram selecionados 7 estudos que foram submetidos à análise dos revisores, que avaliaram os seguintes desfechos: episódios de perda urinária, quantificação das perdas urinárias através do pad-test, força da musculatura perineal, qualidade de vida, volume residual, capacidade cistométrica máxima, melhora dos sintomas, satisfação e cura. Todas as terapias pesquisadas apresentaram melhora dos sintomas da incontinência urinária de esforço; no entanto, segundo os desfechos avaliados, apresentaram diferença no resultado comparativo. Quanto às perdas urinárias, ao pad-test e à força da musculatura perineal, a realização dos exercícios pélvicos obteve os melhores resultados. Já a terapia por estimulação elétrica endovaginal e a terapia com os cones apresentaram resultados semelhantes, não sendo encontrada diferença significativa em nenhum dos desfechos analisados. De acordo com os achados obtidos nesta revisão sistemática, entendemos que o tratamento pela estimulação elétrica traz benefícios às pacientes com incontinência urinária de esforço. Os exercícios pélvicos demonstraram ser a terapia que reduz mais significativamente os sintomas ocasionados por esta condição

Terapia comportamental no controle da incontinência urinária da mulher idosa: uma ação de enfermagem na promoção do autocuidado

A incontinência urinária gera implicações negativas nos âmbitos emocional, social e econômico tanto para o indivíduo incontinente, como para seus cuidadores. A terapia comportamental é uma das abordagens não-invasivas para a incontinência urinária. A terapia comportamental é realizada durante as consultas de enfermagem e a atuação do enfermeiro consiste na aplicação de um protocolo de orientações sobre hábitos de vida, medidas de controle da micção, treinamento para realização do diário miccional, treinamento de exercícios perineais e avaliação da resposta da paciente à terapia. O estudo tem como base teórica a Teoria do autocuidado de Dorothea Elisabeth Orem, pois a terapia comportamental visa instrumentalizar o indivíduo a realizar práticas de autocuidado a partir do protocolo de atendimento do ambulatório. O objetivo da pesquisa é avaliar a efetividade da terapia comportamental aplicada pelo enfermeiro para o controle miccional e melhora da qualidade de vida da mulher idosa. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico não-controlado.40 Foram incluídas no estudo mulheres acima de 60 anos que participam do Ambulatório do Núcleo de Atenção ao Idoso com a queixa clínica de perda involuntária de urina encaminhadas para o ambulatório de urogeriatria. A população estudada foi composta por 13 participantes. Os dados da pesquisa foram coletados a partir dos instrumentos de avaliação do ambulatório de urogeriatria que foram arquivados nos prontuários das pacientes: o diário miccional, avaliação de enfermagem na terapia comportamental e o questionário sobre qualidade de vida em mulheres com incontinência urinária chamado de Kings Health Questionnaire. Estes instrumentos foram aplicados antes e depois da terapia comportamental. Foram colhidos dados das pacientes acompanhadas no ambulatório durante o período de abril de 2011 a junho de 2012. Os resultados foram que após a terapia comportamental todas as idosas responderam que ingerem líquidos no período diurno, 92,30% das idosas responderam que estabeleceram um ritmo miccional de 2/2 horas ou de 3/3 horas. Sobre o parâmetro miccional perda de urina ao final da terapia comportamental 75% das idosas apresentaram ausência de perda de urina. Além disso, após a terapia comportamental nenhuma das pacientes teve perda de urina durante a realização dos exercícios e 92,30% apresentaram contração eficiente dos músculos perineais. Deste modo, esta pesquisa demonstrou que as idosas que participaram da terapia comportamental obtiveram melhora do controle urinário e da qualidade de vida. A terapia é um sistema que sofre retroalimentação à medida que o paciente adere às práticas de autocuidado e o enfermeiro reforça as orientações a fim de atingir o objetivo maior que é a sensação de bem estar. A teoria de Dorothea Orem se adequou bem ao estudo, pois a terapia comportamental permitiu aos idosos a assumirem responsabilidade com o seu corpo e se empenharem efetivamente para melhorar a sua condição de saúde e qualidade de vida.

Abordagem simplificada na avaliação da incontinência urinária não complicada na mulher

Este é um estudo transversal feito com pacientes mulheres que compareceram ao Setor de Endoscopia Urológica e Urodinâmica do Serviço de Urologia do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto HUPE entre dezembro de 2009 e dezembro de 2012, para a realização de estudo urodinâmico, com encaminhamento médico e agendamento prévio para investigação de queixa de incontinência urinária. O estudo foi realizado nas pacientes do sexo feminino, com idade entre 23 e 86 anos e com queixa de incontinência urinária nao complicada. Os dados utilizados nesse estudo têm três origens: (1) a avaliação primária formada pelo conjunto dos questionário de perda por esforço e ou urgência e International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF) e história padronizada; (2) avaliação médica, realizada pelo médico residente; e (3) avaliação urodinâmica, resultado do estudo urodinâmico conduzido por médico residente, com supervisão e laudos feitos por um dos professores do serviço. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar se o uso de métodos mais simples poderia diagnosticar incontinência urinária não complicada sem a necessidade de realizar a avaliação urodinâmica. Os nossos achados mostraram que entre a avaliação primária e a médica há elevada sensibilidade e especificidade além de forte concordância. O estudo urodinâmico tem menor probabilidade de fazer o diagnostico de IUM e maior frequencia de falso negativo. Os nossos achados fortalecem a indicação de uma abordagem primária antes de intervenções mais invasivas e dispendiosas como a avaliação urodinâmica. A realização de uma avaliação simplificada pode fornecer informações suficientes para começar um tratamento medicamentoso e fisioterapêutico.

Eletroestimulação, exercícios dos músculos do assoalho pélvico e incontinência urinária

A incontinência urinária além de ser multifatorial com enorme complexidade terapêutica é um problema de ordem de saúde pública e que merece maior atenção, pois causa um imenso impacto negativo sobre a qualidade de vida das pessoas. São diversas as opções de tratamento da incontinência urinária, como os exercícios dos músculos do assoalho pélvico, tratamento com fármacos, injeção transuretral, e o esfíncter urinário artificial. A Sociedade Internacional de Continência recomenda como tratamento inicial os exercícios dos músculos do assoalho pélvico supervisionado, orientações de estilo de vida adequado, regimes urinários regulares, terapias comportamentais e medicação. A Revisão Sistemática desta Dissertação mostrou a necessidade de mais estudos com melhor qualidade metodológica para evidenciar o uso da eletroestimulação como intervenção eficaz no tratamento da incontinência urinária; O Estudo Transversal Retrospectivo, após a análise de 128 prontuários do Ambulatório de Fisioterapia Pélvica do Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Rio de Janeiro mostrou resultados significativos da Fisioterapia Pélvica para a redução da incontinência urinária e do impacto da incontinência urinária na vida diária destes pacientes. Por fim, o Experimento Controlado Randomizado, duplo cego, mostrou resultados significativos do uso da eletroestimulação associada aos exercícios dos músculos do assoalho pélvico como uma opção de tratamento conservador capaz de potencializar a continência urinária após a prostatectomia radical.

Estudo do tempo de trânsito colônico em crianças e adolescentes com constipação intestinal crônica e disfunção do trato urinário inferior

A constipação intestinal e a disfunção do trato urinário inferior são condições associadas e bastante prevalentes na infância e adolescência. Existem múltiplas teorias para explicar essa associação, como: o efeito mecânico do reto cheio sobre a parede e o colo vesical; estimulo de reflexos sacrais a partir do reto distendido, e mais recentemente, a associação entre a bexiga e o reto no sistema nervoso central. Muitas destas crianças e adolescentes apresentam constipação refratária. Esse fato chama a atenção para a possibilidade de existência de uma desordem neuromuscular comum envolvendo o cólon e o trato urinário inferior. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o trânsito colônico de crianças e adolescentes com constipação crônica refratária e sintomas do trato urinário inferior. Foi realizado um estudo observacional com análise transversal, no qual foram incluídos 16 indivíduos com constipação refratária e sintomas do trato urinário inferior, com idades entre sete e 14 anos (média de idade de 9,67 anos). Os participantes foram avaliados utilizando anamnese padrão; exame físico; diário miccional e das evacuações; escala de Bristol; Disfunctional Voiding Scoring System com versão validada para o português; ultrassonografia renal, de vias urinárias e medida de diâmetro retal; urodinâmica, estudo de trânsito colônico com marcadores radiopacos e manometria anorretal. O estudo de trânsito foi normal em três (18,75%) crianças, dez (62,5%) apresentaram constipação de trânsito lento e três (18,75%) obstrução de via de saída. A avaliação urodinâmica estava alterada em 14 das 16 crianças estudadas: dez (76,9%) apresentaram hiperatividade detrusora associada à disfunção miccional, três (23,1%) hiperatividade vesical isolada e um (6,25%) disfunção miccional sem hiperatividade vesical. Ao compararmos constipação de trânsito lento e disfunção do trato urinário inferior, dez (100%) sujeitos com constipação de trânsito lento e três (50%) sem constipação de trânsito lento apresentavam hiperatividade vesical (p=0,036). Sete (70%) sujeitos com constipação de trânsito lento e quatro (66,7%) sem constipação de trânsito lento apresentavam disfunção miccional (p=0,65). Ao compararmos constipação de trânsito lento e a presença de incontinência urinária, esta estava presente em nove (90%) participantes com constipação de trânsito lento e em um (16,7%) sem constipação de trânsito lento (p = 0,008). Quanto à urgência urinária, estava presente em 10 (100%) e três (50%) respectivamente (p = 0,036). O escore do Disfunctional Voiding Scoring System variou de 6 a 21. O subgrupo com constipação de trânsito lento mostrou um escore de Disfunctional Voiding Scoring System significativamente maior que o subgrupo sem constipação de trânsito lento. O presente estudo demonstrou alta prevalência de constipação de trânsito lento em crianças e adolescentes com constipação refratária e sintomas do trato urinário inferior. Este estudo foi pioneiro em demonstrar a associação entre hiperatividade vesical e constipação de trânsito lento e coloca em voga a possibilidade de uma desordem neuromuscular comum, responsável pela dismotilidade vesical e colônica. Futuros estudos envolvendo a motilidade intestinal e vesical são necessários para melhor compreensão do tema e desenvolvimento de novas modalidades terapêuticas.

The impact of first pregnancy and delivery on pelvic floor dysfunction

Background: The first childbirth has the greatest impact on a woman’s pelvic floor when major changes occur. The aim of this study was to comprehensively describe pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in young nulliparous women, and its correlation with postnatal pathology. Methods: A prospective study was performed at Cork University Maternity Hospital, Ireland. Initially 1484 nulliparous women completed the validated Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire at 15 weeks’ gestation and repeatedly at one year postnatally (N=872). In the second phase, at least one year postnatally, 202 participants without subsequent pregnancies attended the clinical follow up which included: pelvic organ prolapse quantification, a 3D-Transperineal ultrasound scan and collagen level assessment. Results: A high pre-pregnancy prevalence of various types of PFD was detected, which in the majority of cases persisted postnatally and included multiple types of PFD. The first birth had a negative impact on severity of pre-pregnancy symptoms in <15% of cases. Apart from prolapse, vaginal delivery, including instrumental delivery did not increase the risk of PFD symptoms, where as Caesarean section was protective for all types of PFD. The first birth had a bigger impact on pre-existing symptoms of overactive bladder compared to stress urinary incontinence. Pelvic organ prolapse is extremely prevalent in young primiparous women, however usually it is low grade and asymptomatic. Congenital factors and high collagen type III levels play an important role in the aetiology of pelvic organs prolapse. Levator ani trauma is present in one in three women after the first pregnancy and delivery. Conclusion: The main damage to the pelvic floor most likely occurs due to an undiagnosed congenital intrinsic weakness of the pelvic floor structures. PFD is highly associated with first childbirth, however it seems that pregnancy and delivery are contributing factors only which unmask the congenital intrinsic weakness of the pelvic floor support.

Caring for Alaska Native prostate cancer survivors in primary care: a survey of Alaska Tribal Health System providers.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the constraints of optimizing health care for prostate cancer survivors in Alaska primary care. OBJECTIVE: To describe the experiences and attitudes of primary care providers within the Alaska Tribal Health System (ATHS) regarding the care of prostate cancer survivors. DESIGN: In late October 2011, we emailed a 22-item electronic survey to 268 ATHS primary care providers regarding the frequency of Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) monitoring for a hypothetical prostate cancer survivor; who should be responsible for the patient's life-long prostate cancer surveillance; who should support the patient's emotional and medical needs as a survivor; and providers' level of comfort addressing recurrence monitoring, erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence, androgen deprivation therapy, and emotional needs. We used simple logistic regression to examine the association between provider characteristics and their responses to the survivorship survey items. RESULTS: Of 221 individuals who were successfully contacted, a total of 114 responded (52% response rate). Most ATHS providers indicated they would order a PSA test every 12 months (69%) and believed that, ideally, the hypothetical patient's primary care provider should be responsible for his life-long prostate cancer surveillance (60%). Most providers reported feeling either "moderately" or "very" comfortable addressing topics such as prostate cancer recurrence (59%), erectile dysfunction (64%), urinary incontinence (63%), and emotional needs (61%) with prostate cancer survivors. These results varied somewhat by provider characteristics including female sex, years in practice, and the number of prostate cancer survivors seen in their practice. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that most primary care providers in Alaska are poised to assume the care of prostate cancer survivors locally. However, we also found that large minorities of providers do not feel confident in their ability to manage common issues in prostate cancer survivorship, implying that continued access to specialists with more expert knowledge would be beneficial.

Design of a silicone reservoir intravaginal ring for the delivery of oxybutynin.

Oxybutynin, a drug of choice in the treatment of urinary incontinence, has low oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism. A toxic metabolite, N-desethyloxybutynin, has been linked to adverse reactions to oral oxybutynin. This study, therefore, reports on the design of an oxybutynin intravaginal ring (IVR) of reservoir design, comprising an oxybutynin silicone elastomer core encased in a non-medicated silicone sheath, manufactured by reaction injection moulding at 50oC. An unusually high initial burst release of oxybutynin (42.7 mg in 24 h) was observed in vitro with a full length core (100 mg drug loading), with subsequent non-zero order drug release. Use of fractional segment cores substantially reduced the burst effect, yielding linear cumulative drug release versus time plots from days 2 to 14. Thus, a 1/8 fractional segment core gave a 24 h burst of 11.28 mg oxybutynin and, thereafter, zero order release at the target dose of 5 mg/day over 14 days. Two oxybutynin cores, each 1/16 of full length, gave a greater release than a single 1/8 core, due to core segment end effects resulting in an increased surface area for release. The burst release was investigated by determining drug solubilities in the propan-1-ol product of elastomer condensation cure (390 mg/ml) and in the elastomer itself (13.9-20.21 mg/ml, by direct extraction and indirect thermal methods). These high oxybutynin solubilities were considered the major contributors to the burst effect. It was concluded that use of a fractional segment core would allow development of a suitable oxybutynin reservoir IVR.