Simulation of urban microclimates

Urban microclimates are greatly affected by urban form and texture and have a significant impact on building energy performance. The impact of urban form on energy consumption in buildings mainly relates to the availability of the uses of solar radiation, daylighting and natural ventilation. The urban heat island (UHI) effect increases the risk of overheating in buildings as well as the maximum energy demand for cooling. A need has arisen for a robust calculation tool (using the first-cut calculation method) to enable planners, architects and environmental assessors, to quickly and accurately compare the impact of different urban forms on local climate and UHI mitigation strategies. This paper describes a tool for the simulation of urban microclimates, which is developed by integrating image processing with a coupled thermal and airflow model.

Urban microclimates and simulation

This chapter examines the workings of urban microclimates and looks at the associated causes and effects of the urban heat island (UHI). It also clarifies the relationship between urban form and the key climatic parameters (sun, daylight, wind, temperature). A particular section is devoted to the concepts of UHI intensity and sky view factor (SVF); these are useful indicators for researchers in this area. The challenge of how to model urban microclimates is covered, featuring the six archetypal urban forms familiar to analysts involved in using simulation software. The latter sections address the issue of urban thermal comfort, the importance of urban ventilation and finally what mitigating strategies can be implemented to curb negative UHI effects.

Quantitative ventilation assessments of idealized urban canopy layers with various urban layouts and the same building packing density

This paper investigates urban canopy layers (UCL) ventilation under neutral atmospheric condition with the same building area density (λp=0.25) and frontal area density (λf=0.25) but various urban sizes, building height variations, overall urban forms and wind directions. Turbulent airflows are first predicted by CFD simulations with standard k-ε model evaluated by wind tunnel data. Then air change rates per hour (ACH) and canopy purging flow rate (PFR) are numerically analyzed to quantify the rate of air exchange and the net ventilation capacity induced by mean flows and turbulence. With a parallel approaching wind (θ=0o), the velocity ratio first decreases in the adjustment region, followed by the fully-developed region where the flow reaches a balance. Although the flow quantities macroscopically keep constant, however ACH decreases and overall UCL ventilation becomes worse if urban size rises from 390m to 5km. Theoretically if urban size is infinite, ACH may reach a minimum value depending on local roof ventilation, and it rises from 1.7 to 7.5 if the standard deviation of building height variations increases (0% to 83.3%). Overall UCL ventilation capacity (PFR) with a square overall urban form (Lx=Ly=390m) is better as θ=0o than oblique winds (θ=15o, 30o, 45o), and it exceeds that of a staggered urban form under all wind directions (θ=0o to 45o), but is less than that of a rectangular urban form (Lx=570m, Ly=270m) under most wind directions (θ=30o to 90o). Further investigations are still required to quantify the net ventilation efficiency induced by mean flows and turbulence.

Correlation between urban form and PM2.5 concentration — Evidence from the New York metropolitan Area and Shanghai city

With the development of the economy and society, air pollution has posed a huge threat to public health around the world, especially to people who live in urban areas. Typically, urban development patterns can be roughly divided into compact cities and urban sprawl. In recent years, the relationship between urban form and air quality (especially PM2.5) is gaining more and more attention from urban planners, environmentalists, and governments. This study is focusing on The New York metropolitan area and Shanghai city, which are both megacities but with different urban spatial forms. For both study areas,there are five main variables to measure the urban form metrics, naming Population Density, Artificial Land Area Per Ten Thousand People, Road Density, Green Land Area Ratio and Artificial Land Area Ratio. In addition, considering the impact of economic activities and public transportation, GDP per capita, Number of bus stop and Number of subway station are used as control variables. Based on the results of regression, a megacity like the New York metropolitan area with urban sprawl shows a low spatial correlation on PM2.5 concentration. Meanwhile, almost all the spatial form indicators effect on PM2.5 concentration is not significant. However, a compact megacity like Shanghai shows a diametrically opposite result. Urban form, especially population density, has a strong relationship with PM2.5 concentration. It can be predicted that a reduction in population density would lead to significant improvements on decrease the PM2.5 concentration in Shanghai. Meanwhile, increasing the ratio of green land and construction area per capita will get a positive influence on reducing PM2.5 concentration as well. Road density is not a significant factor for a megacity in both two urban forms. The way and type of energy used by vehicles on megacities maybe more critical.

Análise configuracional dos grandes conjuntos urbanos na Região de Lisboa (1945-1974) : contributos da sintaxe espacial para a história de arte como história da cidade

A presente investigação debruça-se sobre o estudo dos grandes conjuntos urbanos, tendo como referência a área de Lisboa no período entre 1945 e 1974. O seu objetivo principal é compreender o padrão espacial e respetivas variantes destas formas urbanas relativamente recentes bem como avaliar o seu impato na estrutura global da cidade e da sociedade. Tomando como ponto de partida a história de arte como história da cidade, a tese toma como objeto o grande conjunto urbano e aponta a hipótese do estudo da relação forma-fundo como meio de obter informações relevantes que relacionem o uso e função com respeito ao desenho do espaço aberto. Como diferentes arranjos entre espaços abertos e fechados implicam tipos espaciais distintos (Medeiros 2013), o estudo da relação entre a forma (cheio) e o fundo (vazio) dos grandes conjuntos urbanos e respetivas variações, pode fornecer-nos informação espacial relevante, que nos permitem compreender melhor estas formas urbanas recentes. Usando a abordagem própria da teoria da sintaxe espacial (Hillier e Hanson 1984), do tipo configuracional, determinam-se as relações entre os vários elementos constituintes dos sistemas espaciais formados nestas urbanizações. Essas relações são depois analisadas através de medidas e variáveis topológicas que nos permitem identificar qualidades e valores espaciais para a sociedade. Os resultados obtidos a partir dessas variáveis e medidas permitem-nos, depois, avaliar os graus de ‘formalidade’ e ‘urbanidade’ em cada sistema (Holanda 2002). Consequentemente, a avaliação qualitativa das características espaciais que se pretendem obter nesta investigação, tem como base a avaliação quantitativa, permitindo assim comparar mais facilmente os diversos casos de estudo. De entre o conjunto de casos analisados, o estudo revela uma série de características comuns, que nos permitem identificar um padrão específico de urbanismo modernista que reflete claramente um conjunto de ideologias associadas a uma visão reformista da sociedade através do espaço. Mas por outro lado, existem também um conjunto de características particulares de cada caso, que reportam para a estrutura morfológica da cidade tradicional. No que reporta à hipótese de estudo levantada nesta investigação sobre a relação forma-fundo, verifica-se através da amostra que esta relação aparece invertida. Esta diferenciação deve-se ao abandono dos tradicionais sistemas de rua e de quarteirão, ainda presentes nas urbanizações de Alvalade e do Areeiro e a sua substituição pelo bloco livre em espaço aberto como nos casos de Alfragide, Portela e Olivais. Tal facto, como prova a teoria da Sintaxe Espacial ou Lógica Social do Espaço, traduziu-se necessariamente em diferentes modos de vida pública e privada e consequentemente de vida espacial e social. Assim concluímos, através da análise dos casos de estudo apresentados, que embora fazendo parte duma mesma ideologia urbana com características comuns (genótipo modernista), os mesmos apresentam resultados espaciais totalmente diferenciados o que justifica a dificuldade da sua análise comparativa.

Influência do fator visão do céu na propagação do ruído em zonas urbanas

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil

Impact de l’évolution des formes de croissance urbaine sur l’identité de la ville et de ses citoyens

L’évolution de l’urbanisation dans le monde nous a motivés à développer nos recherches quant à cette croissance déchaînée des villes et ces multitudes de formes urbaines qui en résultent. L'objet de ce travail est d'analyser ces formes de croissance spatiales et d’analyse leur impact sur l’identité dans la ville. Il s'agit de montrer dans quelle mesure elles favorisent la prolifération de nouvelles identités dans les régions périphériques de la ville. Notre recherche porte alors sur une étude socio spatiale de la capitale de la Tunisie. Tunis, cette métropole en pleine expansion, occupe un emplacement stratégique dans la Méditerranée et joue un rôle important dans les échanges afro-européens. La pertinence de l’étude de l’évolution du domaine urbain de Tunis résulte du fait que cette ville a connu différents types de croissances. La variété des modes de développement de l’espace urbain fait de Tunis un exemple pertinent qui mérite d’être étudié, d’autant plus que l’espace englobe des banlieues planifiées, spontanées, historiques, et bien d’autres qui résultent du juste fait de l’informalité, allant du patrimoine à la construction d’une identité urbaine plurielle. Notre travail comportera donc une étude spatiale de l’évolution de l’espace urbain de Tunis, basée essentiellement sur des cartes et des photos satellites, doublées d’une analyse sociale, basée sur une enquête in situ, réalisée avec les habitants des banlieues, et ce, dans le but de recenser leurs degrés d’attachement à l’espace ainsi que les rapports qu’ils entament avec le centre-ville. Notre recherche nous a permis de conclure que les habitants des banlieues s’identifient aux nouvelles formes de croissance et développent au fil des années un sentiment d’appartenance et d’attachement identitaire à leurs quartiers. Cela contribue à la prolifération d’identités multiple dans la ville.

Le design urbain au Québec : étude de la transposition des prescriptions empiriques dans la pratique urbanistique

Le design urbain, dimension de la pratique urbanistique, consiste principalement en la manipulation de la forme urbaine selon une démarche ciblée et encadrée. Les approches sont aussi nombreuses que diversifiées. On peut néanmoins les classer en deux catégories : les approches visant la forme urbaine en tant qu‟objet qui contient l‟organisation formelle de la ville et celles qui visent le travail sur la forme urbaine afin d‟organiser la dynamique urbaine humaine. Les deux types d‟approches soutiennent différentes démarches d‟aménagement qui contribuent à développer la forme urbaine et la dynamique des lieux. Parmi celles-ci se trouve la vision de type empirique, laquelle vise l‟expérience urbaine à l‟échelle du piéton. Les écrits et les théories à ce sujet sont variés et pertinents. La présente recherche porte sur la transposition des prescriptions empiriques dans la planification d‟un projet qui intègre une démarche de design urbain. Au moyen d‟une étude de cas, la Cité multimédia à Montréal, il s‟agit de comprendre plus spécifiquement comment le canevas maître du design urbain, soit l‟espace public, est étudié et reformulé et ce, en accordant une attention particulière pour la dimension empirique du futur aménagement. Quelles sont les balises ou les composantes qui permettent à la dimension empirique de se déployer dans la conception d‟un projet urbain qui vise une reformulation de la forme urbaine?

Les enclaves résidentielles introverties dans la communauté métropolitaine de Montréal, une étape ultime vers la fermeture résidentielle.

Plusieurs logiciels utilisés dans la réalisation des pièces graphiques incluses dans ce mémoire : ArcGIS 10; Autocad 2012; GIS Consortium de la Ville de Chicago; PowerPoint 2010, Photoshop... etc. Notre recherche est la première et la seule qui aborde le phénomène de l'introversion résidentielle au Québec. Elle se focalise sur le postulat de la représentation du phénomène de l’introversion résidentielle autant qu’une forme urbaine fermée ou semi-fermée d’une descendance accouplée aux GCs étatsuniennes. De la gated community américaine vers l’enclave francilienne, à l’introversion résidentielle montréalaise. À l'aide de notre analyse typo-morphologique, basée principalement sur la théorie de Rossi (1966), nous avons dévoilé sur un nouveau fait urbain qui existe dans la communauté métropolitaine de Montréal. Nous l'avions désigné par : enclaves résidentielles introverties (ERI).

Densification & affordability : comparative real estate projects across Montreal

Montréal, Québec se construit vers une forme urbaine compacte, mais il en relève des questionnements quant aux effets sur l’abordabilité et l’accession à la propriété. En tenant compte du processus de la densification urbaine, une enquête sur une série de projets de condominiums immobiliers à travers la ville est menée afin de divulguer les prix des projets nouveaux ou en construction. Au préalable, ceci survole la littérature et les études actuelles portant sur la planification urbaine, notamment celles qui sont reliées au Smart Growth, études dans lesquelles le contexte de densification et de tendances consuméristes à préférer les formes urbaines étalées est mis en évidence. Essentiellement, Moroni (2010) souligne l’approche dichotomique en planification urbaine entre les perspectives «teleocratic» et «nomocratic». La densification montréalaise actuelle contemporaine s’exprime par une multitude de modèles de condos conformes aux nouvelles tendances démographiques et des modes de vie. En s’appuyant sur les critères du programme Accès Condos, sur les critères du SCHL (32% du revenu) et sur le revenu médian des ménages, le niveau d’accessibilité à la propriété d’un condominium peut être mesuré. Les résultats indiquent que selon ces critères, les logements de style condominium, neufs et en construction, sont abordables. L’analyse contribue empiriquement à la littérature en exposant les liens entre les stratégies actuelles de densification urbaine avec l’abordabilité des logements condos. La recherche porte un regard nouveau sur le phénomène condo à Montréal et ses tendances démographiques. La ville est divisée selon le modèle Burgess et la recherche mène un sondage comparatif des prix pour déterminer l’abordabilité. Les résultats suggèrent que les projets condos actuels sont relativement abordables pour les ménages avec un revenu médian et plus, selon Accès Condos.

La densité et la marche : perceptions et pratiques de parents de jeunes enfants dans deux quartiers montréalais

La densification de la ville est l’un des principaux objectifs de l’action publique pour bâtir des milieux de vie de qualité. Mais la densité est un concept polysémique et relatif : on constate un écart entre la densité telle qu’elle est préconisée en aménagement et celle vécue par les populations. Parallèlement, on observe l’exode des jeunes familles montréalaises vers les territoires périurbains de faible densité. Enfin, la littérature souligne une relation positive entre densité, mixité et pratique de la marche. Cette recherche explore les perceptions des parents de jeunes enfants à l’égard de leur environnement bâti, en particulier de sa densité, et en identifie les facteurs qui influencent positivement leur pratique de la marche. Après avoir caractérisé les formes urbaines de deux quartiers montréalais aux densités différentes, nous avons interrogé des parents de jeunes enfants sur leur expérience lors de 16 entrevues semi-dirigées et d’un groupe de discussion. Puis nous avons étudié la relation entre les variables personnelles des participants, leurs perceptions de la densité et leurs pratiques de la marche. Nos résultats mettent en évidence la quête d’un équilibre entre les avantages et inconvénients de la densité, dont les principales variables sont les formes urbaines, les services de proximité et la présence d’animation, la végétation étant un paramètre incontournable pour tous les parents. Caractéristiques clés d’une ville intense, ces paramètres corroborent la littérature existante à ce sujet, en mettant en évidence leur importance dans la création de milieux de vie plus denses pour les jeunes familles et leur influence positive sur la marche.

Design and management of sustainable built environments

The United Nation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) makes it clear that climate change is due to human activities and it recognises buildings as a distinct sector among the seven analysed in its 2007 Fourth Assessment Report. Global concerns have escalated regarding carbon emissions and sustainability in the built environment. The built environment is a human-made setting to accommodate human activities, including building and transport, which covers an interdisciplinary field addressing design, construction, operation and management. Specifically, Sustainable Buildings are expected to achieve high performance throughout the life-cycle of siting, design, construction, operation, maintenance and demolition, in the following areas: • energy and resource efficiency; • cost effectiveness; • minimisation of emissions that negatively impact global warming, indoor air quality and acid rain; • minimisation of waste discharges; and • maximisation of fulfilling the requirements of occupants’ health and wellbeing. Professionals in the built environment sector, for example, urban planners, architects, building scientists, engineers, facilities managers, performance assessors and policy makers, will play a significant role in delivering a sustainable built environment. Delivering a sustainable built environment needs an integrated approach and so it is essential for built environment professionals to have interdisciplinary knowledge in building design and management . Building and urban designers need to have a good understanding of the planning, design and management of the buildings in terms of low carbon and energy efficiency. There are a limited number of traditional engineers who know how to design environmental systems (services engineer) in great detail. Yet there is a very large market for technologists with multi-disciplinary skills who are able to identify the need for, envision and manage the deployment of a wide range of sustainable technologies, both passive (architectural) and active (engineering system),, and select the appropriate approach. Employers seek applicants with skills in analysis, decision-making/assessment, computer simulation and project implementation. An integrated approach is expected in practice, which encourages built environment professionals to think ‘out of the box’ and learn to analyse real problems using the most relevant approach, irrespective of discipline. The Design and Management of Sustainable Built Environment book aims to produce readers able to apply fundamental scientific research to solve real-world problems in the general area of sustainability in the built environment. The book contains twenty chapters covering climate change and sustainability, urban design and assessment (planning, travel systems, urban environment), urban management (drainage and waste), buildings (indoor environment, architectural design and renewable energy), simulation techniques (energy and airflow), management (end-user behaviour, facilities and information), assessment (materials and tools), procurement, and cases studies ( BRE Science Park). Chapters one and two present general global issues of climate change and sustainability in the built environment. Chapter one illustrates that applying the concepts of sustainability to the urban environment (buildings, infrastructure, transport) raises some key issues for tackling climate change, resource depletion and energy supply. Buildings, and the way we operate them, play a vital role in tackling global greenhouse gas emissions. Holistic thinking and an integrated approach in delivering a sustainable built environment is highlighted. Chapter two demonstrates the important role that buildings (their services and appliances) and building energy policies play in this area. Substantial investment is required to implement such policies, much of which will earn a good return. Chapters three and four discuss urban planning and transport. Chapter three stresses the importance of using modelling techniques at the early stage for strategic master-planning of a new development and a retrofit programme. A general framework for sustainable urban-scale master planning is introduced. This chapter also addressed the needs for the development of a more holistic and pragmatic view of how the built environment performs, , in order to produce tools to help design for a higher level of sustainability and, in particular, how people plan, design and use it. Chapter four discusses microcirculation, which is an emerging and challenging area which relates to changing travel behaviour in the quest for urban sustainability. The chapter outlines the main drivers for travel behaviour and choices, the workings of the transport system and its interaction with urban land use. It also covers the new approach to managing urban traffic to maximise economic, social and environmental benefits. Chapters five and six present topics related to urban microclimates including thermal and acoustic issues. Chapter five discusses urban microclimates and urban heat island, as well as the interrelationship of urban design (urban forms and textures) with energy consumption and urban thermal comfort. It introduces models that can be used to analyse microclimates for a careful and considered approach for planning sustainable cities. Chapter six discusses urban acoustics, focusing on urban noise evaluation and mitigation. Various prediction and simulation methods for sound propagation in micro-scale urban areas, as well as techniques for large scale urban noise-mapping, are presented. Chapters seven and eight discuss urban drainage and waste management. The growing demand for housing and commercial developments in the 21st century, as well as the environmental pressure caused by climate change, has increased the focus on sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS). Chapter seven discusses the SUDS concept which is an integrated approach to surface water management. It takes into consideration quality, quantity and amenity aspects to provide a more pleasant habitat for people as well as increasing the biodiversity value of the local environment. Chapter eight discusses the main issues in urban waste management. It points out that population increases, land use pressures, technical and socio-economic influences have become inextricably interwoven and how ensuring a safe means of dealing with humanity’s waste becomes more challenging. Sustainable building design needs to consider healthy indoor environments, minimising energy for heating, cooling and lighting, and maximising the utilisation of renewable energy. Chapter nine considers how people respond to the physical environment and how that is used in the design of indoor environments. It considers environmental components such as thermal, acoustic, visual, air quality and vibration and their interaction and integration. Chapter ten introduces the concept of passive building design and its relevant strategies, including passive solar heating, shading, natural ventilation, daylighting and thermal mass, in order to minimise heating and cooling load as well as energy consumption for artificial lighting. Chapter eleven discusses the growing importance of integrating Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) into buildings, the range of technologies currently available and what to consider during technology selection processes in order to minimise carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels. The chapter draws to a close by highlighting the issues concerning system design and the need for careful integration and management of RETs once installed; and for home owners and operators to understand the characteristics of the technology in their building. Computer simulation tools play a significant role in sustainable building design because, as the modern built environment design (building and systems) becomes more complex, it requires tools to assist in the design process. Chapter twelve gives an overview of the primary benefits and users of simulation programs, the role of simulation in the construction process and examines the validity and interpretation of simulation results. Chapter thirteen particularly focuses on the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation method used for optimisation and performance assessment of technologies and solutions for sustainable building design and its application through a series of cases studies. People and building performance are intimately linked. A better understanding of occupants’ interaction with the indoor environment is essential to building energy and facilities management. Chapter fourteen focuses on the issue of occupant behaviour; principally, its impact, and the influence of building performance on them. Chapter fifteen explores the discipline of facilities management and the contribution that this emerging profession makes to securing sustainable building performance. The chapter highlights a much greater diversity of opportunities in sustainable building design that extends well into the operational life. Chapter sixteen reviews the concepts of modelling information flows and the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM), describing these techniques and how these aspects of information management can help drive sustainability. An explanation is offered concerning why information management is the key to ‘life-cycle’ thinking in sustainable building and construction. Measurement of building performance and sustainability is a key issue in delivering a sustainable built environment. Chapter seventeen identifies the means by which construction materials can be evaluated with respect to their sustainability. It identifies the key issues that impact the sustainability of construction materials and the methodologies commonly used to assess them. Chapter eighteen focuses on the topics of green building assessment, green building materials, sustainable construction and operation. Commonly-used assessment tools such as BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED) and others are introduced. Chapter nineteen discusses sustainable procurement which is one of the areas to have naturally emerged from the overall sustainable development agenda. It aims to ensure that current use of resources does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Chapter twenty is a best-practice exemplar - the BRE Innovation Park which features a number of demonstration buildings that have been built to the UK Government’s Code for Sustainable Homes. It showcases the very latest innovative methods of construction, and cutting edge technology for sustainable buildings. In summary, Design and Management of Sustainable Built Environment book is the result of co-operation and dedication of individual chapter authors. We hope readers benefit from gaining a broad interdisciplinary knowledge of design and management in the built environment in the context of sustainability. We believe that the knowledge and insights of our academics and professional colleagues from different institutions and disciplines illuminate a way of delivering sustainable built environment through holistic integrated design and management approaches. Last, but not least, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all the chapter authors for their contribution. I would like to thank David Lim for his assistance in the editorial work and proofreading.

Estruturação da cidade e morfologia urbana: um estudo sobre cidades de porte médio da rede urbana paulista

Pós-graduação em Geografia - FCT

Ragnar Östberg. Genius loci e memorie urbane. Stockholms Stadshuset-Nämndhuset e villa Geber

La ricerca si propone di analizzare una di quelle stagioni architettoniche controverse e lontane dalle internazionali strade maestre del nascente Neues Bauen: il romanticismo-nazionale svedese riletto attraverso l’esperienza del suo massimo esponente, Ragnar Östberg (1866-1945). L’obiettivo della tesi non è solamente quello di una revisione della critica storiografica, facendo così luce su una di quelle personalità considerate marginali, quanto quello di ricavare dalla lettura comparata di due tra i suoi progetti, fino ad ora mai indagati, quegli elementi che fanno dell’architettura un “fatto urbano” in cui la collettività può riconoscersi e parallelamente un fatto di rappresentazione della stessa. L’arcipelago di Stoccolma e quel processo di “renovatio urbis” a cui fu sottoposta proprio agli albori del XX secolo furono gli scenari in cui presero vita i due progetti: il complesso formato dallo Stockholms Stadshuset e la vicina parte mai realizzata del Nämndhuset, e villa Geber. Condensano due dimensioni che la città immersa nel paesaggio contiene: la natura urbana dell’edificio municipale e quella domestica della villa urbana isolata. La ricerca intesse un itinerario di disvelamento attraverso una matrice duale di lettura: “genius loci” e memorie urbane. I capitoli cercano di dimostrare come i due casi-studio siano espressione di quella pendolarità di ricerca tra lo spirito del luogo e le rimembranze delle forme urbane della tradizione. Questa analisi ci conduce in un viaggio alla ricerca dell’atlante delle “memorie urbane”, raccolte nei viaggi e nella formazione, comprendendo così il mondo analogico di riferimenti culturali con altre architetture europee della tradizione. I due progetti sorgono in opposte aree di espansione di Stoccolma e, pur nella loro diversità di scala, sono chiara espressione di appropriatezza al luogo e di strutture formali analoghe. Stockholm Stadshuset-Nämndhuset e villa Geber esprimono il metodo di Östberg, dove i riferimenti raccolti dall’imagination passive sono tramutati ed assemblati grazie alla imagination active.

Objective assessment of the built environment and its relationship to physical activity and obesity

The role of physical activity in the promotion of individual and population health has been well documented in research and policy publications. Significant research activities have produced compelling evidence for the support of the positive association between physical activity and improved health. Despite the knowledge about these public health benefits of physical activity, over half of US adults do not engage in physical activity at levels consistent with public health recommendations. Just as physical inactivity is of significant public health concern in the US, the prevalence of obesity (and its attendant co-morbidities) is also increasing among US adults.^ Research suggests racial and ethnic disparities relevant to physical inactivity and obesity in the US. Various studies have shown more favorable outcomes among non-Hispanic whites when compared to other minority groups as far as physical activity and obesity are concerned. The health disparity issue is especially important because Mexican-Americans who are the fastest growing segment of the US population are disproportionately affected by physical inactivity and obesity by a significant margin (when compared to non-Hispanic whites), so addressing the physical inactivity and obesity issues in this group is of significant public health concern. ^ Although the evidence for health benefits of physical activity is substantial, various research questions remain on the potential motivators for engaging in physical activity. One area of emerging interest is the potential role that the built environment may play in facilitating or inhibiting physical activity.^ In this study, based on an ongoing research project of the Department of Epidemiology at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, we examined the built environment, measured objectively through the use of geographical information systems (GIS), and its association with physical activity and obesity among a cohort of Mexican- Americans living in Harris County, Texas. The overall study hypothesis was that residing in dense and highly connected neighborhoods with mixed land-use is associated with residents’ increased participation in physical activity and lowered prevalence of obesity. We completed the following specific aims: (1) to generate a land-use profile of the study area and create a “walkability index” measure for each block group within the study area; (2) to compare the level of engagement in physical activity between study participants that reside in high walkability index block groups and those from low walkability block groups; (3) to compare the prevalence of obesity between study participants that reside in high walkability index block groups and those from low walkability block groups. ^ We successfully created the walkability index as a form of objective measure of the built environment for portions of Harris County, Texas. We used a variety of spatial and non-spatial dataset to generate the so called walkability index. We are not aware of previous scholastic work of this kind (construction of walkability index) in the Houston area. Our findings from the assessment of relationships among walkability index, physical activity and obesity suggest the following, that: (1) that attempts to convert people to being walkers through health promotion activities may be much easier in high-walkability neighborhoods, and very hard in low-walkability neighborhoods. Therefore, health promotion activities to get people to be active may require supportive environment, walkable in this case, and may not succeed otherwise; and (2) Overall, among individuals with less education, those in the high walkability index areas may be less obese (extreme) than those in the low walkability area. To the extent that this association can be substantiated, we – public health practitioners, urban designers, and policy experts – we may need to start thinking about ways to “retrofit” existing urban forms to conform to more walkable neighborhoods. Also, in this population especially, there may be the need to focus special attention on those with lower educational attainment.^