Anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) antibody levels are not related to increasing circulating oxLDL concentrations during the course of pregnancy

To address the question of whether the high levels of oxidative modified low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) in pregnancy are opposed by an appropriate humoral autoimmune response providing anti-oxLDL autoantibodies in maternal serum of healthy women throughout gestation.

Das kann ich aber auch!

In der Fotografie als reproduktiver Kunst und reproduktiver Technik existiert eine Vielzahl besonderer Umgangs- und Aneignungsformen im Kopieren originaler Bildideen. Das Spektrum reicht von der kreativen Nachstellung bis zum Plagiat. Fotografie ist das einzige Medium, das diese Bandbreite von Möglichkeiten in der Gegenüberstellung von Original und Kopie nutzen kann. Wolfgang Vollmer, Kölner Fotograf und Autor mehrerer Künstlerbücher, die sich kreativ mit Nachbildung und Fortführung von Ikonen der Fotografiegeschichte befassen, systematisiert die möglichen Umgangsformen der Fotografie mit "Vor-Bildern" aus ihrem medialen Bildgedächtnis.

Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990–2013: Quantifying the epidemiological transition

Background The Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013) aims to bring together all available epidemiological data using a coherent measurement framework, standardised estimation methods, and transparent data sources to enable comparisons of health loss over time and across causes, age–sex groups, and countries. The GBD can be used to generate summary measures such as disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE) that make possible comparative assessments of broad epidemiological patterns across countries and time. These summary measures can also be used to quantify the component of variation in epidemiology that is related to sociodemographic development. Methods We used the published GBD 2013 data for age-specific mortality, years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs), and years lived with disability (YLDs) to calculate DALYs and HALE for 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2013 for 188 countries. We calculated HALE using the Sullivan method; 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) represent uncertainty in age-specific death rates and YLDs per person for each country, age, sex, and year. We estimated DALYs for 306 causes for each country as the sum of YLLs and YLDs; 95% UIs represent uncertainty in YLL and YLD rates. We quantified patterns of the epidemiological transition with a composite indicator of sociodemographic status, which we constructed from income per person, average years of schooling after age 15 years, and the total fertility rate and mean age of the population. We applied hierarchical regression to DALY rates by cause across countries to decompose variance related to the sociodemographic status variable, country, and time. Findings Worldwide, from 1990 to 2013, life expectancy at birth rose by 6·2 years (95% UI 5·6–6·6), from 65·3 years (65·0–65·6) in 1990 to 71·5 years (71·0–71·9) in 2013, HALE at birth rose by 5·4 years (4·9–5·8), from 56·9 years (54·5–59·1) to 62·3 years (59·7–64·8), total DALYs fell by 3·6% (0·3–7·4), and age-standardised DALY rates per 100 000 people fell by 26·7% (24·6–29·1). For communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional disorders, global DALY numbers, crude rates, and age-standardised rates have all declined between 1990 and 2013, whereas for non–communicable diseases, global DALYs have been increasing, DALY rates have remained nearly constant, and age-standardised DALY rates declined during the same period. From 2005 to 2013, the number of DALYs increased for most specific non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, in addition to dengue, food-borne trematodes, and leishmaniasis; DALYs decreased for nearly all other causes. By 2013, the five leading causes of DALYs were ischaemic heart disease, lower respiratory infections, cerebrovascular disease, low back and neck pain, and road injuries. Sociodemographic status explained more than 50% of the variance between countries and over time for diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; maternal disorders; neonatal disorders; nutritional deficiencies; other communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases; musculoskeletal disorders; and other non-communicable diseases. However, sociodemographic status explained less than 10% of the variance in DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases; chronic respiratory diseases; cirrhosis; diabetes, urogenital, blood, and endocrine diseases; unintentional injuries; and self-harm and interpersonal violence. Predictably, increased sociodemographic status was associated with a shift in burden from YLLs to YLDs, driven by declines in YLLs and increases in YLDs from musculoskeletal disorders, neurological disorders, and mental and substance use disorders. In most country-specific estimates, the increase in life expectancy was greater than that in HALE. Leading causes of DALYs are highly variable across countries. Interpretation Global health is improving. Population growth and ageing have driven up numbers of DALYs, but crude rates have remained relatively constant, showing that progress in health does not mean fewer demands on health systems. The notion of an epidemiological transition—in which increasing sociodemographic status brings structured change in disease burden—is useful, but there is tremendous variation in burden of disease that is not associated with sociodemographic status. This further underscores the need for country-specific assessments of DALYs and HALE to appropriately inform health policy decisions and attendant actions.

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Background The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution. Methods Attributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk–outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990–2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol. Findings All risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8–58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1–43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5–89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa. Interpretation Behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.

Geenipankkitutkimuksen eettiset kysymykset ja Ulrich Beckin riskiyhteiskuntateoria

Geenipankki on yleistä lääketieteellistä tutkimusta varten kerätty kokoelma geenitietoa sisältäviä näytteitä sekä muita potilasta koskevia tietoja. Geenipankkeja voidaan käyttää esimerkiksi populaatiogeneettiseen tutkimukseen, tietylle taudille altistavien geenien löytämiseen, kliiniseen tutkimukseen ja farmako­geneettiseen tutkimukseen, jossa tutkitaan geneettisten tekijöiden merkitystä lääkkeen vaikutuksissa. Monet sairaudet johtuvat perimän (geenien), elämäntapojen ja ympäristötekijöiden yhteisvaikutuksesta. Kun samassa tietokannassa olisi tiedot sekä henkilön perimästä (DNA-näyte), potilastiedoista sekä elämäntavoista, voitaisiin tietoja yhdistelemällä eri tekijöiden osuutta sairauksien ilmentymisessä. Geenipankeissa on kyse ihmisillä tehtävästä lääketieteellisestä tutkimuksesta, jota koskevat eettiset lähtökohdat ovat 1) ihmisarvon kunnioittaminen, 2) yhdenvertaisuus, 3) henkilökohtainen koskemattomuus, 4) yksilön edun ensisijaisuus tieteeseen tai yhteiskuntaan nähden, 5) itsemääräämisoikeus, 6) suojeluperiaate, 7) vapaaehtoisuus, 8) yksityiselämän suoja, 9) tieteellisen tutkimuksen vapaus ja 10) elämän suojelun periaate. Tärkeitä käsitteellisiä erotteluja ovat tutkimus- ja hoitosuhteen ero sekä hoidollisen ja ei-hoidollisen tutkimuksen ero. Lähtökohdista seuraavia tärkeitä periaatteita ovat tutkittavan ensisijaisuus ja vapaaehtoinen tietoon perustuva suostumus. Geenipankkitutkimuksessa nämä periaatteet ovat ongelmallisia. Kun geenipankkeihin näytteitä kerätään yleiseen lääketieteelliseen tutkimukseen, luovuttajille ei voida antaa tarkkoja tietoja näytteiden käytöstä, kuten tutkimuksen tavoitteista, odotettavista hyödyistä, tulosten käyttötavoista, rahoituksesta, eturistiriidoista tai muista sellaisista asioista, jotka saattaisivat vaikuttaa päätökseen näytteen antamisesta. Valta päättää siitä, millaisiin tutkimuksiin ja tarkoituksiin näytteitä saadaan käyttää, saatetaan näytteen ottamisen jälkeen antaa eettiselle komitealle tai muulle asiantuntijaelimelle. Yksiselitteistä ratkaisua siihen, mitä tietoja, kenelle ja miten geenipankista voidaan luovuttaa, ei ole löydetty. Nämä vaikeudet geenipankkitutkimuksessa johtuvat osittain geenitiedon erityisluonteesta muuhun lääketieteelliseen tietoon verrattuna. Geenitieto asettaa lääketieteellisen etiikan periaatteet keskenään ristiriitaan tavalla, johon ei ole yksiselitteistä ratkaisua. Esitetyissä ratkaisumalleissa keskeistä tuntuu olevan pikemminkin periaatteiden kiertäminen kuin tasapainon löytäminen niiden välillä. Tästä huolimatta geenipankkitutkimusta ei ole kyseenalaistettu. Havainto sopii yhteen sosiologi Ulrich Beckin riskiyhteiskuntateorian kanssa. Beckin mukaan länsimaiset yhteiskunnat ovat muuttumassa riskiyhteiskunniksi. Tämä prosessi johtuu siirtymisestä yksinkertaisesta modernisaatiosta refleksiiviseen modernisaatioon. Tässä siirtymässä tieteen ja teknologian kehitys ovat keskeisiä. Geenipankit ovat Beckin käsitteiden mukaan yksinkertaisen modernisaation ilmiö. Geenipankkitutkimuksessa asiantuntijat käyttävät merkittävää valtaa ja tutkimuksen poliittinen säätely on epätäydellistä. Ongelmista huolimatta tutkimusta on silti yritettävä tehdä ja skeptikot nähdään irrationaalisina edistyksen vastustajina tai atavististen pelkojen vaalijoina. Geenipankkien puolesta käytetyt perustelut sopivat yhteen Beckin teorian edistysuskon kanssa.

Die Ungewissheit der Natur. Zur Dichtung Michael Donhausers und Hans-Ulrich Treichels

This article analyses the idea and role of nature in the poetics of two contemporary German poets, Donhauser and Treichel.

[review] Ulrich LEISINGER (ED.), Bach: Messe in h-Moll BWV 232 (Stuttgart: Carus, [2014]), 312 pp + 1 DVD-ROM, ISMN: 9790007142599, €199

This latest edition of J. S. Bach’s B-minor Mass, by Ulrich Leisinger, described by the publisher as a ‘hybrid edition’, aptly addresses the needs of present-day performers and at the same time fulfils the scholarly expectations of new critical editions to conform to the current study environment

L'expérience et approbation, Ulrich de Hutem,... : touchant la médecine du boys dit guaiacii pour circonvenir et déchasser la maladie de Neaples ([Reprod.]) / traduicte et interprétée par maistre Jehan Cheradame,...

Collection : French books before 1601 ; 413.3

Épistémologie du risque : la troisième voie d'Ulrich Beck et son influence sur la doctrine environnementaliste

"En 1986, était publiée la première édition en langue originale de La Société du risque du sociologue et philosophe allemand Ulrich Beck. Un quart de siècle après cette édition séminale et dix ans après sa première parution en français, il semble pertinent de jauger dans quelle mesure cet ouvrage, l’un des plus importants dans le champ des sciences sociales de ces vingt dernières années, a pu ou non influencer la doctrine juridique en particulier, celle consacrée au droit de l’environnement. En effet, Ulrich Beck, dont les réflexions s’inscrivent dans le sillage des préoccupations écologiques contemporaines, prit les risques environnementaux comme point de départ de sa théorie. Dans le cadre limité de cette introduction, il s’agira de se pencher exclusivement sur les tensions épistémologiques traversant les analyses orientées vers la gestion du risque. Sur ce point, Ulrich Beck a développé une pensée originale, traçant ce que l’on pourrait qualifier de troisième voie entre les options réalistes d’une part, constructivistes d’autre part, options que l’on observe généralement dans la littérature de sciences sociales consacrée au risque et à sa gestion. Après cette présentation succincte, cette contribution constatera le peu d’influence que l’analyse produite par Ulrich Beck présente dans le champ des études juridiques relatives au droit de l’environnement. Plusieurs hypothèses explicatives de cette absence seront avancées. Surtout, il s’agira de regretter le peu d’ancrage épistémologique de la plupart des travaux juridiques portant sur l’environnement ; en particulier, le potentiel d’une réflexion environnementaliste fondée sur une approche davantage constructiviste du risque sera brièvement exploré."

Disponibilidad de las habilidades motrices en escolares de 4 a 14 a??os : aplicabilidad del Test de Desarrollo Motor Grueso de Ulrich

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Significado paleobiológico de agrupamentos (coloniais/ gregários) de Conularia quichua Ulrich, 1890 (Cnidaria), Formação Ponta Grossa, Devoniano (Pragiano-Emsiano), Bacia do Paraná, Brasil

The Conularia beds of the Ponta Grossa Formation (Devonian) of the Paraná Basin, southern Brazil, yield well-preserved specimens of Conularia quichua Ulrich and Paraconularia africana Sharpe. Many of these are preserved in life orientation. Also, one of the C. quichua specimens has five faces instead of four, providing additional evidence of a cnidarian affinity for conulariids. Conulariids occur in the Jaguariaíva Member (or Sequence B, transgressive system tract) containing several obrution deposits beneath marine flooding surfaces. Taphonomic data obtained from these beds show conclusively that both C. quichua and P. africana were epibenthic, sessile invertebrates originally oriented with their long axis perpendicular to the bottom and with their aperture opening upward. Of the 136 C. quichua specimens examined here, 125 occur isolated. Eleven of the C. quichua specimens collectively occur in five discrete clusters consisting of two or three specimens. All of the clustered specimens are fully inflated (exhibiting a rectangular transverse cross section) or slightly compressed longitudinally. In all of these specimens the apex is missing, and thus the problem of whether the clusters were clonal colonies or formed through preferential larval settlement cannot be resolved conclusively. However, in the single cluster consisting of three specimens, the specimens are oriented perpendicular to bedding, and thus they do not converge adapically. The three specimens are in contact with each other along the upper portion of their median region. These and the lack of any evidence of a sheet of budding stolons, suggest that this cluster was formed by preferential larval settlement. © Asociación Paleontológica Argentina.

A continuidade contemporânea do pensamento de Georg Simmel: a compreensão da dinâmica conflitiva e dos fluxos nos processos de individualização na primeira modernidade e suas consequências sócio-culturais na modernidade reflexiva de Ulrich Beck

This thesis attempts to comprehend, through the work of Georg Simmel and Ulrich Beck, two distinct phases of modernity through the concept of individualism and individualization processes arising therefrom. A substantial formulation of the concept that remits to the conceptual transposition unscathed from one reality to another is not the main focus of this study. This is about, in advance, two distinct realities, conceptual and comparative examination that aims to weave the points pertaining to echoes - internalized and modified according to the complexity of the historical premises - the thought of Simmel in theoretical perspective of Beck. The forms can be characterized as individualism according to the socio-philosophical mores of Simmel in the intention to understand the forms assumed by individualism in modern history, as well as the derived individualization processes sustained by individual law. Therewith, is intended to transpose the optical analysis of contemporary Ulrich Beck and reap, through conceptual analysis, the points that refer to the influence and continuity of thought of Georg Simmel