Model Development Guidelines for UML-RT: Conventions, Patterns and Antipatterns

Software development guidelines are a set of rules which can help improve the quality of software. These rules are defined on the basis of experience gained by the software development community over time. This paper discusses a set of design guidelines for model-based development of complex real-time embedded software systems. To be precise, we propose nine design conventions, three design patterns and thirteen antipatterns for developing UML-RT models. These guidelines have been identified based on our analysis of around 100 UML-RT models from industry and academia. Most of the guidelines are explained with the help of examples, and standard templates from the current state of the art are used for documenting the design rules.

Adding Run-Time Monitoring to UML-RT by Modifying the Papyrus-RT Code Generator

In Model-Driven Engineering (MDE), the developer creates a model using a language such as Unified Modeling Language (UML) or UML for Real-Time (UML-RT) and uses tools such as Papyrus or Papyrus-RT that generate code for them based on the model they create. Tracing allows developers to get insights such as which events occur and timing information into their own application as it runs. We try to add monitoring capabilities using Linux Trace Toolkit: next generation (LTTng) to models created in UML-RT using Papyrus-RT. The implementation requires changing the code generator to add tracing statements for the events that the user wants to monitor to the generated code. We also change the makefile to automate the build process and we create an Extensible Markup Language (XML) file that allows developers to view their traces visually using Trace Compass, an Eclipse-based trace viewing tool. Finally, we validate our results using three models we create and trace.

Supporting Run-time Monitoring of UML-RT through Customizable Monitoring Configurations in PapyrusRT

Model Driven Engineering uses the principle that code can automatically be generated from software models which would potentially save time and cost of development. By this methodology, a systems structure and behaviour can be expressed in more abstract, high level terms without some of the accidental complexity that the use of a general purpose language can bring. Models are the actual implementation of the system unlike in traditional software development where models are often used for documentation purposes only. However once the code is generated from the model, testing and debugging activities tend to happen on the code level and the model is not updated. We believe that monitoring on the model level could potentially facilitate quality assurance activities as the errors are detected in the early phase of development. In this thesis, we create a Monitoring Configuration for an open source model driven engineering tool called PapyrusRT in Eclipse. We support the run-time monitoring of UML-RT elements with a tracing tool called LTTng. We annotate the model with monitoring information to be used by the code generator for adding tracepoint statements for the corresponding elements. We provide the option of a timing specification to discover latency errors on the model. We validate the results by creating and tracing real time models in PapyrusRT.

Um metamodelo da linguagem de modelagem real time UML, de suporte à criação de dicionário de dados para ferramentas de modelagem de sistema tempo real, visando a verificação de consistência dos modelos

A computação de tempo real é uma das áreas mais desafiadoras e de maior demanda tecnológica da atualidade. Está diretamente ligada a aplicações que envolvem índices críticos de confiabilidade e segurança. Estas características, inerentes a esta área da computação, vêm contribuindo para o aumento da complexidade dos sistemas tempo real e seu conseqüente desenvolvimento. Isto fez com que mecanismos para facilitar especificação, delimitação e solução de problemas passem a ser itens importantes para tais aplicações. Este trabalho propõe mecanismos para atuarem no desenvolvimento de sistemas de tempo real, com o objetivo de serem empregados como ferramenta de apoio no problema da verificação de presença de inconsistências, que podem vir a ocorrer nos vários modelos gerados partir da notação da linguagem de modelagem gráfica para sistemas de tempo real - UML-RT(Unified Modeling Language for Real Time). Estes mecanismos foram projetados através da construção de um metamodelo dos conceitos presentes nos diagramas de classe, de objetos, de seqüência, de colaboração e de estados. Para construir o metamodelo, utiliza-se a notação do diagrama de classes da UML (Unified Modeling Language). Contudo, por intermédio das representações gráficas do diagrama de classes não é possível descrever toda a semântica presente em tais diagramas. Assim, regras descritas em linguagem de modelagem OCL (Object Constraint Language) são utilizadas como um formalismo adicional ao metamodelo. Com estas descrições em OCL será possível a diminuição das possíveis ambigüidades e inconsistências, além de complementar as limitações impostas pelo caráter gráfico da UML. O metamodelo projetado é mapeado para um modelo Entidade&Relacionamento. A partir deste modelo, são gerados os scripts DDL (Data Definition Language) que serão usados na criação do dicionário de dados, no banco de dados Oracle. As descrições semânticas escritas através de regras em OCL são mapeadas para triggers, que disparam no momento em que o dicionário de dados é manipulado. O MET Editor do SiMOO-RT é a ferramenta diagramática que faz o povoamento dos dados no dicionário de dados. SiMOO-RT é uma ferramenta orientada a objetos para a modelagem, simulação e geração automática de código para sistemas de tempo real.

空间情境模型中以观察者为中心的空间关系表征

Human being built and updated the representations of spatial distances and spatial relations between protagonist and the around things in language comprehension. The representations of the spatial relations in egocentric spatial situational models were important in spatial cognition, narrative comprehension and psycholinguistic. Using imagery searching paradigm, Franklin and Tversky (1990) studied the representations of the spatial relations in egocentric spatial situational models and found the standard RT pattern of searching the objects in different directions around the observer (frontpatterns in experiments 1, 2, 3, showed that there were two factors in identify which object was currently located beyond the observer's front, back, right, and left. The first factor (called direction effect) was for identifying the referred direction of probing noun, with a pattern of process time front

Modelo SIG para apoio à análise de sistemas de transportes e usos do solo

Dissertação de natureza científica para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Framework orientado a objetos para projeto de hardware e software embarcados para sistemas tempo-real

A crescente complexidade dos sistemas tempo-real embarcados demanda novas metodologias e ferramentas para gerenciar os problemas de projeto, análise, integração e validação de sistemas complexos. Este trabalho aborda o tema co-projeto de sistemas tempo-real embarcados, propondo estratégias para a integração das fases iniciais de modelagem de um sistema tempo-real embarcado com as fases subseqüentes do projeto, como a implementação do software e do hardware. É proposto um framework orientado a objetos que permite a criação de modelos orientados a objetos de sistemas tempo-real embarcados, utilizando conceitos temporais similares aos propostos em UML-RT (ou mais especificamente no UML Profile for Schedulability, Performance and Time). É proposta uma estratégia de mapeamento dos requisitos temporais dos diagramas UMLRT para uma interface de programação (API) baseada na “Especificação Tempo-Real para Java” (Real-Time Specification for Java ou RTSJ), a qual pode ser executada tanto em software – em programas RTSJ executando em máquinas virtuais Java (JVM) tempo-real – ou em hardware – em processadores Java Tempo-Real. Para permitir o mapeamento para hardware são propostas extensões tempo-real ao processador Java FemtoJava, desenvolvido no âmbito de dissertações de mestrado e projetos de pesquisa no PPGC, criando-se um novo processador tempo-real denominado de RT-FemtoJava. Dentre as extensões propostas ao processador FemtoJava destaca-se a inclusão de um relógio de tempo-real e o suporte a instruções para alocação e manipulação de objetos. Os conceitos propostos foram validados no âmbito de estudos de caso, sendo os resultados obtidos descritos na presente dissertação.

Supporting the Model-Driven Development of Real-time Embedded Systems with Run-Time Monitoring and Animation via Highly Customizable Code Generation

This paper presents a vision that allows the combined use of model-driven engineering, run-time monitoring, and animation for the development and analysis of components in real-time embedded systems. Key building block in the tool environment supporting this vision is a highly-customizable code generation process. Customization is performed via a configuration specification which describes the ways in which input is provided to the component, the ways in which run-time execution information can be observed, and how these observations drive animation tools. The environment is envisioned to be suitable for different activities ranging from quality assurance to supporting certification, teaching, and outreach and will be built exclusively with open source tools to increase impact. A preliminary prototype implementation is described.

Using integrated metamodeling to define OO design patterns with object-z and UML

Three important goals in describing software design patterns are: generality, precision, and understandability. To address these goals, this paper presents an integrated approach to specifying patterns using Object-Z and UML. To achieve the generality goal, we adopt a role-based metamodeling approach to define patterns. With this approach, each pattern is defined as a pattern role model. To achieve precision, we formalize role concepts using Object-Z (a role metamodel) and use these concepts to define patterns (pattern role models). To achieve understandability, we represent the role metamodel and pattern role models visually using UML. Our pattern role models provide a precise basis for pattern-based model transformations or refactoring approaches.

Implications of patterns of carbon pools and fluxes across a semiarid environmental gradient

Landscape scale environmental gradients present variable spatial patterns and ecological processes caused by climate, topography and soil characteristics and, as such, offer candidate sites to study environmental change. Data are presented on the spatial pattern of dominant species, biomass, and carbon pools and the temporal pattern of fluxes across a transitional zone shifting from Great Basin Desert scrub, up through pinyon-juniper woodlands and into ponderosa pine forest and the ecotones between each vegetation type. The mean annual temperature (MAT) difference across the gradient is approximately 3 degrees C from bottom to top (MAT 8.5-5.5) and annual precipitation averages from 320 to 530 mm/yr, respectively. The stems of the dominant woody vegetation approach a random spatial pattern across the entire gradient, while the canopy cover shows a clustered pattern. The size of the clusters increases with elevation according to available soil moisture which in turn affects available nutrient resources. The total density of woody species declines with increasing soil moisture along the gl-adient, but total biomass increases. Belowground carbon and nutrient pools change from a heterogenous to a homogenous distribution on either side of the woodlands. Although temperature controls the: seasonal patterns of carbon efflux from the soils, soil moisture appears to be the primary driving variable, but response differs underneath the different dominant species, Similarly, decomposition of dominant litter occurs faster-at the cooler and more moist sites, but differs within sites due to litter quality of the different species. The spatial pattern of these communities provides information on the direction of future changes, The ecological processes that we documented are not statistically different in the ecotones as compared to the: adjoining communities, but are different at sites above the woodland than those below the woodland. We speculate that an increase in MAT will have a major impact on C pools and C sequestering and release processes in these semiarid landscapes. However, the impact will be primarily related to moisture availability rather than direct effects of an increase in temperature. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Practice patterns of radiation therapy technology in Australia: Results of a national audit

This article presents the results of a single-day census of radiation therapy (RT) treatment and technology use in Australia. The primary aim of the study was to ascertain patterns of RT practice and technology in use across Australia. These data were primarily collated to inform curriculum development of academic programs, thereby ensuring that training is matched to workforce patterns of practice. Methods: The study design was a census method with all 59 RT centres in Australia being invited to provide quantitative summary data relating to patient case mix and technology use on a randomly selected but common date. Anonymous and demographic-free data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: Overall data were provided across all six Australian States by 29 centres of a possible 59, yielding a response rate of 49% and representing a total of 2743 patients. Findings from this study indicate the increasing use of emerging intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), image fusion and image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) technology in Australian RT planning and delivery phases. IMRT in particular was used for 37% of patients, indicating a high uptake of the technology in Australia when compared to other published data. The results also highlight the resource-intensive nature of benign tumour radiotherapy. Conclusions: In the absence of routine national data collection, the single-day census method offers a relatively convenient means of measuring and tracking RT resource utilisation. Wider use of this tool has the potential to not only track trends in technology implementation but also inform evidence-based guidelines for referral and resource planning.

Temporal and Spatial Expression Patterns of Sox1 Gene in Xenopus laevis

克隆了非洲爪蟾的Sox1基因并研究了它在非洲爪蟾早期发育过程中的时空表达图式,比较了Sox1-3基因在发育的脑和眼中的表达图式.序列比对分析显示Sox1-3蛋白在其HMG框结构域具有高度的保守性.通过RT-PCR方法分析了Sox1基因在爪蟾早期不同发育时段的表达情况,结果显示Sox1基因从未受精卵到尾芽期均有表达,但表达强度有所差异.原位杂交结果显示,在早期卵裂阶段和囊胚期,Sox1基因主要在动物极表达;从神经板期开始,Sox1基因主要在中枢神经系统和眼原基中表达.在蝌蚪期,Sox1与Sox2、Sox3在脑部和眼睛的表达区域有所不同.对于爪蟾Sox1基因时空表达图式的研究将有助于阐明SoxB1基因家族在脊椎动物神经系统发生过程中的作用.

Migration of mouse antibody-secreting hybridoma cells from blood to genital tract and its regulation by sex hormones are associated with the differential expression patterns of adhesion molecules and chemokines in the tract rather than in the antibody-secreting cells

To understand better the molecular mechanisms of differential migration of antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) into mouse genital tracts, and regulation by sex hormones, surface markers, hormone receptors and adhesion molecules in mouse SG2 and PA4 hybridoma cells, respectively, secreting IgG2b and polymeric IgA antibody were detected by flow cytometry or RT-PCR. Semiquantitative RT-PCR was also used for measuring mRNA expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-selectin, JAM-1 and CXCL12) in genital tracts of various adult mouse groups. The mRNAs of androgen receptor, estrogen receptor beta and CXCR4 were expressed in the ASCs. Sex hormones had no effect on expression of these molecules in ASCs. Except for VCAM-1, mRNA of all examined genes was expressed in normal mouse genital tracts. The mean of relative amounts of ICAM-1 and CXCL12 mRNA in all examined organs of females were higher (2.1- and 1.9-fold) than those in males. After orchiectomy or ovariectomy, the expression of ICAM-1, CXCL12 and P-selectin mRNA in the examined organs increased, except JAM-1 in male and CXCL12 in female. Sex hormone treatment recovered the changes to normal levels of mRNA expression in many examined genital tissues. In combination with our previous work, preferential migration of ASCs into female genital tract and regulation of migration by sex hormones are associated with expression patterns of adhesion molecules and chemokines in genital tract rather than in ASCs. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.