Iqaz uli al-himam al-àliyah ila ightinam al-ayyam al-khaliyah.

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La importancia de la educaci??n en la estrategia estatal de innovaci??n

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Dynamics and diversity of the 'Atopobium cluster' in the human faecal microbiota, and phenotypic characterization of 'Atopobium cluster' isolates

This study monitored the dynamics and diversity of the human faecal 'Atopobium cluster' over a 3-month period using a polyphasic approach. Fresh faecal samples were collected fortnightly from 13 healthy donors (6 males and 7 females) aged between 26 and 61 years. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to enumerate total (EUB338mix) and 'Atopobium cluster' (ATO291) bacteria, with counts ranging between 1.12 × 1011 and 9.95 × 1011, and 1.03 × 109 and 1.16 × 1011 cells (g dry weight faeces)-1, respectively. The 'Atopobium cluster' population represented 0.2-22 % of the total bacteria, with proportions donor-dependent. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) using 'Atopobium cluster'-specific primers demonstrated faecal populations of these bacteria were relatively stable, with bands identified as Collinsella aerofaciens, Collinsella intestinalis/Collinsella stercoris, Collinsella tanakaei, Coriobacteriaceae sp. PEAV3-3, Eggerthella lenta, Gordonibacter pamelaeae, Olsenella profusa, Olsenella uli and Paraeggerthella hongkongensis in the DGGE profiles of individuals. Colony PCR was used to identify 'Atopobium cluster' bacteria isolated from faeces (n = 224 isolates). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of isolates demonstrated Collinsella aerofaciens represented the predominant (88 % of isolates) member of the 'Atopobium cluster' found in human faeces, being found in nine individuals. Eggerthella lenta was identified in three individuals (3.6 % of isolates). Isolates of Collinsella tanakaei, an 'Enorma' sp. and representatives of novel species belonging to the 'Atopobium cluster' were also identified in the study. Phenotypic characterization of the isolates demonstrated their highly saccharolytic nature and heterogeneous phenotypic profiles, and 97 % of the isolates displayed lipase activity.

The Effects of a 785-nm AlGaInP Laser on the Regeneration of Rat Anterior Tibialis Muscle After Surgically-Induced Injury

Objective: This study aims to investigate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on muscle regeneration. For this purpose, the anterior tibialis muscle of 48 male Wistar rats received AlGaInP laser treatment (785 nm) after surgically-induced injury.Background Data: Few studies have been conducted on the effects of LLLT on muscle regeneration at different irradiation doses.Materials and Methods: The animals were randomized into four groups: uninjured rats (UN); uninjured and laser-irradiated rats (ULI); injured rats (IN); and injured and laser-irradiated rats (ILI). The direct contact laser treatment was started 24 h after surgery. An AlGaInP diode laser emitting 75 mW of continuous power at 785 nm was used for irradiation. The laser probe was placed at three treatment points to deliver 0.9 J per point, for a total dose of 2.7 J per treatment session. The animals were euthanized after treatment sessions 1, 2, and 4. Mounted sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and used for quantitative morphological analysis, in which the number of leukocytes and fibroblasts were counted over an area of 4480 mu m(2). The data were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonferroni t-test.Results: Quantitative data showed that the number of both polymorphonuclear and mononuclear leukocytes in the inflammatory infiltrate at the injury site was smaller in the ILI(1), ILI(2), and ILI(4) subgroups compared with their respective control subgroups (IN(1), IN(2), and IN(4)) for sessions 1, 2, and 4, respectively (p < 0.05). on the other hand, the number of fibroblasts increased after the fourth treatment session (p < 0.05). With regard to the regeneration of muscle fibers following injury, only after the fourth treatment session was it possible to find muscle precursor cells such as myoblasts and some myotubes in the ILI(4) subgroup.Conclusion: During the acute inflammatory phase, the AlGaInP laser treatment was found to have anti-inflammatory effects, reducing the number of leukocytes at the injury site and accelerating the regeneration of connective tissue.

Efeito de bicarbonato de potássio sobre a severidade do oídio em plantas de soja

O oídio da soja, causado por Erysiphe diffusa, é considerado uma doença esporádica podendo ocasionar perdas quando atinge proporções epidêmicas. O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência de bicarbonato de potássio (Kaligreen®) no controle do oídio da soja. As pulverizações do bicarbonato de potássio nas concentrações de 0; 0,25%, 0,5%, 0,75% e 1,0% e do fungicida (piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole) e as avaliações foram semanais. Folhas foram coletadas para análise ultraestrutural através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura. O bicarbonato de potássio controlou a doença em todas as concentrações, mas causou fitotoxicidade a partir de 0,5%. Na analise ultraestrutural pode-se observar que o produto apresentou ação direta sobre o patógeno ocasionando murchamento e redução na germinação dos conídios. O produto apresenta potencial para controlar a doença, porém deve ser adequada a concentração a ser recomenda, bem como a frequência de aplicação para evitar os problemas de fitotoxicidade.

Nerolidol, an antiulcer constituent from the essential oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae)

In this study, the antiulcerogenic effect of essential oil from Baccharis dracunculifolia was evaluated using the model of acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol. The ulcerative lesion index (ULI) was significantly reduced by oral administration of the essential oil of B. dracunculifolia at doses of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg which reduced the lesions by 42.79, 45.70 and 61.61%, respectively. The analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil from B. dracunculifolia by GC showed that this was composed mainly of mono- and sesquiterpenes and the majority compound was nerolidol. Therefore, antiulcerogenic activity of nerolidol (50, 250 and 500 mg/kg) was investigated using ethanol-, indomethacin- and stress-induced ulcer models in rat. In the stress-induced ulcer model, a significant reduction of the ULI in animals treated with nerolidol (50, 250 and 500 mg/kg) and cimetidine (100 mg/kg) was observed, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The percentage of inhibition of ulcer was 41.22, 51.31, 56.57 and 53.50% in groups treated with 50, 250, 500 mg/kg of nerolidol and 100 mg/kg of cimetidine (positive control), respectively. Regarding ethanol- and indomethacin-induced ulcer models, it was observed that the treatment with nerolidol (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly reduced the ULI in comparison with the control group (p < 0.05). The dose of 50 mg/kg reduced the parameters analyzed but this was not statistically significant. In the ethanol-induced model percentage of inhibition of ulcer was 34.20, 52.63, 87.63 and 50.87% in groups treated with 50, 250, 500 mg/kg of nerolidol and 30 mg/kg of omeprazol (positive control), respectively. In indomethacin-ulcer the percentage of inhibition of ulcer was 34.69, 40.80, 51.02 and 46.93% in groups treated with 50, 250, 500 mg/kg of nerolidol and 100 mg/kg of cimetidine (positive control), respectively. The results of this study show that nerolidol displays antiulcer activity, as it significantly inhibited the formation of ulcers induced in different animal models. However, further pharmacological and toxicological investigations, to delineate the mechanism(s) of action and the toxic effects, are required to allow the use of nerolidol for the treatment of gastric ulcer. © 2007 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung.

Pimavanserin, a selective serotonin (5-HT)2A-inverse agonist, enhances the efficacy and safety of risperidone, 2 mg/day, but does not enhance efficacy of haloperidol, 2 mg/day: Comparison with reference dose risperidone, 6 mg/day

Most atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs), e. g. risperidone (RIS), produce more extensive blockade of brain serotonin (5-HT)(2A) than dopamine (DA) D-2 receptors. This distinguishes them from typical APDs, e.g. haloperidol (HAL). Our objective was to test the hypothesis that augmentation of low doses of RIS or HAL (2 mg/day) with pimavanserin (PIM), a selective 5-HT2A inverse agonist, to enhance 5-HT2A receptor blockade, can achieve efficacy comparable to RIS, 6 mg/day, but with lesser side effects. In a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, 6 week trial, 423 patients with chronic schizophrenia experiencing a recent exacerbation of psychotic symptoms were randomized to RIS2mg + placebo (RIS2PBO), RIS2mg + PIM20mg (RIS2PIM), RIS6mg + PBO (RIS6PBO), HAL2mg + PBO (HAL2PBO), or HAL2mg + PIM20mg (HAL2PIM). Improvement in psychopathology was measured by the PANSS and CGI-S. The reduction in PANSS Total Score with RIS2PIM at endpoint was significantly greater than RIS2PBO: -23.0 vs. -16.3 (p = 0.007), and not significantly different from the RIS6PBO group: -23.2 points. The percentage of patients with >= 20% improvement at day 15 in the RIS2PIM group was 62.3%, significantly greater than the RIS6PBO (42.1%; p = 0.01) and the RIS2PBO groups (37.7%; p = 0.002). Weight gain and hyperprolactinemia were greater in the RIS6PBO group than the RIS2PIM group but there was no difference in extrapyramidal side effects (EPS). HAL2PBO and HAL2PIM were not significantly different from each other in efficacy but HAL2PIM had less EPS at end point. Both HAL groups and RIS6PBO showed equal improvement in psychopathology at endpoint, indicating HAL 2 mg/day is effective to treat an acute exacerbation in chronic schizophrenia patients. In conclusion, a sub-effective RIS dose combined with PIM to enhance 5-HT2A receptor blockade provided faster onset of action, and at endpoint, equal efficacy and better safety, compared to standard dose RIS. These results support the conclusion that 5-HT2A receptor blockade is a key component of the action of some atypical APDs and can reduce EPS due to a typical APD. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analyse der Funktion von Dystroglycan im frühen sich entwickelnden ZNS mittels inhibierender Antikörper

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Funktion von Dystroglycan in jungen und späten Stadien des sich entwickelnden ZNS untersucht. Hierzu wurden Antikörper generiert, die fähig waren, in vivo die Interaktion zwischen a-und b-Dystroglycan zu stören. Die Antikörper oder Fab-Fragmente wurden in das Mesencephalon oder Auge lebender Hühnerembryonen injiziert, um aus den beobachteten Veränderungen die Funktion des DAG zu untersuchen. Die Fab-Fragmentinjektionen führten zu Hyperproliferation, verbunden mit morphologischen Veränderungen der Neuroepithelzellen und Zunahme der Anzahl postmitotischer Neuronen. Ebenso wurde die basale und apikale Polarität von Neuroepithelzellen beeinflusst. Auch die Axonorientierung der tectobulbären Axone wurde durch die Injektionen gestört. In älteren embryonalen Stadien kam es, durch Fab-Fragmentinjektionen in die Augen von Embryonen, zu strukturellen Veränderungen der Retina, verbunden mit einer breiteren Verteilung des DAG, wie auch der Synapsen innerhalb der OPL. Die retinalen Zelltypen, wie Müller-Gliazellen und Stäbchen-Bipolarzellen, waren abgerundet und hatten ihre typische Zellform verloren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass Dystroglycan einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Proliferation, Migration, Polarität und Differenzierung der Neuroepithelzellen ausübt. Außerdem zeigen diese Daten, dass Dystroglycan nicht nur in der frühen embryonalen ZNS-Entwicklung eine maßgebliche Rolle spielt, sondern auch in späten Stadien. Die Ähnlichkeit der beobachteten Veränderungen nach Fab-Fragmentinjektionen legt nahe, dass einige Veränderungen im ZNS bestimmter Muskeldystrophieformen, durch Beeinflussung der Neuroepithelzellen im sich entwickelnden ZNS, verursacht werden.

Verhaltensphysiologische Analyse der visuellen Wahrnehmung räumlicher Tiefe beim Goldfisch

Die Frage, wie es zur visuellen Wahrnehmung räumlicher Tiefe kommt, wenn das Retinabild nur zweidimensional ist, gehört zu den grundlegenden Proble-men der Hirnforschung. Für Tiere, die sich aktiv in ihrer Umgebung bewegen, herrscht ein großer Selektionsdruck Entfernungen und Größen richtig einzu-schätzen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, herauszufinden, ob und wie gut Goldfische Objekte allein aufgrund des Abstandes unterscheiden können und woraus sie Information über den Abstand gewinnen. Hierzu wurde ein Ver-suchsaufbau mit homogen weißem Hintergrund entworfen, in dem die Akkom-modation als Entfernungsinformationen verwendet werden kann, weniger je-doch die Bewegungsparallaxe. Die Goldfische lernten durch operante Konditio-nierung einen Stimulus (schwarze Kreisscheibe) in einem bestimmten Abstand zu wählen, während ein anderer, gleichgroßer Stimulus so entfernt wie möglich präsentiert wurde. Der Abstand zwischen den Stimuli wurde dann verringert, bis die Goldfische keine sichere Wahl für den Dressurstimulus mehr treffen konnten. Die Unterscheidungsleistung der Goldfische wurde mit zunehmendem Abstand des Dressurstimulus immer geringer. Eine Wiederholung der Versuche mit unscharfen Stimu¬lus¬kon¬turen brachte keine Verschlechterung in der Unter-scheidung, was Akkommodation wenig wahrscheinlich macht. Um die Größen-konstanz beim Goldfisch zu testen, wurden die Durchmesser der unterschiedlich entfernten Stimuli so angepasst, dass sie für den Goldfisch die gleiche Retina-bildgröße hatten. Unter diesen Bedingungen waren die Goldfische nicht in der Lage verschieden entfernte Stimuli zu unterscheiden und somit Größenkonstanz zu leisten. Es fand demnach keine echte Entfernungsbestimmung oder Tiefen-wahrneh¬mung statt. Die Unterscheidung der verschieden entfernten Stimuli erfolgte allein durch deren Abbildungsgröße auf der Retina. Dass die Goldfische bei diesem Experiment nicht akkommodieren, wurde durch Infrarot-Photoretinoskopie gezeigt. Somit lässt sich Akkommodation für die Entfer-nungsbestimmung in diesen Versuchen ausschließen. Für diese Leistung und die Größenkonstanz ist vermutlich die Bewegungsparallaxe entscheidend.

On the car sequencing problem: analysis and solution methods

This work deals with the car sequencing (CS) problem, a combinatorial optimization problem for sequencing mixed-model assembly lines. The aim is to find a production sequence for different variants of a common base product, such that work overload of the respective line operators is avoided or minimized. The variants are distinguished by certain options (e.g., sun roof yes/no) and, therefore, require different processing times at the stations of the line. CS introduces a so-called sequencing rule H:N for each option, which restricts the occurrence of this option to at most H in any N consecutive variants. It seeks for a sequence that leads to no or a minimum number of sequencing rule violations. In this work, CS’ suitability for workload-oriented sequencing is analyzed. Therefore, its solution quality is compared in experiments to the related mixed-model sequencing problem. A new sequencing rule generation approach as well as a new lower bound for the problem are presented. Different exact and heuristic solution methods for CS are developed and their efficiency is shown in experiments. Furthermore, CS is adjusted and applied to a resequencing problem with pull-off tables.

Il tema del Kulturschock in Toskana für Arme: proposta di traduzione e commento

Oggetto di questa tesi sono l’analisi e il commento dei temi e delle difficoltà che si presentano nella traduzione di un testo letterario dal tedesco all’italiano. Il lavoro è stato condotto su brani estratti dal romanzo Toskana für Arme: Liebeserklärung an ein italienisches Dorf di Uli T. Swidler, pubblicato in Germania nel 2009 dalla Kindler Verlag e ad oggi inedito in Italia. Sono state analizzate le caratteristiche del testo originale, sia in termini di genere che di contenuti, secondo le linee guida già stabilite nella teoria della traduzione, ed è stato stabilito un approccio traduttivo. La traduzione è stata disposta in un testo a fronte allo scopo di facilitare un confronto con il testo di partenza e di evidenziare determinate scelte. Essa è stata inoltre accompagnata da un commento al lavoro traduttivo riguardante le diverse tipologie di problemi riscontrati e di considerazioni fatte. Ulteriore oggetto di trattazione è stato il tema del confronto culturale che emerge chiaramente dal romanzo. In primo luogo tale concetto è stato illustrato secondo la sua definizione psicologica e antropologica, e in seguito sono state analizzate le specificità del rapporto interculturale che lega tedeschi e italiani, con un’attenzione particolare agli stereotipi che lo contraddistinguono storicamente e soprattutto a quelli che risultano dal testo preso in esame.

EEG correlation and power during maintenance of wakefulness test after sleep-deprivation

To investigate whether there are any objective EEG characteristics that change significantly between specific time periods during maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) and whether such changes are associated with the ability to appropriately communicate sleepiness.