Uutta tietoa Pehr Kalmista suomeksi

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

[lay Agency And Healthcare: Producing Healthcare Maps].

This study aimed to characterize which regulatory logics (other than government regulation) result in healthcare output, using a two-stage qualitative study in two municipalities in the ABCD Paulista region in São Paulo State, Brazil. The first stage included interviews with strategic actors (managers and policymakers) and key health professionals. The second phase collected life histories from 18 individuals with high health-services utilization rates. An analysis of the researchers' involvement in the field allowed a better understanding of the narratives. Four regulatory systems were characterized (governmental, professional, clientelistic, and lay), indicating that regulation is a field in constant dispute, a social production. Users' action produces healthcare maps that reveal the existence of other possible health system arrangements, calling on us to test shared management of healthcare between health teams and users as a promising path to the urgent need to reinvent health.

Macrosegregation of Impurities in Directionally Solidified Silicon

Directional solidification of molten metallurgical-grade Si was carried out in a vertical Bridgman furnace. The effects of changing the mold velocity from 5 to 110 mu m seconds(-1) on the macrosegregation of impurities during solidification were investigated. The macrostructures of the cylindrical Si ingots obtained in the experiments consist mostly of columnar grains parallel to the ingot axis. Because neither cells nor dendrites can be observed on ingot samples, the absence of precipitated particles and the fulfillment of the constitutional supercooling criterion suggest a planar solid-liquid interface for mold velocities a parts per thousand currency sign10 mu m seconds(-1). Concentration profiles of several impurities were measured along the ingots, showing that their bottom and middle are purer than the metallurgical Si from which they solidified. At the ingot top, however, impurities accumulated, indicating the typical normal macrosegregation. When the mold velocity decreases, the macrosegregation and ingot purity increase, changing abruptly for a velocity variation from 20 to 10 mu m seconds(-1). A mathematical model of solute transport during solidification shows that, for mold velocities a parts per thousand yen20 mu m seconds(-1), macrosegregation is caused mainly by diffusion in a stagnant liquid layer assumed at the solid-liquid interface, whereas for lower velocities, macrosegregation increases as a result of more intense convective solute transport.

The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution

To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.

Padrão alimentar de idosos de diferentes estratos socioeconômicos residentes em localidade urbana da região sudeste, Brasil

Foram estudados 283 idosos do sexo masculino e feminino pertencentes ao projeto multicêntrico "Identificação de Necessidades dos Idosos Residentes em Zona Urbana do Município de São Paulo", estratificados por nível socioeconômico em três regiões do Município de São Paulo, SP - Brasil. Utilizou-se o método de freqüência de alimentos para se obter o padrão alimentar do grupo analisado. Os resultados indicam que no grupo de alimentos energéticos, mais de 90% dos indivíduos das três regiões ingerem feculentos, arroz, pão e macarrão; porém, apenas o arroz e o pão são utilizados diariamente. Quanto ao grupo de alimentos protéicos, 70% ou mais dos idosos consomem feijão, carne de boi, aves, leite e ovos, entretanto, no consumo diário, existe uma diferenciação entre as regiões analisadas. Dos reguladores, mais de 85% dos indivíduos têm por hábito consumir frutas, verduras folhosas e legumes, mas, ao se avaliar o consumo diário, verifica-se que a prática é maior na região de melhor nível socioeconômico. As informações dietéticas mostram que os idosos analisados apresentam o mesmo padrão alimentar de outros grupos populacionais no tocante aos alimentos energéticos, porém, diferem quanto aos protéicos e reguladores.

Inquérito com paracoccidioidina em uma população da Bahia (Brasil)

No Município de Una, localizado ao Sul do Estado da Bahia, em área com registro freqüente de casos de leishmaniose tegumentar, foram estudados 177 indivíduos, na faixa etária entre três meses e 73 anos, através de provas intradérmicas com paracoccidioidina (antígeno péptido-polissacarídico do Paracoccidioides brasiliensis). Positividade foi obtida em dez indivíduos (5,6%). Somente foi considerada positiva a reação que apresentava enduração igual ou maior que 5 mm. Em nenhum dos casos positivos à paracoccidioidina havia evidência clínica de lesões blastomicóticas. Com os soros dos indivíduos positivos à paracoccidioidina, foram realizadas provas de imunodifusão dupla e contraimunoeletroforese, com resultados negativos para anticorpos circulantes anti-P. brasiliensis. Este dado indica que, em nenhum dos reatores à paracoccidioidina, havia processo infeccioso em atividade. O percentual de positividade obtido com a paracoccidioidina, em que pesem eventuais reações cruzadas com histoplasmose, sugere a ocorrência da paracoccidioidomicose na área estudada.

Bacterial agents isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and neurological complications

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 2083 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and neurological complications were bacteriologically examined during a period of 7 years (1984-1990). The percentage of patients who had at least one bacterial agent cultured from the CSF was 6.2%. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was the most frequently isolated agent (4.3%), followed by Mycobacterium avium complex or MAC (0.7%), Pseudomonas spp (0.5%), Enterobacter spp (0.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (0.3%). Among 130 culture positive patients, 89 (68.5%) had M. tuberculosis and 15 (11.6%) had MAC. The frequency of bacterial isolations increased from 1988 (5.2%) to 1990 (7.2%), partly due to the increase in MAC isolations. Bacterial agents were more frequently isolated from patients in the age group 21-30 years and from women (p<0.05).

Absence of clinical abnormalities suggesting renal involvement during the long-term course of visceral Leishmaniasis

Abnormalities of renal function have been demonstrated inpatients with visceral leishmaniasis; although there was a trend toward normalization following antiparasitic therapy, some abnormalities persisted. With thepurpose of studying the long- term clinical course of renal involvement in visceral leishmaniasis, 32 patients with a diagnosis of this parasitic disease were evaluated in the endemic area and at least 6 months after the clinical cure of the disease and compared with a control group of 28 individuals. No patient had a history or clinical findings suggestive of renal disease and all were normotensive. Laboratory evaluation was normal in all except 3 patients with abnormal urinalysis. Mild proteinuria and microscopic hematuria were seen in a single urinalysis in one patient (although three other urinalysis were normal), and leucocyturia in two female patients. It was concluded that the renal involvement in visceral leishmaniasis is mild and transient, with normal renal function observed on long-term follow-up after cure of the parasitic infection.

Alguns aspectos da ecologia dos mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de uma área de planície (Granjas Calábria), em Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro: II. Frequência mensal e no ciclo lunar

Neste artigo publicamos os resultados de coletas semanais de mosquitos adultos em isca humana, realizadas no extradomicílio, em uma área de planície litorânea (Granjas Calábria), em Jacarepaguá, Rio de Janeiro, de agosto de 1981 a julho de 1982, com o intuito de conhecer sua freqüència mensal e no ciclo lunar. Das 32 espécies obtidas, Aedes scapularis, Culex crybda, Culex declarator, Culex nigripalpus, Culex saltanensis, Mansonia titilans, Phoniomya davisi, Phonyomyia deanei e Phoniomyia theobaldi estiveram presentes em todos os meses do ano. Conforme a variação estacional reunimos as espécies nos seguintes grupos: espécies cuja densidade foi diretamente proporcional à quantidade de chuvas e à temperatura, desenvolvendo-se em criadouros temporários e semipermanentes, como Aedes scapularis, Aedes taeniorhynchus e Culex nigripalpus; espécies ecléticas, cuja freqüência não acompanhou a das chuvas e temperatura, criando-se em coleções aquáticas permanentes, como Culex amazonensis, Culex declarator e Coquillettidia venezuelensis; e espécies com densidade inversamente proporcional à pluviosidade e à temperatura, evoluindo em águas perenes, como Mansoni titillans e Wyeomyia leucostigma. As coletas feitas durante a lua minguante foram as mais produtivas, porém pelos resultados obtidos não pudemos concluir que haja um nítido controle da lua sobre a densidade dos mosquitos.