光系统Ⅱ的非均匀性

以去垢剂Triton X—100 增溶莴苣、大豆和菠莱叶绿体，得到具有较高放氧活性的光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）颗粒。放氧活性在200~250u mol 02 ∕mgchl∙ hr,而光系统I活性很低。 对此颗粒进行了光诱导荧光动力学分析，表明在这三种植物的PSⅡ颗粒中仍存在着两个动力学相，即快速的、非指数型上升α相，和慢速的、指数型上升β相。并和其来源的叶绿体作了比较。 将ATP在光照和镁离子存在下与PSⅡ颗粒共同进行保温后，PSⅡ颗粒的荧光动力学参数发生了变化，α相含量降低，但去磷酸化可部分恢复。77K荧光发射光谱表明，保温后F685/F695比值降低了，去磷酸化也可部分恢复。 本文结合这些现象作了讨论。认为两类中心理论中关于α、β中心在膜上分区的假设是值得商榷的;动力学两相的存在无需以蛋白质分布横向非均匀性为前提条件，两类中心的模型在上述现象解释中不是令人满意的。

Fabrication and characterization of uniform Fe3O4 octahedral micro-crystals

Uniform Fe3O4 octahedral microcrystals with perfect appearance have been successfully synthesized by a Triton X100-assisted polyol process. During the polyols process for the preparation of Fe3O4 octahedra. the introduction of Triton X100 decreases significantly the needed concentration of NaOH. The results show that Fe3O4 octahedra are composed of eight triangular sheets, which are equilateral triangles. The edge size of Fe3O4 octahedron is about 4 mu m. The magnetic properties of Fe3O4 octahedral particles were evaluated on a SQUID magnetometer at room temperature.

Avaliação da espectrometria de absorção atômica com nebulização térmica em tubo aquecido em chama (TS-FF-AAS) para determinação de Cd, Cu, Pb e Zn em álcool combustível e óleo diesel

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Morphofunctional characterization of decellularized vena cava as tissue engineering scaffolds

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

One-step elettrosintesi: un metodo alternativo per sintetizzare nanoparticelle di Pt

La maggiore richiesta energetica di questi anni, associata alla diminuzione delle riserve di combustibile fossile e ai problemi di inquinamento ambientale hanno spinto il settore scientifico verso la ricerca di nuovi dispositivi che presentino elevata efficienza e quantità di emissioni ridotta. Tra questi, le celle a combustibile (fuel cells) alimentate con idrogeno o molecole organiche come etanolo, acido formico e metanolo, hanno particolare rilevanza anche se attualmente risultano particolarmente costose. Una delle principali sfide di questi ultimi anni è ridurne i costi e aumentarne l'efficienza di conversione in energia. Per questo scopo molti sforzi vengono condotti verso l'ottimizzazione dei catalizzatori a base di Pt spostando l’attenzione verso sistemi nanostrutturati ad elevata attività catalitica e buona stabilità. Durante questo lavoro di tesi si è affrontato lo studio relativo alla preparazione di elettrodi modificati con PtNPs ottenute per elettrodeposizione, un metodo semplice ed efficace per poterne controllare i parametri di deposizione e crescita e per ottenere direttamente le nanoparticelle sulla superficie dell’elettrodo. Come materiale elettroattivo si è utilizzato un foglio di grafite, denominato (Pure Graphite Sheet = PGS). Tale superficie elettrodica, meno costosa e più conduttiva rispetto all’ITO, si presenta sotto forma di fogli flessibili resistenti ad alte temperature e ad ambienti corrosivi e quindi risulta conveniente qualora si pensi ad un suo utilizzo su scala industriale. In particolare è stato studiato come la variazione di alcuni parametri sperimentali quali: i) il tempo di elettrodeposizione e ii) la presenza di stabilizzanti tipo: KI, acido dodecil benzene sulfonico (DBSA), poli vinil pirrolidone (PVP) o poliossietilene ottilfenil etere (Triton-X100) e iii) la concentrazione degli stessi stabilizzanti, potessero influire sulle dimensioni ed eventualmente sulla morfologia delle PtNPs. in fase di elettrodeposizione. L’elettrosintesi è stata effettuata per via cronoamperometria. I film di PtNPs sono stati caratterizzati utilizzando tecniche di superficie quali microscopia a scansione elettronica (SEM) e Voltammetria Ciclica (CV). Al fine di valutare le capacità elettrocatalitiche delle diverse PtNPs ottenute si è studiata la reazione di ossidazione del metanolo in ambiente acido.

Volatile organic compounds at the air-sea interface : gas exchange rates, oceanic emissions and the effect of ocean acidification

Oceans are key sources and sinks in the global budgets of significant atmospheric trace gases, termed Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Despite their low concentrations, these species have an important role in the atmosphere, influencing ozone photochemistry and aerosol physics. Surprisingly, little work has been done on assessing their emissions or transport mechanisms and rates between ocean and atmosphere, all of which are important when modelling the atmosphere accurately.rnA new Needle Trap Device (NTD) - GC-MS method was developed for the effective sampling and analysis of VOCs in seawater. Good repeatability (RSDs <16 %), linearity (R2 = 0.96 - 0.99) and limits of detection in the range of pM were obtained for DMS, isoprene, benzene, toluene, p-xylene, (+)-α-pinene and (-)-α-pinene. Laboratory evaluation and subsequent field application indicated that the proposed method can be used successfully in place of the more usually applied extraction techniques (P&T, SPME) to extend the suite of species typically measured in the ocean and improve detection limits. rnDuring a mesocosm CO2 enrichment study, DMS, isoprene and α-pinene were identified and quantified in seawater samples, using the above mentioned method. Based on correlations with available biological datasets, the effects of ocean acidification as well as possible ocean biological sources were investigated for all examined compounds. Future ocean's acidity was shown to decrease oceanic DMS production, possibly impact isoprene emissions but not affect the production of α-pinene. rnIn a separate activity, ocean - atmosphere interactions were simulated in a large scale wind-wave canal facility, in order to investigate the gas exchange process and its controlling mechanisms. Air-water exchange rates of 14 chemical species (of which 11 VOCs) spanning a wide range of solubility (dimensionless solubility, α = 0:4 to 5470) and diffusivity (Schmidt number in water, Scw = 594 to 1194) were obtained under various turbulent (wind speed at ten meters height, u10 = 0:8 to 15ms-1) and surfactant modulated (two different sized Triton X-100 layers) surface conditions. Reliable and reproducible total gas transfer velocities were obtained and the derived values and trends were comparable to previous investigations. Through this study, a much better and more comprehensive understanding of the gas exchange process was accomplished. The role of friction velocity, uw* and mean square slope, σs2 in defining phenomena such as waves and wave breaking, near surface turbulence, bubbles and surface films was recognized as very significant. uw* was determined as the ideal turbulent parameter while σs2 described best the related surface conditions. A combination of both uw* and σs2 variables, was found to reproduce faithfully the air-water gas exchange process. rnA Total Transfer Velocity (TTV) model provided by a compilation of 14 tracers and a combination of both uw* and σs2 parameters, is proposed for the first time. Through the proposed TTV parameterization, a new physical perspective is presented which provides an accurate TTV for any tracer within the examined solubility range. rnThe development of such a comprehensive air-sea gas exchange parameterization represents a highly useful tool for regional and global models, providing accurate total transfer velocity estimations for any tracer and any sea-surface status, simplifying the calculation process and eliminating inevitable calculation uncertainty connected with the selection or combination of different parameterizations.rnrn

Triton-He-3 relative and differential flows as probes of the nuclear symmetry energy at supra-saturation densities

Using a transport model coupled with a phase-space coalescence afterburner, we study the triton-He-3 (t-He-3) ratio with both relative and differential transverse flows in semicentral Sn-132 + Sn-124 reactions at a beam energy of 400 MeV/nucleon. The neutron-proton ratios with relative and differential flows are also discussed as a reference. We find that similar to the neutron-proton pairs, the t-He-3 pairs also carry interesting information regarding the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy. Moreover, the nuclear symmetry energy affects more strongly the t-He-3 relative and differential flows than the pi(-)/pi(+) ratio in the same reaction. The t-He-3 relative flow can be used as a particularly powerful probe of the high-density behavior of the nuclear symmetry energy.

TRITON-(HE)-H-3 RELATIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL FLOWS AND THE HIGH DENSITY BEHAVIOR OF NUCLEAR SYMMETRY ENERGY

Using a transport model coupled with a phase-space coalescence after-burner we study the triton-He-3 relative and differential transverse flows in semi-central Sn-132 + Sn-124 reactions at a beam energy of 400 MeV/nucleon. We find that the triton-He-3 pairs carry interesting information about the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy. The t-He-3 relative flow can be used as a particularly powerful probe of the high-density behavior of the nuclear symmetry energy.

Transformation from ordered islands to holes in phase-separating P2VP/PS blend films by adding triton X-100

Our previous investigation showed that the ordered hexagonal island pattern in the phase-separating polymeric blend films of polystyrene and poly(2-vinylpyridine) (PS/P2VP) formed due to the convection effect by proper control of PS molecular weight, solvent evaporation rate, and the weight ratio of PS to P2VP. In this paper, we further illustrate that, by adding a proper amount of the surfactant Triton X-100 to the PS/P2VP toluene solution, the ordered hexagonal island pattern can be transformed to the ordered honeycomb pattern. The effects of the amount of Triton X-100 on the surface morphology evolution and the pattern transformation are discussed in terms of the collapse of Triton X-100, phase separation between Triton X-100/P2VP and PS, the interfacial interaction between Triton X-100/P2VP and the mica substrate, and the Benard-Marangoni convection.

Electrochemiluminescence of tris(2,2 '-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) immobilized in poly(p-styrenesulfonate)-silica-Triton X-100 composite thin-films

The electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) [Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)] immobilized in poly(p-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)-silica-Triton X-100 composite films was investigated. The cooperative action of PSS, sol-gel and Triton X-100 attached Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) to the electrode strongly, and the presence of Triton X-100 prevented drying fractures of the sol-gel films during gelation and even on repeated wet-dry cycles. The modified electrode was used for the ECL detection of oxalate, tripropylamine (TPA) and NADH in a flow injection analysis (FIA) system with a newly designed flow cell. The detection scheme exhibited good stability, short response time and high sensitivity. Detection limits were 0.1, 0.1 and 0.5 mu mol L-1 for oxalate, TPA and NADH, respectively, and the linear concentration range extended from 0.001 to 1 mmol L-1 for the three analytes. Applications of the flow cell in ECL and electrochemical detection, as well as the immobilization of reagents based on the cooperative action, are suggested.

钐-铽-2-噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮-氯代甲基三烷基铵-Triton X-100荧光体系的研究及其分析应用

本文研究了铽(Tb~(3-))对钐(Sm~(3-))-2-噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮(TTA)-氯代甲基三烷基铵(N_(263))-Triton X-100荧光体系的共发光效应,结果表明:Tb~(3-)的浓度1×10~(-5)～5×10~(-5)mol/L范围内体系的荧光强度最大.Sm~(3-)的浓度在1.0×10~(-9)～1.0×10~(-7)mol/L范围内与荧光强度呈线性关系,检测限为1.0X10~(-11)mol/L,方法灵敏,简便,用于混合稀土样品中痕量Sm~(3-)的测定,结果满意。

稀土离子对铕-2-噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮-氯化甲基三烷基铵-Triton X-100荧光体系的共发光能力的比较

本文研究了稀土离子对铕(Eu)-2-噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮(TTA)-氯化甲基三烷基铵(N263)-Triton X-100体系的共发光能力,提出用放大倍数作为共发光能力比较的定量标准,用能量转移效率和能量利用率来预测稀土离子的共发光能力。该方法适用于不同条件或不同体系之间共发光能力的定量比较。

钴-4-(5-氯-2-吡啶偶氮)-1,3-二氨基苯-Triton X-100体系的析相富集及痕量钴的光度测定

本文研究了TritonX-100在浊点条件下对钴-4-(5-氯-2-吡啶偶氮)-1,3-二氨基苯(5-Cl-PADAB)络合物的析相条件,在pH4.0～6.0介质中,将胶束溶液加热到92±1℃,保持40min,络合物即被TritonX-100相富集。富集液在575nm测定吸光度,钴含量在0～4μg/5ml范围内服从比尔定律,干扰离子可在TritonX-100析相液中加入H_2SO_4消除。拟定的方法灵敏、简捷,已用于不经分离直接测定人发及自来水中痕量钴。