Vantaggi e limiti dell'integrazione tra sistemi di traduzione assistita e sistemi di traduzione automatica

Computer-assisted translation (or computer-aided translation or CAT) is a form of language translation in which a human translator uses computer software in order to facilitate the translation process. Machine translation (MT) is the automated process by which a computerized system produces a translated text or speech from one natural language to another. Both of them are leading and promising technologies in the translation industry; it therefore seems important that translation students and professional translators become familiar with this relatively new types of technology. Whether used together, not only might these two different types of systems reduce translation time, but also lead to a further improvement in the field of translation technologies. The dissertation consists of four chapters. The first one surveys the chronological development of MT and CAT tools, the emergence of pre-editing, post-editing and controlled language and the very last frontiers in this sector. The second one provide a general overview on the four main CAT tools that are used nowadays and tested hereto. The third chapter is dedicated to the experimentations that have been conducted in order to analyze and evaluate the performance of the four integrated systems that are the core subject of this dissertation. Finally, the fourth chapter deals with the issue of terminological equivalence in interlinguistic translation. The purpose of this dissertation is not to provide an objective and definitive solution to the complex issues that arise at any time in the field of translation technologies, this aim being well away from being achieved, but to supply information about the limits and potentiality that are typical of those instruments which are now essential to any professional translator.

Developing an information system for deaf

This paper presents the SAILSE Project (Sistema Avanzado de Información en Lengua de Signos Española ? Spanish Sign Language Advanced Information System). This project aims to develop an interactive system for facilitating the communication between a hearing and a deaf person. The first step has been the linguistic study, including a sentence collection, its translation into LSE (Lengua de Signos Española - Spanish Sign Language), and sign generation. After this analysis, the paper describes the interactive system that integrates an avatar to represent the signs, a text to speech converter and several translation technologies. Finally, this paper presents the set up carried out with deaf people and the main conclusions extracted from it.

Translating bus information into sign language for deaf people

This paper describes the application of language translation technologies for generating bus information in Spanish Sign Language (LSE: Lengua de Signos Española). In this work, two main systems have been developed: the first for translating text messages from information panels and the second for translating spoken Spanish into natural conversations at the information point of the bus company. Both systems are made up of a natural language translator (for converting a word sentence into a sequence of LSE signs), and a 3D avatar animation module (for playing back the signs). For the natural language translator, two technological approaches have been analyzed and integrated: an example-based strategy and a statistical translator. When translating spoken utterances, it is also necessary to incorporate a speech recognizer for decoding the spoken utterance into a word sequence, prior to the language translation module. This paper includes a detailed description of the field evaluation carried out in this domain. This evaluation has been carried out at the customer information office in Madrid involving both real bus company employees and deaf people. The evaluation includes objective measurements from the system and information from questionnaires. In the field evaluation, the whole translation presents an SER (Sign Error Rate) of less than 10% and a BLEU greater than 90%.

Didáctica de la traducción inversa especializada. Propuesta de actividades en el ámbito de la economía y los negocios

As business translator trainers we have to encourage our students to practice translation into their mother tongue and into the foreign language. The aim of this paper is to present various types of exercises that we use in our classes in order to develop strategies in the practice of translation into the foreign language. These kinds of tasks are based on work previously carried out by translator trainers and researchers. First, references on teaching translation into the foreign language) will be reviewed. Then we show the kind of tasks focusing on mother tongue proficiency and translation technologies. Our experience tells us that our students seem to feel comfortable with the exercises and find them useful to face the practice of translation into non-mother tongue.

Les enjeux de la translation des technologies : le cas des tests de pharmacogénétique au Québec

Problématique : L’arrivée des tests de pharmacogénétique a été annoncée dans les médias et la littérature scientifique telle une révolution, un tournant vers la médecine personnalisée. En réalité, cette révolution se fait toujours attendre. Plusieurs barrières législatives, scientifiques, professionnelles et éthiques sont décrites dans la littérature comme étant la cause du délai de la translation des tests de pharmacogénétique, du laboratoire vers la clinique. Cet optimisme quant à l’arrivée de la pharmacogénétique et ces barrières existent-elles au Québec? Quel est le contexte de translation des tests de pharmacogénétique au Québec? Actuellement, il n’existe aucune donnée sur ces questions. Il est pourtant essentiel de les évaluer. Alors que les attentes et les pressions pour l’intégration rapide de technologies génétiques sont de plus en plus élevées sur le système de santé québécois, l’absence de planification et de mécanisme de translation de ces technologies font craindre une translation et une utilisation inadéquates. Objectifs : Un premier objectif est d’éclairer et d’enrichir sur les conditions d’utilisation et de translation ainsi que sur les enjeux associés aux tests de pharmacogénétique dans le contexte québécois. Un deuxième objectif est de cerner ce qui est véhiculé sur la PGt dans différentes sources, dont les médias. Il ne s’agit pas d’évaluer si la pharmacogénétique devrait être intégrée dans la clinique, mais de mettre en perspective les espoirs véhiculés et la réalité du terrain. Ceci afin d’orienter la réflexion quant au développement de mécanismes de translation efficients et de politiques associées. Méthodologie : L’analyse des discours de plusieurs sources documentaires (n=167) du Québec et du Canada (1990-2005) et d’entretiens avec des experts québécois (n=19) a été effectuée. Quatre thèmes ont été analysés : 1) le positionnement et les perceptions envers la pharmacogénétique; 2) les avantages et les risques reliés à son utilisation; 3) les rôles et les tensions entre professionnels; 4) les barrières et les solutions de translation. Résultats : L’analyse des représentations véhiculées sur la pharmacogénétique dans les sources documentaires se cristallise autour de deux pôles. Les représentations optimistes qui révèlent une fascination envers la médecine personnalisée, créant des attentes (« Génohype ») en regard de l’arrivée de la pharmacogénétique dans la clinique. Les représentations pessimistes qui révèlent un scepticisme (« Génomythe ») envers l’arrivée de la pharmacogénétique et qui semblent imprégnés par l’historique des représentations médiatiques négatives de la génétique. Quant à l’analyse des entretiens, celle-ci a permis de mettre en lumière le contexte actuel du terrain d’accueil. En effet, selon les experts interviewés, ce contexte comporte des déficiences législatives et un dysfonctionnement organisationnel qui font en sorte que l’utilisation des tests de pharmacogénétique est limitée, fragmentée et non standardisée. S’ajoute à ceci, le manque de données probantes et de dialogue entre des acteurs mal ou peu informés, la résistance et la crainte de certains professionnels. Discussion : Plusieurs changements dans la réglementation des systèmes d’innovation ainsi que dans le contexte d’accueil seront nécessaires pour rendre accessibles les tests de pharmacogénétique dans la pratique clinique courante. Des mécanismes facilitateurs de la translation des technologies et des facteurs clés de réussite sont proposés. Enfin, quelques initiatives phares sont suggérées. Conclusion : Des efforts au niveau international, national, provincial et local sont indispensables afin de résoudre les nombreux obstacles de la translation des tests de pharmacogénétique au Québec et ainsi planifier l’avenir le plus efficacement et sûrement possible.

Translation encoding for OGC services

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geospatial Technologies.

PANACEA (Platform for Automatic, Normalised Annotation and Cost-Effective Acquisition of Language Resources for Human Language Technologies)

The objective of PANACEA is to build a factory of LRs that automates the stages involved in the acquisition, production, updating and maintenance of LRs required by MT systems and by other applications based on language technologies, and simplifies eventual issues regarding intellectual property rights. This automation will cut down the cost, time and human effort significantly. These reductions of costs and time are the only way to guarantee the continuous supply of LRs that MT and other language technologies will be demanding in the multilingual Europe.

Le point de vue des organisations de patients et de consommateurs quant à la production, l'utilisation et la diffusion de l'évaluation des technologies de la santé

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Syntactic Based Machine Translation from English to Malayalam

Due to the emergence of multiple language support on the Internet, machine translation (MT) technologies are indispensable to the communication between speakers using different languages. Recent research works have started to explore tree-based machine translation systems with syntactical and morphological information. This work aims the development of Syntactic Based Machine Translation from English to Malayalam by adding different case information during translation. The system identifies general rules for various sentence patterns in English. These rules are generated using the Parts Of Speech (POS) tag information of the texts. Word Reordering based on the Syntax Tree is used to improve the translation quality of the system. The system used Bilingual English –Malayalam dictionary for translation.

A decade of plant proteomics and mass spectrometry: translation of technical advancements to food security and safety issues

Tremendous progress in plant proteomics driven by mass spectrometry (MS) techniques has been made since 2000 when few proteomics reports were published and plant proteomics was in its infancy. These achievements include the refinement of existing techniques and the search for new techniques to address food security, safety, and health issues. It is projected that in 2050, the world’s population will reach 9–12 billion people demanding a food production increase of 34–70% (FAO, 2009) from today’s food production. Provision of food in a sustainable and environmentally committed manner for such a demand without threatening natural resources, requires that agricultural production increases significantly and that postharvest handling and food manufacturing systems become more efficient requiring lower energy expenditure, a decrease in postharvest losses, less waste generation and food with longer shelf life. There is also a need to look for alternative protein sources to animal based (i.e., plant based) to be able to fulfill the increase in protein demands by 2050. Thus, plant biology has a critical role to play as a science capable of addressing such challenges. In this review, we discuss proteomics especially MS, as a platform, being utilized in plant biology research for the past 10 years having the potential to expedite the process of understanding plant biology for human benefits. The increasing application of proteomics technologies in food security, analysis, and safety is emphasized in this review. But, we are aware that no unique approach/technology is capable to address the global food issues. Proteomics-generated information/resources must be integrated and correlated with other omics-based approaches, information, and conventional programs to ensure sufficient food and resources for human development now and in the future.

Source Language Categorization for improving a Speech into Sign Language Translation System

This paper describes a categorization module for improving the performance of a Spanish into Spanish Sign Language (LSE) translation system. This categorization module replaces Spanish words with associated tags. When implementing this module, several alternatives for dealing with non-relevant words have been studied. Non-relevant words are Spanish words not relevant in the translation process. The categorization module has been incorporated into a phrase-based system and a Statistical Finite State Transducer (SFST). The evaluation results reveal that the BLEU has increased from 69.11% to 78.79% for the phrase-based system and from 69.84% to 75.59% for the SFST.

Enabling query technologies for the semantic sensor web

Sensor networks are increasingly being deployed in the environment for many different purposes. The observations that they produce are made available with heterogeneous schemas, vocabularies and data formats, making it difficult to share and reuse this data, for other purposes than those for which they were originally set up. The authors propose an ontology-based approach for providing data access and query capabilities to streaming data sources, allowing users to express their needs at a conceptual level, independent of implementation and language-specific details. In this article, the authors describe the theoretical foundations and technologies that enable exposing semantically enriched sensor metadata, and querying sensor observations through SPARQL extensions, using query rewriting and data translation techniques according to mapping languages, and managing both pull and push delivery modes.

Information technologies for vaccine research

Vaccinology is a combinatorial science which studies the diversity of pathogens and the human immune system, and formulations that can modulate immune responses and prevent or cure disease. Huge amounts of data are produced by genomics and proteomics projects and large-scale screening of pathogen-host and antigen-host interactions. Current developments in computational vaccinology mainly support the analysis of antigen processing and presentation and the characterization of targets of immune response. Future development will also include systemic models of vaccine responses. Immunomics, the large-scale screening of immune processes which includes powerful immunoinformatic tools, offers great promise for future translation of basic immunology research advances into successful vaccines.

Local skirmishes in the contruction of (global) digital business communication technologies

This paper applies Latour’s 1992 translation map as a device to explore the development of and recent conflict between two data standards for the exchange of business information – EDIFACT and XBRL. Our research is focussed in France, where EDIFACT is well established and XBRL is just emerging. The alliances supporting both standards are local and global. The French/European EDIFACT is promulgated through the United Nations while a consortium of national jurisdictions and companies has coalesced around the US initiated XBRL International (XII). We suggest cultural differences pose a barrier to co-operation between the two networks. Competing data standards create the risk of switching costs. The different technical characteristics of the standards are identified as raising implications for regulators and users. A key concern is the lack of co-ordination of data standard production and the mechanisms regulatory agencies use to choose platforms for electronic data submission.