Handling OOV Words in Phrase-Based Statistical Machine Translation for Malayalam

Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) is one of the potential applications in the field of Natural Language Processing. The translation process in SMT is carried out by acquiring translation rules automatically from the parallel corpora. However, for many language pairs (e.g. Malayalam- English), they are available only in very limited quantities. Therefore, for these language pairs a huge portion of phrases encountered at run-time will be unknown. This paper focuses on methods for handling such out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words in Malayalam that cannot be translated to English using conventional phrase-based statistical machine translation systems. The OOV words in the source sentence are pre-processed to obtain the root word and its suffix. Different inflected forms of the OOV root are generated and a match is looked up for the word variants in the phrase translation table of the translation model. A Vocabulary filter is used to choose the best among the translations of these word variants by finding the unigram count. A match for the OOV suffix is also looked up in the phrase entries and the target translations are filtered out. Structuring of the filtered phrases is done and SMT translation model is extended by adding OOV with its new phrase translations. By the results of the manual evaluation done it is observed that amount of OOV words in the input has been reduced considerably

Techniques to Improve the word alignments in Statistical Machine Translation from English to Malayalam

In Statistical Machine Translation from English to Malayalam, an unseen English sentence is translated into its equivalent Malayalam translation using statistical models like translation model, language model and a decoder. A parallel corpus of English-Malayalam is used in the training phase. Word to word alignments has to be set up among the sentence pairs of the source and target language before subjecting them for training. This paper is deals with the techniques which can be adopted for improving the alignment model of SMT. Incorporating the parts of speech information into the bilingual corpus has eliminated many of the insignificant alignments. Also identifying the name entities and cognates present in the sentence pairs has proved to be advantageous while setting up the alignments. Moreover, reduction of the unwanted alignments has brought in better training results. Experiments conducted on a sample corpus have generated reasonably good Malayalam translations and the results are verified with F measure, BLEU and WER evaluation metrics

The Spanish translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Powe Fatalism Inventory

Background/significance. The scarcity of reliable and valid Spanish language instruments for health related research has hindered research with the Hispanic population. Research suggests that fatalistic attitudes are related to poor cancer screening behaviors and may be one reason for low participation of Mexican-Americans in cancer screening. This problem is of major concern because Mexican-Americans constitute the largest Hispanic subgroup in the U.S.^ Purpose. The purposes of this study were: (1) To translate the Powe Fatalism Inventory, (PFI) into Spanish, and culturally adapt the instrument to the Mexican-American culture as found along the U.S.-Mexico border and (2) To test the equivalence between the Spanish translated, culturally adapted version of the PFI and the English version of the PFI to include clarity, content validity, reading level and reliability.^ Design. Descriptive, cross-sectional.^ Methods. The Spanish language translation used a translation model which incorporates a cultural adaptation process. The SPFI was administered to 175 bilingual participants residing in a midsize, U.S-Mexico border city. Data analysis included estimation of Cronbach's alpha, factor analysis, paired samples t-test comparison and multiple regression analysis using SPSS software, as well as measurement of content validity and reading level of the SPFI. ^ Findings. A reliability estimate using Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.81 for the SPFI compared to 0.80 for the PFI in this study. Factor Analysis extracted four factors which explained 59% of the variance. Paired t-test comparison revealed no statistically significant differences between the SPFI and PFI total or individual item scores. Content Validity Index was determined to be 1.0. Reading Level was assessed to be less than a 6th grade reading level. The correlation coefficient between the SPFI and PFI was 0.95.^ Conclusions. This study provided strong psychometric evidence that the Spanish translated, culturally adapted SPFI is an equivalent tool to the English version of the PFI in measuring cancer fatalism. This indicates that the two forms of the instrument can be used interchangeably in a single study to accommodate reading and speaking abilities of respondents. ^

Translation and cultural adaptation of the Stigma-Devaluation scale for use among family caregivers of mentally ill relatives in Jordan

Background/significance. Mental illness stigma is a matter of great concern to family caregivers. Few research studies have been conducted in the Arab World on family caregivers' perception of stigma associated with caring for a mentally ill relative. Review of the literature on measurement of the concept of stigma related to caring for a mentally ill relative yielded no instrument appropriate for use in a Jordanian sample. Reliable and valid instruments to measure stigma perception among family caregivers are needed for research and practice, particularly in Arabic speaking populations. ^ Purpose. The purposes of this study were: (1) translate the Stigma-Devaluation scale (SDS) into Arabic, modifying it to accurately reflect the cultural parameters specific to Jordan, and (2) test the reliability, the content and construct validity of the Arabic version of the SDS for use among a sample of family members of mentally ill relatives in Jordan. ^ Design. Methodologic, cross-sectional. ^ Methods. The SDS was translated into Arabic language, modified and culturally adapted to the Jordanian culture by a translation model which incorporates a cultural adaptation process. The Arabic SDS was evaluated in a sample of 164 family caregivers in the outpatient mental health clinic in Irbid-Jordan. Cronbach's alpha estimation of internal consistency was used to assess the reliability of the SDS. Construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Measurements of content validity and reading level of the Arabic SDS were included. ^ Findings. Content Validity Index was determined to be 1.0. Reading level of the Arabic SDS was considered at a 6th grade or lower Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the modified Arabic SDS total scale was .87. Initial results of CFA did not fully support the proposed factor structures of the SDS or its subscales. After modifications, the indices indicated that the modified model of each subscale had satisfactory fit. ^ Conclusion. This study provided psychometric evidence that the modified Arabic SDS translated and culturally adapted instrument, is valid and conceptually consistent with the content of the original English SDS in measuring stigma perception among families of mentally ill relatives in Jordan. ^

Phrase-based statistical machine translation: explanation of its processes and statistical models and evaluation of the English to Spanish translations produced

Statistical machine translation (SMT) is an approach to Machine Translation (MT) that uses statistical models whose parameter estimation is based on the analysis of existing human translations (contained in bilingual corpora). From a translation student’s standpoint, this dissertation aims to explain how a phrase-based SMT system works, to determine the role of the statistical models it uses in the translation process and to assess the quality of the translations provided that system is trained with in-domain goodquality corpora. To that end, a phrase-based SMT system based on Moses has been trained and subsequently used for the English to Spanish translation of two texts related in topic to the training data. Finally, the quality of this output texts produced by the system has been assessed through a quantitative evaluation carried out with three different automatic evaluation measures and a qualitative evaluation based on the Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM).

Markets and linguistic diversity

The choice of language is a crucial decision for firms competing in cultural goods and media markets with a bilingual or multilingual consumer base. To the extent that multilingual consumers have preferences over the intrinsic characteristics (content) as well as over the language of the product, we can examine the efficiency of market outcomes regarding linguistic diversity. In this paper, I extend the spokes model and introduce language as an additional dimension of product differentiation. I show that: (i) if firms supply their product in a single language (the adoption model) then the degree of linguistic diversity is inefficiently low, and (ii) if some firms supply more than one linguistic version (the translation model) then in principle the market outcome may exhibit insufficient or excessive linguistic diversity. However, excessive diversity is associated to markets where the fraction of products in the minority language is disproportionately high with respect to the relative size of the linguistic minority.

Déploiement automatique d’une application de routage téléphonique d’une langue source vers une langue cible

Les modèles de compréhension statistiques appliqués à des applications vocales nécessitent beaucoup de données pour être entraînés. Souvent, une même application doit pouvoir supporter plusieurs langues, c’est le cas avec les pays ayant plusieurs langues officielles. Il s’agit donc de gérer les mêmes requêtes des utilisateurs, lesquelles présentent une sémantique similaire, mais dans plusieurs langues différentes. Ce projet présente des techniques pour déployer automatiquement un modèle de compréhension statistique d’une langue source vers une langue cible. Ceci afin de réduire le nombre de données nécessaires ainsi que le temps relié au déploiement d’une application dans une nouvelle langue. Premièrement, une approche basée sur les techniques de traduction automatique est présentée. Ensuite une approche utilisant un espace sémantique commun pour comparer plusieurs langues a été développée. Ces deux méthodes sont comparées pour vérifier leurs limites et leurs faisabilités. L’apport de ce projet se situe dans l’amélioration d’un modèle de traduction grâce à l’ajout de données très proche de l’application ainsi que d’une nouvelle façon d’inférer un espace sémantique multilingue.

Barriers of evidence based policy making in iran's health system

La formation des sociétés fondées sur la connaissance, le progrès de la technologie de communications et un meilleur échange d'informations au niveau mondial permet une meilleure utilisation des connaissances produites lors des décisions prises dans le système de santé. Dans des pays en voie de développement, quelques études sont menées sur des obstacles qui empêchent la prise des décisions fondées sur des preuves (PDFDP) alors que des études similaires dans le monde développé sont vraiment rares. L'Iran est le pays qui a connu la plus forte croissance dans les publications scientifiques au cours de ces dernières années, mais la question qui se pose est la suivante : quels sont les obstacles qui empêchent l'utilisation de ces connaissances de même que celle des données mondiales? Cette étude embrasse trois articles consécutifs. Le but du premier article a été de trouver un modèle pour évaluer l'état de l'utilisation des connaissances dans ces circonstances en Iran à l’aide d'un examen vaste et systématique des sources suivie par une étude qualitative basée sur la méthode de la Grounded Theory. Ensuite au cours du deuxième et troisième article, les obstacles aux décisions fondées sur des preuves en Iran, sont étudiés en interrogeant les directeurs, les décideurs du secteur de la santé et les chercheurs qui travaillent à produire des preuves scientifiques pour la PDFDP en Iran. Après avoir examiné les modèles disponibles existants et la réalisation d'une étude qualitative, le premier article est sorti sous le titre de «Conception d'un modèle d'application des connaissances». Ce premier article sert de cadre pour les deux autres articles qui évaluent les obstacles à «pull» et «push» pour des PDFDP dans le pays. En Iran, en tant que pays en développement, les problèmes se situent dans toutes les étapes du processus de production, de partage et d’utilisation de la preuve dans la prise de décision du système de santé. Les obstacles qui existent à la prise de décision fondée sur des preuves sont divers et cela aux différents niveaux; les solutions multi-dimensionnelles sont nécessaires pour renforcer l'impact de preuves scientifiques sur les prises de décision. Ces solutions devraient entraîner des changements dans la culture et le milieu de la prise de décision afin de valoriser la prise de décisions fondées sur des preuves. Les critères de sélection des gestionnaires et leur nomination inappropriée ainsi que leurs remplaçants rapides et les différences de paiement dans les secteurs public et privé peuvent affaiblir la PDFDP de deux façons : d’une part en influant sur la motivation des décideurs et d'autre part en détruisant la continuité du programme. De même, tandis que la sélection et le remplacement des chercheurs n'est pas comme ceux des gestionnaires, il n'y a aucun critère pour encourager ces deux groupes à soutenir le processus décisionnel fondés sur des preuves dans le secteur de la santé et les changements ultérieurs. La sélection et la promotion des décideurs politiques devraient être basées sur leur performance en matière de la PDFDP et les efforts des universitaires doivent être comptés lors de leurs promotions personnelles et celles du rang de leur institution. Les attitudes et les capacités des décideurs et des chercheurs devraient être encouragés en leur donnant assez de pouvoir et d’habiliter dans les différentes étapes du cycle de décision. Cette étude a révélé que les gestionnaires n'ont pas suffisamment accès à la fois aux preuves nationales et internationales. Réduire l’écart qui sépare les chercheurs des décideurs est une étape cruciale qui doit être réalisée en favorisant la communication réciproque. Cette question est très importante étant donné que l'utilisation des connaissances ne peut être renforcée que par l'étroite collaboration entre les décideurs politiques et le secteur de la recherche. Dans ce but des programmes à long terme doivent être conçus ; la création des réseaux de chercheurs et de décideurs pour le choix du sujet de recherche, le classement des priorités, et le fait de renforcer la confiance réciproque entre les chercheurs et les décideurs politiques semblent être efficace.

Traduction statistique vers une langue à morphologie riche : combinaison d’algorithmes de segmentation morphologique et de modèles statistiques de traduction automatique

Les systèmes statistiques de traduction automatique ont pour tâche la traduction d’une langue source vers une langue cible. Dans la plupart des systèmes de traduction de référence, l'unité de base considérée dans l'analyse textuelle est la forme telle qu’observée dans un texte. Une telle conception permet d’obtenir une bonne performance quand il s'agit de traduire entre deux langues morphologiquement pauvres. Toutefois, ceci n'est plus vrai lorsqu’il s’agit de traduire vers une langue morphologiquement riche (ou complexe). Le but de notre travail est de développer un système statistique de traduction automatique comme solution pour relever les défis soulevés par la complexité morphologique. Dans ce mémoire, nous examinons, dans un premier temps, un certain nombre de méthodes considérées comme des extensions aux systèmes de traduction traditionnels et nous évaluons leurs performances. Cette évaluation est faite par rapport aux systèmes à l’état de l’art (système de référence) et ceci dans des tâches de traduction anglais-inuktitut et anglais-finnois. Nous développons ensuite un nouvel algorithme de segmentation qui prend en compte les informations provenant de la paire de langues objet de la traduction. Cet algorithme de segmentation est ensuite intégré dans le modèle de traduction à base d’unités lexicales « Phrase-Based Models » pour former notre système de traduction à base de séquences de segments. Enfin, nous combinons le système obtenu avec des algorithmes de post-traitement pour obtenir un système de traduction complet. Les résultats des expériences réalisées dans ce mémoire montrent que le système de traduction à base de séquences de segments proposé permet d’obtenir des améliorations significatives au niveau de la qualité de la traduction en terme de le métrique d’évaluation BLEU (Papineni et al., 2002) et qui sert à évaluer. Plus particulièrement, notre approche de segmentation réussie à améliorer légèrement la qualité de la traduction par rapport au système de référence et une amélioration significative de la qualité de la traduction est observée par rapport aux techniques de prétraitement de base (baseline).

Música e psicanálise

A teoria da sedução generalizada, de Jean Laplanche, utiliza um modelo tradutivo para explicar a constituição do sujeito. A música pode ser compreendida como um modo de traduzir o pulsional.

Diseño, desarrollo y evaluación de sistemas de traducción automática para reducir las barreras de comunicación de las personas sordas

La principal aportación de esta tesis doctoral ha sido la propuesta y evaluación de un sistema de traducción automática que permite la comunicación entre personas oyentes y sordas. Este sistema está formado a su vez por dos sistemas: un traductor de habla en español a Lengua de Signos Española (LSE) escrita y que posteriormente se representa mediante un agente animado; y un generador de habla en español a partir de una secuencia de signos escritos mediante glosas. El primero de ellos consta de un reconocedor de habla, un módulo de traducción entre lenguas y un agente animado que representa los signos en LSE. El segundo sistema está formado por una interfaz gráfica donde se puede especificar una secuencia de signos mediante glosas (palabras en mayúscula que representan los signos), un módulo de traducción entre lenguas y un conversor texto-habla. Para el desarrollo del sistema de traducción, en primer lugar se ha generado un corpus paralelo de 7696 frases en español con sus correspondientes traducciones a LSE. Estas frases pertenecen a cuatro dominios de aplicación distintos: la renovación del Documento Nacional de Identidad, la renovación del permiso de conducir, un servicio de información de autobuses urbanos y la recepción de un hotel. Además, se ha generado una base de datos con más de 1000 signos almacenados en cuatro sistemas distintos de signo-escritura. En segundo lugar, se ha desarrollado un módulo de traducción automática que integra dos técnicas de traducción con una estructura jerárquica: la primera basada en memoria y la segunda estadística. Además, se ha implementado un módulo de pre-procesamiento de las frases en español que, mediante su incorporación al módulo de traducción estadística, permite mejorar significativamente la tasa de traducción. En esta tesis también se ha mejorado la versión de la interfaz de traducción de LSE a habla. Por un lado, se han incorporado nuevas características que mejoran su usabilidad y, por otro, se ha integrado un traductor de lenguaje SMS (Short Message Service – Servicio de Mensajes Cortos) a español, que permite especificar la secuencia a traducir en lenguaje SMS, además de mediante una secuencia de glosas. El sistema de traducción propuesto se ha evaluado con usuarios reales en dos dominios de aplicación: un servicio de información de autobuses de la Empresa Municipal de Transportes de Madrid y la recepción del Hotel Intur Palacio San Martín de Madrid. En la evaluación estuvieron implicadas personas sordas y empleados de los dos servicios. Se extrajeron medidas objetivas (obtenidas por el sistema automáticamente) y subjetivas (mediante cuestionarios a los usuarios). Los resultados fueron muy positivos gracias a la opinión de los usuarios de la evaluación, que validaron el funcionamiento del sistema de traducción y dieron información valiosa para futuras líneas de trabajo. Por otro lado, tras la integración de cada uno de los módulos de los dos sistemas de traducción (habla-LSE y LSE-habla), los resultados de la evaluación y la experiencia adquirida en todo el proceso, una aportación importante de esta tesis doctoral es la propuesta de metodología de desarrollo de sistemas de traducción de habla a lengua de signos en los dos sentidos de la comunicación. En esta metodología se detallan los pasos a seguir para desarrollar el sistema de traducción para un nuevo dominio de aplicación. Además, la metodología describe cómo diseñar cada uno de los módulos del sistema para mejorar su flexibilidad, de manera que resulte más sencillo adaptar el sistema desarrollado a un nuevo dominio de aplicación. Finalmente, en esta tesis se analizan algunas técnicas para seleccionar las frases de un corpus paralelo fuera de dominio para entrenar el modelo de traducción cuando se quieren traducir frases de un nuevo dominio de aplicación; así como técnicas para seleccionar qué frases del nuevo dominio resultan más interesantes que traduzcan los expertos en LSE para entrenar el modelo de traducción. El objetivo es conseguir una buena tasa de traducción con la menor cantidad posible de frases. ABSTRACT The main contribution of this thesis has been the proposal and evaluation of an automatic translation system for improving the communication between hearing and deaf people. This system is made up of two systems: a Spanish into Spanish Sign Language (LSE – Lengua de Signos Española) translator and a Spanish generator from LSE sign sequences. The first one consists of a speech recognizer, a language translation module and an avatar that represents the sign sequence. The second one is made up an interface for specifying the sign sequence, a language translation module and a text-to-speech conversor. For the translation system development, firstly, a parallel corpus has been generated with 7,696 Spanish sentences and their LSE translations. These sentences are related to four different application domains: the renewal of the Identity Document, the renewal of the driver license, a bus information service and a hotel reception. Moreover, a sign database has been generated with more than 1,000 signs described in four different signwriting systems. Secondly, it has been developed an automatic translation module that integrates two translation techniques in a hierarchical structure: the first one is a memory-based technique and the second one is statistical. Furthermore, a pre processing module for the Spanish sentences has been implemented. By incorporating this pre processing module into the statistical translation module, the accuracy of the translation module improves significantly. In this thesis, the LSE into speech translation interface has been improved. On the one hand, new characteristics that improve its usability have been incorporated and, on the other hand, a SMS language into Spanish translator has been integrated, that lets specifying in SMS language the sequence to translate, besides by specifying a sign sequence. The proposed translation system has been evaluated in two application domains: a bus information service of the Empresa Municipal de Transportes of Madrid and the Hotel Intur Palacio San Martín reception. This evaluation has involved both deaf people and services employees. Objective measurements (given automatically by the system) and subjective measurements (given by user questionnaires) were extracted during the evaluation. Results have been very positive, thanks to the user opinions during the evaluation that validated the system performance and gave important information for future work. Finally, after the integration of each module of the two translation systems (speech- LSE and LSE-speech), obtaining the evaluation results and considering the experience throughout the process, a methodology for developing speech into sign language (and vice versa) into a new domain has been proposed in this thesis. This methodology includes the steps to follow for developing the translation system in a new application domain. Moreover, this methodology proposes the way to improve the flexibility of each system module, so that the adaptation of the system to a new application domain can be easier. On the other hand, some techniques are analyzed for selecting the out-of-domain parallel corpus sentences in order to train the translation module in a new domain; as well as techniques for selecting which in-domain sentences are more interesting for translating them (by LSE experts) in order to train the translation model.

Excuse me, but your accent is very unusual. The complexity of establishing third languages in Inglourious Basterds. Applying a model of translation analysis to dubbing

The growing multilingual trend in movie production comes with a challenge for dubbing translators since they are increasingly confronted with more than one source language. The main purpose of this master’s thesis is to provide a case study on how these third languages (see CORRIUS and ZABALBEASCOA 2011) are rendered. Another aim is to put a particular focus on their textual and narrative functions and detect possible shifts that might occur in translations. By applying a theoretical model for translation analysis (CORRIUS and ZABALBEASCOA 2011), this study describes how third languages are rendered in the German, Spanish, and Italian dubbed versions of the 2009 Tarantino movie Inglourious Basterds. A broad range of solution-types are thereby revealed and prevalent restrictions of the translation process identified. The target texts are brought in context with some sociohistorical aspects of dubbing in order to detect prevalent norms of the respective cultures andto discuss the acceptability of translations (TOURY 1995). The translatability potential of even highly complex multilingual audiovisual texts is demonstrated in this study. Moreover, proposals for further studies in multilingual audiovisual translation are outlined and the potential for future investigations in this field thereby emphasised.

A Detailed Look at Scale and Translation Invariance in a Hierarchical Neural Model of Visual Object Recognition

The HMAX model has recently been proposed by Riesenhuber & Poggio as a hierarchical model of position- and size-invariant object recognition in visual cortex. It has also turned out to model successfully a number of other properties of the ventral visual stream (the visual pathway thought to be crucial for object recognition in cortex), and particularly of (view-tuned) neurons in macaque inferotemporal cortex, the brain area at the top of the ventral stream. The original modeling study only used ``paperclip'' stimuli, as in the corresponding physiology experiment, and did not explore systematically how model units' invariance properties depended on model parameters. In this study, we aimed at a deeper understanding of the inner workings of HMAX and its performance for various parameter settings and ``natural'' stimulus classes. We examined HMAX responses for different stimulus sizes and positions systematically and found a dependence of model units' responses on stimulus position for which a quantitative description is offered. Interestingly, we find that scale invariance properties of hierarchical neural models are not independent of stimulus class, as opposed to translation invariance, even though both are affine transformations within the image plane.

Knowledge communication and translation- A knowledge transfer model

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a process model for knowledge transfer in using theories relating knowledge communication and knowledge translation. Design/methodology/approach – Most of what is put forward in this paper is based on a research project titled “Procurement for innovation and knowledge transfer (ProFIK)”. The project is funded by a UK government research council – The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). The discussions are mainly grounded on a thorough review of literature accomplished as part of the research project. Findings – The process model developed in this paper has built upon the theory of knowledge transfer and the theory of communication. Knowledge transfer, per se, is not a mere transfer of knowledge. It involves different stages of knowledge transformation. Depending on the context of knowledge transfer, it can also be influenced by many factors; some positive and some negative. The developed model of knowledge transfer attempts to encapsulate all these issues in order to create a holistic framework. Originality/value of paper – An attempt has been made in the paper to combine some of the significant theories or findings relating to knowledge transfer together, making the paper an original and valuable one.

Translation and cultural adaptation for Brazil of the Developing Nurses' Thinking model

OBJETIVOS:traduzir e adaptar culturalmente para a língua portuguesa do Brasil o modelo Developing Nurses' Thinking, utilizado como estratégia ao ensino do raciocínio clínico.MÉTODO:a tradução e adaptação cultural foi realizada por meio de tradução inicial, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, avaliação por comitê de especialistas e pré-teste com 33 estudantes de graduação em enfermagem.RESULTADOS:as etapas de tradução inicial, síntese das traduções e retrotradução foram realizadas a contento, havendo a necessidade de pequenos ajustes. Na avaliação pelo comitê de especialistas da versão traduzida, todos os itens obtiveram concordância superior a 80% na primeira rodada de avaliação e no pré-teste com os estudantes. O modelo mostrou-se adequado à sua finalidade.CONCLUSÃO:recomenda-se o uso do modelo como uma estratégia complementar ao ensino do raciocínio diagnóstico, visando a formação de enfermeiros mais conscientes sobre a tarefa diagnóstica e a importância da segurança do paciente.