Uso do Rad7 para a caracterização do torônio em águas de estâncias hidrominerais

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Calcoli di verifica e dimensionamento di un tornio verticale di grandi dimensioni

L'elaborato tratta dei calcoli di dimensionamento degli organi meccanici principali di un tornio verticale di grandi dimensioni e delle verifiche agli elementi finiti della sua struttura portante.

Meän tapa puhua : Tornionlaakso pellolaisnuorten subjektiivisena paikkana ja murrealueena

This folk linguistic and human geographic study deals with dialect awareness, dialect use and place attachment. The study discusses theoretical and methodological issues current in sociolinguistics suggesting that the study of attitudes should be regarded as a core area in the study of variation and change. Furthermore, it is suggested that instead of putting effort into improving mental mapping methodology (adopted into folk linguistics from behavioural geography of the 1960 s), the more up-to-date thinking of space in geography should be adopted. The region and the dialect are treated as perceptual constructs in the study. The dialect perceptions of high school seniors in the Finnish Tornio Valley are examined trough a triangulation method involving a questionnaire, interviews and dialect recognition test as the research methods. The h in non-initial syllables (e.g. lähethä(ä)n, saunhaan ~ sauhnaan let s go into sauna ) turns out, expectedly, as the most salient feature in the dialect awareness of the locals and in terms of local identity construction. This feature is no longer heard in most of the present dialects of Finnish but is still thriving in the Tornio Valley in the cross-border dialect area. The metathetic variant (saunhaan > sauhnaan into sauna , käymhään > käyhmään to go ) is a characteristic feature of the Tornio Valley dialect. However, individual differences have long been found in the use of the h. This study challenges the essentialist variationist view of social categories (gender) by analysing variation from a quantitative but emic and human geographic point of view. The study shows that the variation of the h is statistically significantly patterned in terms of the degree of feeling of insideness vs. outsideness. New light is shed on the gender differences found in earlier sociolinguistic studies: differences in dialect use between and inside gender groups are illuminated by the fact that, in this case, it is young women who are generally less attached to the local community than young men, but this does not hold for all the individuals. The ideological motivation for preservation of the h seems to be based on the imagined community of Tornio Valley covering both the Swedish and the Finnish valley area. The general image of the dialect area and it s speakers, the shared cognitive dialect boundaries of the locals and the particularly deep level of awaress of the linguistic variation of the h are notable resources of the Tornio valley identity. Hyperdialectic forms analogical to the most frequently attested metathetic forms are found in the interview data, predicting that in this dialect the h will be maintained also in the future.

Reconstructions of past climates from documentary and natural sources in Finland since the 18th century

In this paper both documentary and natural proxy data have been used to improve the accuracy of palaeoclimatic knowledge in Finland since the 18th century. Early meteorological observations from Turku (1748-1800) were analyzed first as a potential source of climate variability. The reliability of the calculated mean temperatures was evaluated by comparing them with those of contemporary temperature records from Stockholm, St. Petersburg and Uppsala. The resulting monthly, seasonal and yearly mean temperatures from 1748 to 1800 were compared with the present day mean values (1961-1990): the comparison suggests that the winters of the period 1749-1800 were 0.8 ºC colder than today, while the summers were 0.4 ºC warmer. Over the same period, springs were 0.9 ºC and autumns 0.1 ºC colder than today. Despite their uncertainties when compared with modern meteorological data, early temperature measurements offer direct and daily information about the weather for all months of the year, in contrast with other proxies. Secondly, early meteorological observations from Tornio (1737-1749) and Ylitornio (1792-1838) were used to study the temporal behaviour of the climate-tree growth relationship during the past three centuries in northern Finland. Analyses showed that the correlations between ring widths and mid-summer (July) temperatures did not vary significantly as a function of time. Early (June) and late summer (August) mean temperatures were secondary to mid-summer temperatures in controlling the radial growth. According the dataset used, there was no clear signature of temporally reduced sensitivity of Scots pine ring widths to mid-summer temperatures over the periods of early and modern meteorological observations. Thirdly, plant phenological data with tree-rings from south-west Finland since 1750 were examined as a palaeoclimate indicator. The information from the fragmentary, partly overlapping, partly nonsystematically biased plant phenological records of 14 different phenomena were combined into one continuous time series of phenological indices. The indices were found to be reliable indicators of the February to June temperature variations. In contrast, there was no correlation between the phenological indices and the precipitation data. Moreover, the correlations between the studied tree-rings and spring temperatures varied as a function of time and hence, their use in palaeoclimate reconstruction is questionable. The use of present tree-ring datasets for palaeoclimate purposes may become possible after the application of more sophisticated calibration methods. Climate variability since the 18th century is perhaps best seen in the fourth paper study of the multiproxy spring temperature reconstruction of south-west Finland. With the help of transfer functions, an attempt has been made to utilize both documentary and natural proxies. The reconstruction was verified with statistics showing a high degree of validity between the reconstructed and observed temperatures. According to the proxies and modern meteorological observations from Turku, springs have become warmer and have featured a warming trend since around the 1850s. Over the period of 1750 to around 1850, springs featured larger multidecadal low-frequency variability, as well as a smaller range of annual temperature variations. The coldest springtimes occurred around the 1840s and 1850s and the first decade of the 19th century. Particularly warm periods occurred in the 1760s, 1790s, 1820s, 1930s, 1970s and from 1987 onwards, although in this period cold springs occurred, such as the springs of 1994 and 1996. On the basis of the available material, long-term temperature changes have been related to changes in the atmospheric circulation, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation (February-June).

Studies on CYP2C8-mediated drug interactions

Useiden lääkkeiden yhtäaikainen käyttö on nykyään hyvin yleistä, mikä lisää lääkeaineiden haitallisten yhteisvaikutusten riskiä. Lääkeaineiden poistumisessa elimistöstä ovat tärkeässä osassa niitä hajottavat (metaboloivat) maksan sytokromi P450 (CYP) entsyymit. Vasta aivan viime vuosina on havaittu, että CYP2C8-entsyymillä voi olla tärkeä merkitys mm. lääkeaineyhteisvaikutuksissa. Eräät lääkeaineet voivat estää (inhiboida) CYP2C8-entsyymin kautta tapahtuvaa metaboliaa. Tässä työssä selvitettiin CYP2C8-entsyymiä estävien lääkkeiden vaikutusta sellaisten lääkeaineiden pitoisuuksiin, joiden aikaisemman tiedon perusteella arveltiin metaboloituvan CYP2C8-välitteisesti. Näiden lääkeaineiden metaboliaa tutkittiin myös koeputkiolosuhteissa (in vitro -menetelmillä). Lisäksi CYP2C8-entsyymiä estävän lipidilääke gemfibrotsiilin yhteisvaikutusmekanismia tutkittiin selvittämällä interaktion säilymistä koehenkilöillä gemfibrotsiilin annostelun lopettamisen jälkeen. Yhteisvaikutuksia tutkittiin terveillä vapaaehtoisilla koehenkilöillä käyttäen vaihtovuoroista koeasetelmaa. Koehenkilöille annettiin CYP2C8-entsyymiä estävää lääkitystä muutaman päivän ajan ja tämän jälkeen kerta-annos tutkimuslääkettä. Koehenkilöiltä otettiin useita verinäytteitä, joista määritettiin lääkepitoisuudet nestekromatografisilla tai massaspektrometrisillä menetelmillä. Gemfibrotsiili nosti ripulilääke loperamidin pitoisuudet keskimäärin kaksinkertaiseksi. Gemfibrotsiili lisäsi, mutta vain hieman, kipulääke ibuprofeenin pitoisuuksia, eikä sillä ollut mitään vaikutusta unilääke tsopiklonin pitoisuuksiin toisin kuin aiemman kirjallisuuden perusteella oli odotettavissa. Toinen CYP2C8-estäjä, mikrobilääke trimetopriimi, nosti diabeteslääke pioglitatsonin pitoisuuksia keskimäärin noin 40 %. Gemfibrotsiili nosti diabeteslääke repaglinidin pitoisuudet 7-kertaiseksi ja tämä yhteisvaikutus säilyi lähes yhtä voimakkaana vielä 12 tunnin päähän viimeisestä gemfibrotsiiliannoksesta. Tehdyt havainnot ovat käytännön lääkehoidon kannalta merkittäviä ja ne selvittävät CYP2C8-entsyymin merkitystä useiden lääkkeiden metaboliassa. Gemfibrotsiilin tai muiden CYP2C8-entsyymiä estävien lääkkeiden yhteiskäyttö loperamidin kanssa voi lisätä loperamidin tehoa tai haittavaikutuksia. Toisaalta CYP2C8-entsyymin osuus tsopiklonin ja ibuprofeenin metaboliassa näyttää olevan pieni. Trimetopriimi nosti kohtalaisesti pioglitatsonin pitoisuuksia, ja kyseisten lääkkeiden yhteiskäyttö voi lisätä pioglitatsonin annosriippuvaisia haittavaikutuksia. Gemfibrotsiili-repaglinidi-yhteisvaikutuksen päämekanismi in vivo näyttää olevan CYP2C8-entsyymin palautumaton esto. Tämän vuoksi gemfibrotsiilin estovaikutus ja yhteisvaikutusriski säilyvät pitkään gemfibrotsiilin annostelun lopettamisen jälkeen, mikä tulee ottaa huomioon käytettäessä sitä CYP2C8-välitteisesti metaboloituvien lääkkeiden kanssa.

Macroseismology as a Component of Seismicity Assessments in an Intraplate Region: Studies of Northern Europe with Emphasis on Finland

This work focuses on the role of macroseismology in the assessment of seismicity and probabilistic seismic hazard in Northern Europe. The main type of data under consideration is a set of macroseismic observations available for a given earthquake. The macroseismic questionnaires used to collect earthquake observations from local residents since the late 1800s constitute a special part of the seismological heritage in the region. Information of the earthquakes felt on the coasts of the Gulf of Bothnia between 31 March and 2 April 1883 and on 28 July 1888 was retrieved from the contemporary Finnish and Swedish newspapers, while the earthquake of 4 November 1898 GMT is an example of an early systematic macroseismic survey in the region. A data set of more than 1200 macroseismic questionnaires is available for the earthquake in Central Finland on 16 November 1931. Basic macroseismic investigations including preparation of new intensity data point (IDP) maps were conducted for these earthquakes. Previously disregarded usable observations were found in the press. The improved collection of IDPs of the 1888 earthquake shows that this event was a rare occurrence in the area. In contrast to earlier notions it was felt on both sides of the Gulf of Bothnia. The data on the earthquake of 4 November 1898 GMT were augmented with historical background information discovered in various archives and libraries. This earthquake was of some concern to the authorities, because extra fire inspections were conducted in three towns at least, i.e. Tornio, Haparanda and Piteå, located in the centre of the area of perceptibility. This event posed the indirect hazard of fire, although its magnitude around 4.6 was minor on the global scale. The distribution of slightly damaging intensities was larger than previously outlined. This may have resulted from the amplification of the ground shaking in the soft soil of the coast and river valleys where most of the population was found. The large data set of the 1931 earthquake provided an opportunity to apply statistical methods and assess methodologies that can be used when dealing with macroseismic intensity. It was evaluated using correspondence analysis. Different approaches such as gridding were tested to estimate the macroseismic field from the intensity values distributed irregularly in space. In general, the characteristics of intensity warrant careful consideration. A more pervasive perception of intensity as an ordinal quantity affected by uncertainties is advocated. A parametric earthquake catalogue comprising entries from both the macroseismic and instrumental era was used for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. The parametric-historic methodology was applied to estimate seismic hazard at a given site in Finland and to prepare a seismic hazard map for Northern Europe. The interpretation of these results is an important issue, because the recurrence times of damaging earthquakes may well exceed thousands of years in an intraplate setting such as Northern Europe. This application may therefore be seen as an example of short-term hazard assessment.

Seismic Tomography and Earthquake Mechanism Beneath the Central Fennoscandian Shield

The aim of this thesis was to study the seismic tomography structure of the earth s crust together with earthquake distribution and mechanism beneath the central Fennoscandian Shield, mainly in southern and central Finland. The earthquake foci and some fault plane solutions are correlated with 3-D images of the velocity tomography. The results are discussed in relation to the stress field of the Shield and with other geophysical, e.g. geomagnetic, gravimetric, tectonic, and anisotropy studies of the Shield. The earthquake data of the Fennoscandian Shield has been extracted from the Nordic earthquake parameter data base which was founded at the time of inception of the earthquake catalogue for northern Europe. Eight earlier earthquake source mechanisms are included in a pilot study on creating a novel technique for calculating an earthquake fault plane solution. Altogether, eleven source mechanisms of shallow, weak earthquakes are related in the 3-D tomography model to trace stresses of the crust in southern and central Finland. The earthquakes in the eastern part of the Fennoscandian Shield represent low-active, intraplate seismicity. Earthquake mechanisms with NW-SE oriented horizontal compression confirm that the dominant stress field originates from the ridge-push force in the North Atlantic Ocean. Earthquakes accumulate in coastal areas, in intersections of tectonic lineaments, in main fault zones or are bordered by fault lines. The majority of Fennoscandian earthquakes concentrate on the south-western Shield in southern Norway and Sweden. Onwards, epicentres spread via the ridge of the Shield along the west-coast of the Gulf of Bothnia northwards along the Tornio River - Finnmark fault system to the Barents Sea, and branch out north-eastwards via the Kuusamo region to the White Sea Kola Peninsula faults. The local seismic tomographic method was applied to find the terrane distribution within the central parts of the Shield the Svecofennian Orogen. From 300 local explosions a total of 19765 crustal Pg- and Sg-wave arrival times were inverted to create independent 3-D Vp and Vs tomographic models, from which the Vp/Vs ratio was calculated. The 3-D structure of the crust is presented as a P-wave and for the first time as an S-wave velocity model, and also as a Vp/Vs-ratio model of the SVEKALAPKO area that covers 700x800 km2 in southern and central Finland. Also, some P-wave Moho-reflection data was interpolated to image the relief of the crust-mantle boundary (i.e. Moho). In the tomography model, the seismic velocities vary smoothly. The lateral variations are larger for Vp (dVp =0.7 km/s) than for Vs (dVs =0.4 km/s). The Vp/Vs ratio varies spatially more distinctly than P- and S-wave velocities, usually from 1.70 to 1.74 in the upper crust and from 1.72 to 1.78 in the lower crust. Schist belts and their continuations at depth are associated with lower velocities and lower Vp/Vs ratios than in the granitoid areas. The tomography modelling suggests that the Svecofennian Orogen was accreted from crustal blocks ranging in size from 100x100 km2 to 200x200 km2 in cross-sectional area. The intervening sedimentary belts have ca. 0.2 km/s lower P- and S-wave velocities and ca. 0.04 lower Vp/Vs ratios. Thus, the tomographic model supports the concept that the thick Svecofennian crust was accreted from several crustal terranes, some hidden, and that the crust was later modified by intra- and underplating. In conclusion, as a novel approach the earthquake focal mechanism and focal depth distribution is discussed in relation to the 3-D tomography model. The schist belts and the transformation zones between the high- and low-velocity anomaly blocks are characterized by deeper earthquakes than the granitoid areas where shallow events dominate. Although only a few focal mechanisms were solved for southern Finland, there is a trend towards strike-slip and oblique strike-slip movements inside schist areas. The normal dip-slip type earthquakes are typical in the seismically active Kuusamo district in the NE edge of the SVEKALAPKO area, where the Archean crust is ca. 15-20 km thinner than the Proterozoic Svecofennian crust. Two near vertical dip-slip mechanism earthquakes occurred in the NE-SW junction between the Central Finland Granitoid Complex and the Vyborg rapakivi batholith, where high Vp/Vs-ratio deep-set intrusion splits the southern Finland schist belt into two parts in the tomography model.

Metallien jalostuksen ja metallituoteteollisuuden investointien aluetaloudelliset vaikutukset

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää vuoden 2008 lopulla alkaneen laman näkymistä Suomen metalliteollisuudessa. Tehtävänä oli arvioida missä määrin toimialan tuotanto ja investoinnit ovat muuttuneen laman myötä. Lisäksi tuli tarkastella näiden muutosten aluetaloudellisia vaikutuksia. Tutkimus kohdennettiin yhdeksään seutukuntaan: Helsinki, Jyväskylä, Kemi-Tornio, Pori, Raahe, Rauma, Tampere, Turku ja Vaasa. Näillä alueilla toimii merkittäviä alan yrityksiä ja metalliteollisuudella on huomattava vaikutus. Lähtötiedot kerättiin eLomake-kyselyllä, haastatteluin ja hyödyntämällä ETLA:n maakunnallista tuotantoennustetta. Laskelmat tehtiin seutukuntatasoisina vuosille 2009–2013 käyttäen Ruralia-instituutissa kehitettyä yleisen tasapainon RegFinDyn-aluemallia. Tutkimuksen on rahoittanut Työ- ja elinkeinoministeriö. Kyselyyn vastanneiden ja ETLA:n ennusteen mukainen seutukuntien metalliteollisuuden lamanäkemys ovat lähellä toisiaan ja tuottavat saman johtopäätöksen. Alan tuotannon menetyksillä on huomattava negatiivinen vaikutus seutukuntien talouskasvuun ja työllisyyteen. Alueellisen BKT:n muutos on lamavuosina välillä -1,5% (Helsinki) ja -18,0% (Raahe) normaalikehitykseen verrattuna kun kerroinvaikutuksetkin huomioidaan. Vaikutukset ovat suhteellisesti suurimmat seutukunnissa, jotka ovat pieniä ja joissa toimiala on erittäin merkittävä. Tällaisia seutukuntia ovat Kemi-Tornio ja Raahe. Negatiivinen vaikutus kokonaistuotantoon on merkittävä myös Jyväskylän, Rauman, Tampereen ja Turun seutukunnissa. Kokonaistuotannon lasku on pienin Helsingin ja Porin seutukunnissa. Vaasan seutukunnan metalliteollisuuden kehitystä voi taloustilanteeseen nähden pitää hyvänä. Metalliteollisuuden lähiajan vaikutus alueen talouskasvuun ja työllisyyteen on neutraali. Tuotannon menetykset veisivät yhdeksän seutukunnan metalliteollisuudesta yhteensä 3500 henkilötyövuotta kun muun talouden kompensoiva vaikutuskin huomioidaan. Eniten henkilötyövuosia, yli 700 menettäisi Raahen seutukunta. Myös Helsingin, Tampereen ja Turun seutukuntien työpaikkojen menetykset olisivat tuntuvat, 400–600. Tulokset heijastelevat seutukunnan vahvimpien metalliteollisuuden alatoimialojen tilannetta. Raahen ja Kemi-Tornion vahvin metalliteollisuuden toimiala on perusmetallien valmistus, jonka vientiä lama on tiputtanut erityisen rajusti. Vaasan seutukunnan muista parempaa tilannetta selittää ainakin osaksi seudun voimakas energiaklusteri. Kyselyn ja ETLA:n ennusteiden mukaiset tuotannon muutokset eivät tutkimuksen mukaan pitäisi johtaa niin suureen toimialan investointien laskuun kuin mitä kyselyn vastaukset ennakoivat. Kemi-Tornion ja Tampereen seutukunnissa investointien ennakoitiin laskevan 70%:lla lamavuosien aikana. Syynä äkkijarrutukseen lienee maailmantalouden suuri epävarmuus, rahoituksen saamisen kiristyminen sekä yritysten pyrkimys investointeja leikkaamalla vähentää riskejään ja parantaa taseitaan. Tulosten mukaan tehokas yritys olisi leikannut investointejaan paljon vähemmän, 5–10%:lla. Tulosten mukaan hintojen lasku eli deflaatio on seutukuntatasolla selvästi suurempaa kuin koko kansantalouden tasolla on laman aikana tähän mennessä koettu. Metalliteollisuudesta riippuvaisissa seutukunnissa kuluttajahinnat laskivat välillä 1,1% (Helsinki) ja 5,8% (Raahe). Deflaatio on tulosten mukaan kuitenkin vain tilapäinen ilmiö, mutta auttaa laman aikana ylläpitämään yksityistä kulutusta. Teknologiateollisuus ry:n äskettäin esitetty lamanäkemys on synkkä, metalliteollisuus toipuisi vain hitaasti lamasta. Kyselyyn vastanneet suurten yritysten edustajat olivat sitä vastoin suhteellisen toiveikkaita. Heidän arvionsa oli, että lama voisi taittua jo vuoden 2010 keväästä lähtien.

Le Grand Tour Du reste de l’Europe jusqu’à la Laponie – et retour

Rencontre entre le Sud et le Nord Depuis des siècles, les pays méditerranéens ont entretenu des relations actives avec le Nord de l’Europe. Les regions du Nord ont été conquises et converties, manipulées et colonisées, mais aussi intégrées dans les réseaux commerciaux, scientifi ques, culturels et touristiques. Les voyageurs du Sud de l’Europe ont peu à peu découvert les regions plurielles du Nord de la Finlande, de la Suède, de la Norvège et de la presqu’île de Kola. L’attraction focntionnait aussi dans l’autre sens. Pour les gens du Nord, scientifi ques ou artistes, le Sud de l’Europe constituait une destination aussi exotique aue la Laponie pour ceux du Sud. Dans ce recueil, nous proposons dix points de vue sur ces échanges et réseaux entre la Sud et le Nord. Le premier chapitre présente Tornio, connue très tôt comme la porte de la Laponie, les premières relations scientifi ques entre le Nord et le Sud, ainsi que les exhibitions de Samis dans les métropoles européennes. Le deuxième chapitre propose une analyse des experiences et des impressions de voyageurs italiens, espagnols et français. Le dernier chapitre est consacré aux voyages d’artistes et écrivains fi nlandais en France, principalement à Paris. Ces rencontres entre le Sud et le Nord qui participèrent à la remise en cause, la relativisation et la construction des identities nationals et ethniques, permirent aussi de créer une conscience européenne commune.

Studio e ottimizzazione di un riduttore aeronautico avanzato per motori diesel common rail

Così concepito il riduttore rispetta i requisiti richiesti in termini di peso, affidabilità, realizzabilità e costi contenuti. Per quanto riguarda la realizzabilità e i costi, si sono progettati due componenti che possono essere ottenuti da barre commerciali in un'unica lavorazione al tornio, se munito di creatore per le ruote dentate: questo ci consente di contenere i costi di produzione, costi che erano stati già abbattuti in partenza utilizzando i carter Simonini, evitando di dover progettare e costruire dei carter ad hoc.

Campagna sperimentale per lo studio di vibrazioni su un caricatore automatico di barre

Il lavoro è stato svolto presso IEMCA, azienda attiva nel settore della produzione di caricatori automatici di barre, e si è composto a grandi linee di tre fasi. Nella prima di queste tre fasi è stata analizzata la strumentazione adatta ad eseguire i rilievi di vibrazioni disponibile in azienda con il fine di comprenderne le potenzialità. Questa prima parte del lavoro si è conclusa con il consolidamento di una buona conoscenza del software e dell'hardware a disposizione. Nella seconda fase ci si è concentrati invece sull'elaborazione di un metodo di analisi delle vibrazioni applicabile alle macchine prodotte da IEMCA. A questo scopo si è studiata la macchina denominata Master80Up con il fine di ricavare una procedura di indagine estendibile in futuro anche agli altri sistemi automatici prodotti da IEMCA. La scelta di questo particolare modello è discesa dall'essere in corso di aggiornamento nel momento particolare in cui si è svolto il lavoro. La seconda fase ha visto inizialmente l'elaborazione di un modello fisico della macchina, utilizzato poi nel seguito come supporto all'esecuzione dell'analisi della vibrazione libera della struttura che ha permesso di ottenere una stima qualitativa delle frequenze naturali e dei modi di vibrare del sistema. Nella terza fase infine si è ripetuta la procedura elaborata sulla versione aggiornata della macchina, denominata Master80HD, per verificare gli effetti di irrobustimenti strutturali studiati dall'ufficio tecnico i quali si sono rivelati utili in generale alla riduzione della vibrazione della macchina.