Trap efficiency evaluation for small mammals in the southern Amazon

The effectiveness of ecological researches on small mammals strongly depends on trapping techniques to survey communities and populations accurately. The main goal of this study was to assess the efficiency of three types of traps (Sherman, Tomahawk and Pitfall) to capture non-volant small mammals. We installed traps in 22 forest fragments in the southern Brazilian Amazonia. We captured 873 individuals belonging to 21 species; most of the individuals (N = 369) and species (N = 19) were trapped using Pitfalls, followed by Shermans (N = 271 individuals; N = 15 species) and Tomahawks (N = 233 individuals; N = 15 species). Pitfalls trapped a richer community subset of small mammals than the two other types of traps, and a more abundant community subset than Tomahawks. Proechimys sp. was the most abundant species trapped (N = 125) and Tomahawk was the most efficient type of trap to capture this species (N = 97 individuals). Neacomys spinosus and Marmosops bishopi were more trapped in Pitfalls (N = 92 and 100 individuals, respectively) than Shermans and Tomahawks. Monodelphis glirina was more trapped in Shermans and Pitfalls than Tomahawks. Species composition trapped using the three types of traps were distinct. Pitfalls captured a more distinct subset of the small mammal community than the two other live traps. We recommend the association of the three types of traps to reach a more comprehensive sampling of the community of small mammals. Thus, as stated by previous studies, we also recommend the complementary use of Shermans, Tomahawks and Pitfalls to account for a thorough sampling of the whole small mammal community in researches conducted in the tropical forests of Amazonia.

Cotton Rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and Black Rats (Rattus rattus) as Possible Reservoirs of Leishmania spp. in Lara State, Venezuela

A total of 519 wild animals belonging to eleven species were collected during a two year study in a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area in Venezuela (La Matica, Lara State). The animals were captured in home-made Tomahawk-like traps baited with maize, bananas or other available local fruits, and parasites were isolated from 27 specimens. Two different species were found naturally infected with flagellates, i.e., cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and black rats (Rattus rattus). Characterization of the parasites using PCR, kDNA restriction pattern and hybridization with species-specific probes revealed the presence of Leishmania (L.) mexicana in three of the black rats and Leishmania (V.) braziliensis in two others. The latter species was also identified in the single positive specimen of S. hispidus. The results suggested both species of animals as possible reservoirs of Leishmania sp.

New scenarios of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in the Orinoco region of Colombia

Rhodnius prolixus, a blood-sucking triatomine with domiciliary anthropophilic habits, is the main vector of Chagas disease. The current paradigm of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in Columbia includes a sylvatic and domiciliary cycle co-existing with domestic and sylvatic populations of reservoirs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the population densities and relative abundance of triatomines and mammals that may be involved in the sylvatic cycle of Chagas disease to clarify the epidemiological scenario in an endemic area in the province of Casanare. Insect vectors on Attalea butyracea palms were captured using both manual searches and bait traps. The capture of mammals was performed using Sherman and Tomahawk traps. We report an infestation index of 88.5% in 148 palms and an index of T. cruzi natural infection of 60.2% in 269 dissected insects and 11.9% in 160 captured mammals. High population densities of triatomines were observed in the sylvatic environment and there was a high relative abundance of reservoirs in the area, suggesting a stable enzootic cycle. We found no evidence of insect domiciliation. Taken together, these observations suggest that eco-epidemiological factors shape the transmission dynamics of T. cruzi, creating diverse scenarios of disease transmission.

Mamíferos de médio e grande porte em um fragmento de mata atlântica, Minas Gerais, Brasil

O grau de ameaça e a importância ecológica dos mamíferos terrestres de médio e grande porte evidenciam a necessidade da busca de informações em inventários e diagnósticos ambientais. Objetivo deste estudo foi inventariar e avaliar a freqüência de ocorrência e riqueza de espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte na Estação de Pesquisa, Treinamento e Educação Ambiental (EPTEA) Mata do Paraíso, em Viçosa - MG. A área de estudo foi aleatoriamente percorrida, em busca de evidências indiretas e diretas de mamíferos. Também foram utilizadas armadilhas Tomahawk e fotográficas para o registro e identificação das espécies. Para registrar a freqüência de ocorrência, estabeleceu-se 20 parcelas de 2 x 2 m ao longo de um transecto, as quais foram vistoriadas 29 vezes entre abril de 2005 e abril de 2006. A partir dos dados de freqüência de ocorrência, estimou-se a riqueza de espécies, pelo procedimento Jackknife 1, utilizando o Programa EstimateS. Foram registradas 23 espécies de mamíferos, das quais três estão ameaçadas de extinção: Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815), Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) e Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775). As espécies silvestres com maior freqüência de registro foram Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766), L. tigrinus e L. pardalis. Foi estimada a riqueza de 15 (intervalo de confiança = 0,95) espécies de mamíferos terrestres silvestres para a EPTEA Mata do Paraíso. O presente trabalho mostra que apesar de pequena, a área de estudo desempenha um importante papel na conservação da mastofauna da região de Viçosa - MG.

Länsimaisten risteilyohjusten kehitys ja käyttö viimeaikaisissa sodissa

Muuttuneen sodankäynnin myötä risteilyohjus asejärjestelmänä on kasvattanut merkitystään sodan välineenä. Se ei asejärjestelmänä ole suinkaan uusi vaan sen historian voidaan katsoa alkaneen toisesta maailmansodasta.

Capt. Mellish and Dr. Gibson

In a special visit to Canada, Captain Michael Mellish of Guernsey - O. B. E. Secretary, A. D. C. to the Lieutenant-Governor, and great nephew of Isaac Brock - donates a photo album containing photographs of a number of Isaac Brock related items to the university in June of 1965. He also brings several of the artifacts themselves to show to the university. The item Capt. Mellish is holding here is a ceremonial wooden tomahawk presented to General Sir Isaac Brock by the native chief Tecumseh. Pictured here from left to right are: Capt. Mellish and Dr. Gibson.

Miniature Portrait of Captain John Brock

A miniature portrait of Captain John Brock, 81st Regiment of Foot. There is an inscription on parchment attached to the reverse which reads "Major Gen. Sir Isaac Brock Lieut. Govenor of Upper Canada Fell at Queenston Heights on 13th Oct 1812" "The Hero of Canada". Above this inscription is a picture of an Indian on a battlement, holding what appears to be a tomahawk. Directly below this picture is a banner with the word "Canada" on it. The entire inscription is surrounded by a braided lock of hair which is enclosed in the case. This inscription contains a number of historical inaccuracies. The portrait also shows the buttons of the 81st Regiment. Sir Isaac Brock belonged to the 49th Regiment of Foot. It has thus been determined that the portrait is not of Isaac Brock but of his brother John.

Personal Seals of Sir Isaac Brock

Two orange coloured seals containing the impression of the personal seal of Sir Isaac Brock. The seal depicts a crest containing a lion in the upper portion and an eagle with its wings spread in the lower portion, which represent strength, clarity of vision and courage. Below the crest is a banner with "Canada" written on it. Above the crest is an Indian on a battlement holding a tomahawk, which represents the alliance Brock had forged with the First Nations. The seals are in a John Sinclair tobacco tin.

'IREDIA, El Secreto de Atram' : un videojuego para educar en valores.

Número monográfico dedicado a las I Jorandas Telspain de Proyectos de I + D en Tecnologías para el Aprendizaje en España.Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Efeitos da defaunação na comunidades de pequenos mamíferos na Mata Atlântica

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Real Property, Dunedin, New Zealand, 1896 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: The Survey Districts of North Harbour & Blueskin, Lower Harbour West, North East Valley, Upper Harbour West, Tomahawk, Sawyers Bay, Andersons Bay, Portobello Bay, Otago Peninsula & Upper Harbour East, drawn by G.P. Wilson, April 1896. It was published by N.Z. Lands and Survey in 1896. Covers the Dunedin region, New Zealand. Scale [ca. 1:63,360]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 59S, meters, WGS 1984) projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as property lot and block numbers, boundaries of survey districts and blocks, boroughs, townships and estates, drainage, selected roads, railroads and stations, selected buildings and industry locations, cemeteries, shoreline features, docks and wharves, and more. Relief shown by spot heights.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

Down the mother lode /

One Sunday in Stinson's Bar -- The Tom Bell stronghold -- The hanging of Charli Price -- Rattlesnake Dick -- Indian vengeance -- Grizzly Bob of Snake Gulch --Curley Coppers the Jack -- The race of the shoestring gamblers -- The dragon an the tomahawk -- The Barstow lynching.