O gênero crônica na sala de aula do ensino médio

In this work we present the results of a research that aims to study the chronicle gender produced in a class of native language. The texts were written by students of a high-school class, under the orientation of the teacher who conducted a didactic sequence in order to explore this gender. In our analysis we observed aspect such as the structure of the general structure of the texts, types of speech and linguistic sequences, some mechanisms of textualization and the characteristics of the gender. In order to attain that, we adopted the theoretical presuppositions of Textual Linguistics and of the Socio-discursive Interactionism, grounding the study of texts and gender in Bronckart (2003; 2006) and Koch (2002; 2004). As a background of the Chronicle Gender we used the studies of Coutinho (1987); Moisés (2003); Sá (2005); Bender; Laurito (1993); Melo (1994); Cândido et al. (1992) among others. The corpus, made up of 15 texts, showed that the narrative is the most used linguistic sequence in the producing of the texts, the discursive world prevailing in the narrative and some instances of the world of exposing. As for the gender characteristics, the daily life was used in order to amuse the reader and make him to reflect upon the daily life. Humor, irony, social criticism and colloquial language were also observed in the texts produced by the students. Although some texts presented the characteristics of the gender, explored in the classroom, some were typically school narratives. That make us believe that a work with textual production under the approach of a text gender is viable, but it is not consolidated yet in many schools as the main object of the central teaching of the Portuguese language. This make us defend a better systematization of the teaching contents having as the main point the reading practice and text production in order to contribute for the growing of the students´ discursive potentialities and, therefore, their effective participation in the language social practices

De la rueda de libros a la escritura enciclopédica

En 1588, el inventor italiano Agostino Ramelli publicó el libro Le diverse et artificiose machine. Entre las muchas máquinas de ingeniería hidráulica y militar, un total de 195 aparatos, destaca un artilugio construido para facilitar la lectura de varios libros a la vez. Esta llamada "rueda de libros" se suele citar en publicaciones recientes como precursora del hipertexto ya que esta máquina para leer permite saltar de un texto a otro de la misma manera que nos movemos entre páginas WEB y módulos textuales. Se trata de una invención que los investigadores describen como reacción al desafío que plantea la enorme cantidad de saber libresco que circula gracias a otra invención que era la imprenta con letras móviles. Aunque muy posiblemente nunca hubiera llegado a construirse, se trata de un artefacto que funciona potencialmente como una máquina de producir textos o, dicho de otra manera, como dispositivo de impulsar un determinado tipo de escritura. Me propongo leer florilegios, obras enciclopédicas y polianteas como Lugares comunes de Juan de Aranda o la escritura enciclopédica en obras como el Guzmán de Alfarache, La pícara Justina o el Libro de todas las cosas como productos virtuales de la rueda de libros.

La intertextualidad en la copla popular de México

La intertextualidad en la lírica tradicional y popular surge como resultado de dos fenómenos: el surgimiento de una canción nueva (canciones contrahechas), en especial como parodia de la primera, y cuando una canción menciona a otra, creando una complicidad entre los intérpretes y el público durante la performance

De la rueda de libros a la escritura enciclopédica

En 1588, el inventor italiano Agostino Ramelli publicó el libro Le diverse et artificiose machine. Entre las muchas máquinas de ingeniería hidráulica y militar, un total de 195 aparatos, destaca un artilugio construido para facilitar la lectura de varios libros a la vez. Esta llamada "rueda de libros" se suele citar en publicaciones recientes como precursora del hipertexto ya que esta máquina para leer permite saltar de un texto a otro de la misma manera que nos movemos entre páginas WEB y módulos textuales. Se trata de una invención que los investigadores describen como reacción al desafío que plantea la enorme cantidad de saber libresco que circula gracias a otra invención que era la imprenta con letras móviles. Aunque muy posiblemente nunca hubiera llegado a construirse, se trata de un artefacto que funciona potencialmente como una máquina de producir textos o, dicho de otra manera, como dispositivo de impulsar un determinado tipo de escritura. Me propongo leer florilegios, obras enciclopédicas y polianteas como Lugares comunes de Juan de Aranda o la escritura enciclopédica en obras como el Guzmán de Alfarache, La pícara Justina o el Libro de todas las cosas como productos virtuales de la rueda de libros.

La intertextualidad en la copla popular de México

La intertextualidad en la lírica tradicional y popular surge como resultado de dos fenómenos: el surgimiento de una canción nueva (canciones contrahechas), en especial como parodia de la primera, y cuando una canción menciona a otra, creando una complicidad entre los intérpretes y el público durante la performance

La intertextualidad en la copla popular de México

La intertextualidad en la lírica tradicional y popular surge como resultado de dos fenómenos: el surgimiento de una canción nueva (canciones contrahechas), en especial como parodia de la primera, y cuando una canción menciona a otra, creando una complicidad entre los intérpretes y el público durante la performance

De la rueda de libros a la escritura enciclopédica

En 1588, el inventor italiano Agostino Ramelli publicó el libro Le diverse et artificiose machine. Entre las muchas máquinas de ingeniería hidráulica y militar, un total de 195 aparatos, destaca un artilugio construido para facilitar la lectura de varios libros a la vez. Esta llamada "rueda de libros" se suele citar en publicaciones recientes como precursora del hipertexto ya que esta máquina para leer permite saltar de un texto a otro de la misma manera que nos movemos entre páginas WEB y módulos textuales. Se trata de una invención que los investigadores describen como reacción al desafío que plantea la enorme cantidad de saber libresco que circula gracias a otra invención que era la imprenta con letras móviles. Aunque muy posiblemente nunca hubiera llegado a construirse, se trata de un artefacto que funciona potencialmente como una máquina de producir textos o, dicho de otra manera, como dispositivo de impulsar un determinado tipo de escritura. Me propongo leer florilegios, obras enciclopédicas y polianteas como Lugares comunes de Juan de Aranda o la escritura enciclopédica en obras como el Guzmán de Alfarache, La pícara Justina o el Libro de todas las cosas como productos virtuales de la rueda de libros.

Risk factors for and mortality of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli nosocomial bloodstream infections

A case-control study, involving patients with positive blood cultures for Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) or Escherichia coli (EC) EC and controls with positive blood cultures for non-ESBL-KP or EC, was performed to assess risk factors for extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) production from nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs). Mortality among patients with BSIs was also assessed. The study included 145 patients (81, 59.5% with K. pneumoniae and 64, 44.1% with E. coli BSI); 51 (35.2%) isolates were ESBL producers and 94 (64.8%) nonproducers. Forty-five (55.6%) K. pneumoniae isolates were ESBL producers, while only six (9.4%) E. coli isolates produced the enzyme. Multivariate analysis showed that recent exposure to piperacillin-tazobactam (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 6.2; 95%CI 1.1-34.7) was a risk factor for ESBL BSI. K. pneumoniae was significantly more likely to be an ESBL-producing isolate than E. coli (aOR 6.7; 95%CI 2.3-20.2). No cephalosporin class was independently associated with ESBLs BSI; however, in a secondary model considering all oxymino-cephalosporins as a single variable, a significant association was demonstrated (aOR 3.7; 95%CI 1.3-10.8). Overall 60-day mortality was significantly higher among ESBL-producing organisms. The finding that piperacillin-tazobactam use is a risk factor for ESBL-production in KP or EC BSIs requires attention, since this drug can be recommended to limit the use of third-generation cephalosporins.

FIRST REPORT OF METALLO-β-LACTAMASES PRODUCING Enterobacter spp. STRAINS FROM VENEZUELA

Clinical strains of Enterobacter were isolated from Cumana's Central Hospital in Venezuela, and classified as E. cloacae (21), E. aerogenes(7), E. intermedium (1), E. sakazakii (1) and three unclassified. The strains showed high levels of resistance, especially to SXT (58.1%), CRO (48.8%), CAZ (46.6%), PIP (46.4%), CIP (45.2%) and ATM (43.3%). This is the first report for South America of blaVIM-2 in two E. cloacae and one Enterobacter sp., which also showed multiple mechanisms of resistance. Both E. cloacaeshowed blaTEM-1, but only one showed blaCTX-M-15 gene, while no blaSHV was detected.

KPC-PRODUCING Serratia marcescens IN A HOME-CARE PATIENT FROM RECIFE, BRAZIL

SUMMARY In this brief communication we describe the occurrence of a KPC-producing Serratia marcescensisolate in a home-care patient from Recife, Brazil. The blaKPC, blaSPM, blaIMP, blaVIMblaOXA, blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM and blaGES genes were investigated by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. The isolate was positive for blaKPC-2 and blaTEM-1 and was resistant to aztreonam, cefepime, cefotaxime, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and cefazidime, and susceptible only to amikacin, tigecycline and gatifloxacin. This is the first report in Brazil of KPC-producing S. marcescens clinical isolate outside of a hospital environment. Caregivers should be alert for the presence of this isolate in the community setting.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg (CTX-M-2 group) in a pediatric hospital in Tucumán, Argentina

INTRODUCTION: Salmonella sp infections have been reported over recent years in hospitals in Argentina and other countries due to multiresistant strains. The aim of this study was to characterize the extended-spectrum β-lactamases in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg. METHODS: We studied 60 strains isolated from children with gastroenteritis and/or extraintestinal complications. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were analyzed and the β-lactamases were characterized using phenotyping and genotyping methods. RESULTS: All the strains were resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefepime and aztreonam and partially susceptible to ceftazidime, thus corresponding well with the resistance phenotype conferred by CTX-M-type β-lactamases. An isoelectric point enzyme (pI = 7.9) was detected in all of the strains, and this was confirmed by PCR as a member of the CTX-M-2 group. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of Salmonella enterica serovar Oranienburg producing β-lactamases of the CTX-M-2 group in a pediatric hospital in Tucumán, Argentina.

Epidemiology of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacter bacteremia in a brazilian hospital

INTRODUCTION: Enterobacter can be included in the group of extended spectrum β-lactamases (EBSL)-producing bacteria, though few studies exist evaluating risk factors associated with this microorganism. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to determine risk factors associated with ESBL-producing-Enterobacter and mortality METHODS: A retrospective cohort study with 58 bacteremia caused by ESBL-producing-Enterobacter (28 cases) and non-ESBL (30 cases) RESULTS: Risk factors associated with ESBL-Enterobacter were trauma, length of hospitalization, admission to the intensive care unit, urinary catheter and elective surgery (p< 0.05). The survival curves were similar for ESBL and non-ESBL CONCLUSIONS: ESBL-producing-Enterobacter bacteremia is prevalent and the survival curve was similar to non-ESBL-producing strains.

Nosocomial infection and characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Northeast Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that degrade β-lactam antibiotics and have been reported to be an important cause of nosocomial infection in worldwide. METHODS: During 2009, 659 enterobacteria strains were isolated from different clinical specimens and tested for ESBL production. The disk approximation test, combined disk method and addition of clavulanic acid were used for phenotypic detection of the ESBL-producing strains and PCR for detection of the blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes. RESULTS: Among the isolates, 125 were ESBL producers. The blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected in 90.4% and 75% of the strains, respectively. Most strains were isolated from urine. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent organism. Microorganisms presented high resistance to the antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the need for extending ESBL detection methods to different pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae family because these methods are only currently standardized by the CLSI for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca and Proteus mirabilis. Carbapenems were the antibiotic class of choice for the treatment of infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae.

Prevalence and clinical outcomes of episodes of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by SPM-1-producing and non-producing imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and exhibits high rates of resistance to several antimicrobial drugs. The carbapenens are usually the drugs of choice against this microorganism. However, the carbapenem resistance has increased among these strains worldwide. The presence of metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) has been pointed out as a major mechanism of resistance among these strains. No previous study addressed outcomes of respiratory infections caused by these strains. METHODS: Our group sought to analyze the epidemiology and clinical outcomes of patients with VAP caused by imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa. A total of 29 clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were screened for metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes. RESULTS: Demographic and clinical variables were similar between the SPM-1-producing and non-SPM-1-producing group. Five (17.2%) isolates were positive for blaSPM-1. No other MBL gene was found. All patients were treated with polymyxin B. The infection-related mortality was 40% and 54.2% for SPM-1-producing and -non-producing isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in epidemiological and clinical outcomes between the two groups.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates in Shiraz, Iran

AbstractINTRODUCTIONThe aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding CTX-M gene in Escherichia coliisolates.METHODS:Phenotypic screening of 376 E. coli isolates for ESBL was conducted using disk diffusion. ESBL-producing isolates were tested using PCR and specific primers. The blaCTX-M cluster was identified using the RFLP method, and its genotype was sequenced.RESULTS:From 202 ESBL-producing E. coli , 185 (91.5%) possessed CTX-M genes. CTX-M-1 subtypes were found in 98% of the isolates. The blaCTX-M gene was identical to CTX-M-15.CONCLUSIONS:A high prevalence of CTX-M-1-producing E. coli apparently exists in Shiraz, Iran.