Sustainability practices and indicators in food retail logistics:findings from an exploratory study

The aim of this paper is to provide an overview and an analysis of recent developments and changes in the implementation of sustainability practices by food retailers. It also aims to explore whether the sustainability measurement criteria and indicators identified in the literature can be applied in practice. A literature review identified the current trends, developments and the proposed sustainability objectives, criteria and indicators. Via case study research, we collected empirical data from four retailers. This involved both qualitative and quantitative data drawn from questionnaires and in-depth interviews with logistics directors from four retailers' distribution centres. The empirical data collected from the interviews indicate similarities in some of the characteristics of distribution centres, as well as differences. However, it was difficult to make cross-company comparisons due to the absence of benchmarks or assessments of the relative importance of each sustainability criterion and indicator. This research focused only on two sustainability objectives. Further research on other sustainability objectives is therefore required. Lessons learnt from the four case studies can be taken into consideration when developing future sustainability performance rating scales. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of sustainability in the food chain, with emphasis on food retailing. Its value lies in presenting an attempt to test in practice how a number of sustainability objectives, criteria and indicators are applied in logistics-related processes, identifying the gaps and reporting the potential difficulties.

Measurement of the Ocean Economy From National Income Accounts to the Sustainable Blue Economy

The widespread efforts to incorporate the economic values of oceans into national income accounts have reached a stage where coordination of national efforts is desirable. A symposium held in 2015 began this process by bringing together representatives from ten countries. The symposium concluded that a definition of core ocean industries was possible but beyond that core the definition of ocean industries is in flux. Better coordination of ocean income accounts will require addressing issues of aggregation, geography, partial ocean industries, confidential, and imputation is also needed. Beyond the standard national income accounts, a need to incorporate environmental resource and ecosystem service values to gain a complete picture of the economic role of the oceans was identified. The U.N. System of Environmental and Economic Accounts and the Experimental Ecosystem Service Accounts provide frameworks for this expansion. This will require the development of physical accounts of environmental assets linked to the economic accounts as well as the adaptation of transaction and welfare based economic valuation methods to environmental resources and ecosystem services. The future development of ocean economic data is most likely to require cooperative efforts at development of metadata standards and the use of multiple platforms of opportunity created by policy analysis, economic development, and conservation projects to both collect new economic data and to sustain ocean economy data collection into the future by building capacity in economic data collection and use..

Early investigation towards defining and measuring sustainability as a quality attribute in software systems

Sustainability in software system is still a new practice that most software developers and companies are trying to incorporate into their software development lifecycle and has been largely discussed in academia. Sustainability is a complex concept viewed from economic, environment and social dimensions with several definitions proposed making sometimes the concept of sustainability very fuzzy and difficult to apply and assess in software systems. This has hindered the adoption of sustainability in the software industry. A little research explores sustainability as a quality property of software products and services to answer questions such as; How to quantify sustainability as a quality construct in the same way as other quality attributes such as security, usability and reliability? How can it be applied to software systems? What are the measures and measurement scale of sustainability? The Goal of this research is to investigate the definitions, perceptions and measurement of sustainability from the quality perspective. Grounded in the general theory of software measurement, the aim is to develop a method that decomposes sustainability in factors, criteria and metrics. The Result is a method to quantify and access sustainability of software systems while incorporating management and users concern. Conclusion: The method will empower the ability of companies to easily adopt sustainability while facilitating its integration to the software development process and tools. It will also help companies to measure sustainability of their software products from economic, environmental, social, individual and technological dimension.

Kestävän kehityksen arvo ja sen mittaaminen yrityksessä

Kestävän kehityksen tärkeys ja huomioon ottaminen on lisääntynyt niin yritysten kuin yhteiskunnan keskuudessa. Yritykset voivat erityisesti omalla toiminnallaan vaikuttaa maailmanlaajuisen kestävän kehityksen saavuttamiseen. Kestävän kehityksen mukainen toiminta luo yrityksille mahdollisuuksia, mutta sisältää samalla myös suuria riskejä. Työssä käsitellään aluksi yritysten kestävän kehityksen mukaista toimintaa ja siihen liittyviä teorioita. Tämän jälkeen tarkastellaan tarkemmin yritysten luomaa arvoa kestävän kehityksen avulla sekä kuinka kestävän kehityksen arvoa mitataan ja raportoidaan. Kestävän kehityksen raportointiin syvennytään kolmen case -yrityksen avulla. Lopuksi tarkastellaan, miten yritykset voivat vielä hyödyntää kestävää kehitystä arvon luomiseksi sekä mitä ongelmia kestävän kehityksen arvon mittaamisen ja raportoinnin nykytilanteessa on havaittavissa. Vihreät innovaatiot ja sidosryhmien huomioiminen ovat tärkeässä roolissa arvon luomisessa kestävän kehityksen avulla. Etenkin case -yritysten innovaatiotoiminnan pääpaino on uusiutuvissa materiaaleissa. Kuitenkin kestävän kehityksen arvon mittaamisessa ja raportoinnissa on puutteellisuutta ja epätasapainoisuutta eri kestävän kehityksen ulottuvuuksien välillä.

Realidad estratégica de la sostenibilidad de los recursos naturales: La explotación del hierro

Es en el campo de los recursos naturales y su aplicación a la industria, el entorno donde se desarrolla esta Tesis. El objetivo de la misma es demostrar cómo la minería del hierro puede resultar una actividad sostenible, logrando continuar de esta manera la estrecha relación de siempre entre las necesidades del hombre y la pervivencia de los recursos naturales. Es en la minería del hierro donde hace mayor énfasis este trabajo, dando lugar a un nuevo Indicador Sostenible que intenta evaluar las explotaciones de mineral de hierro desde una visión sostenible, empleando el consumo energético y las emisiones de CO2 como principales herramientas. Como se observa en el día a día, el tema de la sostenibilidad es de plena actualidad, lográndose en este trabajo implicar, tanto a la eficiencia energética, como al control de emisiones de gases efecto invernadero; ambas herramientas cobran más importancia cada día que pasa. La Tesis se desarrolla en 5 capítulos, aparte de su bibliografía correspondiente. En el primer capítulo se introduce el sentido de la sostenibilidad, desde sus inicios conceptuales, hasta sus actuales clasificaciones y definiciones empleadas; todo ello desde el punto de vista de los recursos naturales, y más habitualmente desde la minería. Resulta llamativo el contraste de opiniones, en lo que se ha dado a llamar la paradoja de la minería sostenible, quedando tras su lectura, la posición de la minería en una situación, si no ventajosa, si de equilibrio en importancia entre las necesidades a cubrir y el agotamiento de recursos. El segundo capítulo nos muestra el entorno donde se va a conducir la Tesis. El marco que engloba este trabajo se extiende desde la extracción del mineral de hierro (minería), su tratamiento y concentración (mineralurgia), su venta a los hornos altos (mercados) hasta su posterior fabricación en acero terminado (siderurgia). En este capítulo se presentan los principales actores que entrarán en el sector de la minería del hierro (productores y fabricantes) incluyendo una serie de datos estadísticos de gran interés para el desarrollo de la Tesis. El tercer capítulo se refiere al proceso completo que precisa la actividad sobre la que se va a evaluar la sostenibilidad. Es donde se definen, paso a paso, y obteniendo todos los datos de consumos energéticos y emisiones de CO2, las diferentes etapas por las que pasa el mineral de hierro, hasta encontrarse laminado en la acería. Es aquí donde se analizan los diversos tipos de yacimientos de hierro dispersos por el mundo y el mineral extraído, de manera que las propiedades aprendidas se puedan emplear más adelante en un indicador, y que así diferencie la sostenibilidad en función de los orígenes motivo de las necesidades energéticas para su transformación. El capítulo 4 consta de dos bloques: el uso de las herramientas de medida de la sostenibilidad, a día de hoy en el mundo industrial, y de una manera pormenorizada, el consumo energético y sus emisiones medioambientales como herramienta de gestión ambiental para la minería del hierro. Esta herramienta resultará básica para el cálculo del indicador buscado para la medida de la sostenibilidad. El capítulo 5 constituye el núcleo de la tesis, y supone el desarrollo del indicador, la metodología de uso y las conclusiones obtenidas. A través de varios ejemplos se logra entender la aplicación del indicador, dando lugar a una clasificación sostenible sencilla y práctica, situando en orden las diferentes explotaciones en función de un nivel de sostenibilidad determinado. Este último capítulo da origen al Indicador Sostenible Energético buscado, mostrándose en todo su esplendor y descubriendo cómo la relación ponderada entre el consumo energético y sus emisiones de CO2 permite, a través de una valoración, mostrar todos los parámetros de relevancia para el mineral de hierro y su posterior transformación en acero. Esa cifra obtenida por el indicador, clasificará la explotación teniendo en cuenta, el tipo de yacimiento, características del mineral (especie mineralógica, tipo de mineral, ley del mineral en hierro, tipo de ganga, características físicas como dureza o tamaño de grano, susceptibilidad magnética, etc.), situación geográfica, infraestructuras, etc. Sin profundizar en la siderurgia, por lo menos sí incluir los principales parámetros (relacionados siempre desde el mineral) que pudieran tener influencia en la disminución de energía requerida (y sus emisiones de CO2 relacionadas): la reducibilidad, el contenido en hierro, y mencionar la influencia del SiO2. Se completa la Tesis con las referencias bibliográficas y documentales, así como con una bibliografía general. ABSTRACT This Thesis is set in a context of natural resources and applied science. The aim of this document is to prove that iron mining is a sustainable activity, so the ancient relationship between men and natural resources will continue. Iron mining is the main subject of this work, so a new sustainable indicator is created in order to evaluate the iron mining from a sustainable point of view. The main tools applied are energy consumption and CO2 emissions. In this research document two relevant issues are involved: energy efficiency and GHGs control; both tools gain significance by the day. This thesis develops along 5 chapters and its bibliography. The first chapter refers to the concept of sustainability, from the beginning to the current definitions and classifications; all this information is focused from the natural resources point of view, especially mining. The contrast of opinion is remarkable, which has been called the “paradox of sustainable mining”; however this chapter concludes that taking into account the less bright side of the mining its activity maintains an important balance between necessities to cover, available resources and environment. The second chapter sets out where this Thesis has been conducted. The frame of this work lies between iron mining, ore processing, the market and the latter steel fabrication (steelmaking). This chapter shows the iron mining key stakeholders, supported with statistical data. The third chapter refers to the whole process definition. From the iron mineral to the rolled steel, all data related with energy consumption and CO2 emissions are considered step by step. Different iron deposits widespread all over the world are analyzed now, as well as the exploited iron mineral in order to apply the lessons learned to create a new sustainability tool. Then, our sustainability studies will consider the influence of this in the energy necessities when iron is transformed. Chapter four is divided in the currently applied sustainability measurement tools, and focusing on energy consumption and CO2 emissions linked to the iron mining process. This tool is essential to calculate the required indicator that reflects the sustainability. Chapter five is the Thesis’ core: it is where the new sustainable indicator is developed, the methodology stated and the final conclusions obtained. Through several examples the indicator application is explained, and a practical and simple sustainable classification will show the ranking of every exploitation. This last chapter develops the sustainable tool and discovers how the weighted relation between energy consumption and CO2 emissions allows understanding all the relevant parameters in the iron mineral transformation. The number calculated will be used to classify the mineral exploitation, taking into account the deposit typology, mineral characteristics (mineralogy, type of mineral, iron percentage, physical properties as hardness or grain size, magnetic susceptibility, etc.), geographic situation, infrastructures, etc. Although steelmaking is not studied in depth, main parameters (from the mineral side) which can operate in the energy decrease (and CO2 emissions in parallel) are referred to: reducibility, iron content and SiO2 influence. The bibliography used is included at the end of this paper.

Assessing the evolution of sustainability reporting in the mining sector

Since the 1990s several large companies have been publishing nonfinancial performance reports. Focusing initially on the physical environment, these reports evolved to consider social relations, as well as data on the firm`s economic performance. A few mining companies pioneered this trend, and in the last years some of them incorporated the three dimensions of sustainable development, publishing so-called sustainability reports. This article reviews 31 reports published between 2001 and 2006 by four major mining companies. A set of 62 assessment items organized in six categories (namely context and commitment, management, environmental, social and economic performance, and accessibility and assurance) were selected to guide the review. The items were derived from international literature and recommended best practices, including the Global Reporting Initiative G3 framework. A content analysis was performed using the report as a sampling unit, and using phrases, graphics, or tables containing certain information as data collection units. A basic rating scale (0 or 1) was used for noting the presence or absence of information and a final percentage score was obtained for each report. Results show that there is a clear evolution in report`s comprehensiveness and depth. Categories ""accessibility and assurance"" and ""economic performance"" featured the lowest scores and do not present a clear evolution trend in the period, whereas categories ""context and commitment"" and ""social performance"" presented the best results and regular improvement; the category ""environmental performance,"" despite it not reaching the biggest scores, also featured constant evolution. Description of data measurement techniques, besides more comprehensive third-party verification are the items most in need of improvement.

A framework to monitor sustainability in the grains industry

Community awareness of the sustainable use of land, water and vegetation resources is increasing. The sustainable use of these resources is pivotal to sustainable farming systems. However, techniques for monitoring the sustainable management of these resources are poorly understood and untested. We propose a framework to benchmark and monitor resources in the grains industry. Eight steps are listed below to achieve these objectives: (i) define industry issues; (ii) identify the issues through growers, stakeholder and community consultation; (iii) identify indicators (measurable attributes, properties or characteristics) of sustainability through consultation with growers, stakeholders, experts and community members, relating to: crop productivity; resource maintenance/enhancement; biodiversity; economic viability; community viability; and institutional structure; (iv) develop and use selection criteria to select indicators that consider: responsiveness to change; ease of capture; community acceptance and involvement; interpretation; measurement error; stability, frequency and cost of measurement; spatial scale issues; and mapping capability in space and through time. The appropriateness of indicators can be evaluated using a decision making system such as a multiobjective decision support system (MO-DSS, a method to assist in decision making from multiple and conflicting objectives); (v) involve stakeholders and the community in the definition of goals and setting benchmarking and monitoring targets for sustainable farming; (vi) take preventive and corrective/remedial action; (vii) evaluate effectiveness of actions taken; and (viii) revise indicators as part of a continual improvement principle designed to achieve best management practice for sustainable farming systems. The major recommendations are to: (i) implement the framework for resources (land, water and vegetation, economic, community and institution) benchmarking and monitoring, and integrate this process with current activities so that awareness, implementation and evolution of sustainable resource management practices become normal practice in the grains industry; (ii) empower the grains industry to take the lead by using relevant sustainability indicators to benchmark and monitor resources; (iii) adopt a collaborative approach by involving various industry, community, catchment management and government agency groups to minimise implementation time. Monitoring programs such as Waterwatch, Soilcheck, Grasscheck and Topcrop should be utilised; (iv) encourage the adoption of a decision making system by growers and industry representatives as a participatory decision and evaluation process. Widespread use of sustainability indicators would assist in validating and refining these indicators and evaluating sustainable farming systems. The indicators could also assist in evaluating best management practices for the grains industry.

Beyond GDP: Methodological and measurement issues in redefining “wealth”

In the last decades; a growing stock of literature has been devoted to the criticism of GDP as an indicator of societal wealth. A relevant question is: what are the perspectives to build, on the existing knowledge and consensus, alternative measures of prosperity? A starting point may be to connect well-being research agenda with the sustainability one. However, there is no doubt that there is a lot of complexity and fuzziness inherent in multidimensional concepts such as sustainability and well-being. This article analyses the theoretical foundations and the empirical validity of some multidimensional technical tools that can be used for well-being evaluation and assessment. Of course one should not forget that policy conclusions derived through any mathematical model depend also on the conceptual framework used, i.e. which representation of reality (and thus which societal values and interests) has been considered.

Analyzing and Computing the Sustainability Gains of Building Automation

Smart home implementation in residential buildings promises to optimize energy usage and save significant amount of energy simply due to a better understanding of user's energy usage profile. Apart from the energy optimisation prospects of this technology, it also aims to guarantee occupants significant amount of comfort and remote control over home appliances both at home locations and at remote places. However, smart home investment just like any other kind of investment requires an adequate measurement and justification of the economic gains it could proffer before its realization. These economic gains could differ for different occupants due to their inherent behaviours and tendencies. Thus it is pertinent to investigate the various behaviours and tendencies of occupants in different domain of interests and to measure the value of the energy savings accrued by smart home implementations in these domains of interest in order to justify such economic gains. This thesis investigates two domains of interests (the rented apartment and owned apartment) for primarily two behavioural tendencies (Finland and Germany) obtained from observation and corroborated by conducted interviews to measure the payback time and Return on Investment (ROI) of their smart home implementations. Also, similar measures are obtained for identified Australian use case. The research finding reveals that building automation for the Finnish behavioural tendencies seems to proffers a better ROI and payback time for smart home implementations.

Sustainable development: conceptualizations and measurement

The paper builds up from a review of some expected, but other quite surprising results regarding country estimates for the year 2000 of genuine saving, a sustainability indicator developed by a World Bank research team. We examine this indicator, founded on neoclassical welfare theory, and discuss one of its major problems. Theoretical developments from ecological economics are then considered, together with insights from Georgescu-Roegen's approach to the production process, in search for an alternative approach. A model with potentially fruitful contributions in this direction is reviewed; it points the course efforts could take enable sustainability evaluations based on a more realistic set of interrelated monetary and biophysical indicators.

Putting the S-word back into Sustainability: Can we be more social?

In an era dominated by climate change debate and environmentalism there is a real danger that the important ‘social’ pillar of sustainability drops out of our vocabulary. This can happen at a variety of scales from business level through to building and neighbourhood level regeneration and development. Social sustainability should be at the heart of all housing and mixed-use development but for a variety of reasons tends to be frequently underplayed. The recent English city riots have brought this point back sharply into focus. The relationships between people, places and the local economy all matter and this is as true today as it was in the late 19th century when Patrick Geddes, the great pioneering town planner and ecologist, wrote of ‘place-work-folk’. This paper, commissioned from Tim Dixon, explains what is meant by social sustainability (and how it is linked to concepts such as social capital and social cohesion); why the debate matters during a period when ‘localism’ is dominating political debate; and what is inhibiting its growth and its measurement. The paper reviews best practice in post-occupancy social sustainability metric systems, based on recent research undertaken by the author on Dockside Green in Vancouver, and identifi es some of the key operational issues in mainstreaming the concept within major mixed-use projects. The paper concludes by offering a framework for the key challenges faced in setting strategic corporate goals and objectives; prioritising and selecting the most appropriate investments; and measuring social sustainability performance by identifying the required data sources

Performance measurement and indicators for water supply management: review and international cases

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Biofuels Sustainability Certification Schemes: Challenges, Feasibility and Possible Approaches

The focus of this research is to develop and apply an analytical framework for evaluating the effectiveness and practicability of sustainability certification schemes for biofuels, especially in a developing country’s perspective. The main question that drives the research analysis is “Which are the main elements of and how to develop sustainability certification schemes that would be effective and practicable in certifying the contribution of biofuels in meeting the goals Governments and other stakeholders have set up?”. Biofuels have been identified as a promising tool to reach a variety of goals: climate change protection, energy security, agriculture development, and, especially in developing countries, economic development. Once the goals have been identified, and ambitious mandatory targets for biofuels use agreed at national level, concerns have been raised by the scientific community on the negative externalities that biofuels production and use can have at environment, social and economic level. Therefore certification schemes have been recognized as necessary processes to measure these externalities, and examples of such schemes are in effect, or are in a negotiating phase, both at mandatory and voluntary levels. The research focus has emerged by the concern that the ongoing examples are very demanding in terms of compliance, both for those that are subject to certification and those that have to certify, on the quantity and quality of information to be reported. A certification system, for reasons linked to costs, lack of expertise, inadequate infrastructure, absence of an administrative and legislative support, can represent an intensive burden and can act as a serious impediment for the industrial and agriculture development of developing countries, going against the principle of equity and level playing field. While this research recognizes the importance of comprehensiveness and ambition in designing an important tool for the measurement of sustainability effects of biofuels production and use, it stresses the need to focus on the effectiveness and practicability of this tool in measuring the compliance with the goal. This research that falls under the rationale of the Sustainability Science Program housed at Harvard Kennedy School, has as main objective to close the gap between the research and policy makers worlds in the field of sustainability certification schemes for biofuels.

Sustainability indicators for environmental management and decision making

The general objective of this research is to explore theories and methodologies of sustainability indicators, environmental management and decision making disciplines with the operational purpose of producing scientific, robust and relevant information for supporting system understanding and decision making in real case studies. Several tools have been applied in order to increase the understanding of socio-ecological systems as well as providing relevant information on the choice between alternatives. These tools have always been applied having in mind the complexity of the issues and the uncertainty tied to the partial knowledge of the systems under study. Two case studies with specific application to performances measurement (environmental performances in the case of the K8 approach and sustainable development performances in the case of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy) and a case study about the selection of sustainable development indicators amongst Municipalities in Scotland, are discussed in the first part of the work. In the second part of the work, the common denominator among subjects consists in the application of spatial indices and indicators to address operational problems in land use management within the territory of the Ravenna province (Italy). The main conclusion of the thesis is that a ‘perfect’ methodological approach which always produces the best results in assessing sustainability performances does not exist. Rather, there is a pool of correct approaches answering different evaluation questions, to be used when methodologies fit the purpose of the analysis. For this reason, methodological limits and conceptual assumptions as well as consistency and transparency of the assessment, become the key factors for assessing the quality of the analysis.