Analytical solutions of linear finite- and small-strain one-dimensional consolidation

Analytical solutions are presented for linear finite-strain one-dimensional consolidation of initially unconsolidated soil layers with surcharge loading for both one- and two-way drainage. These solutions complement earlier solutions for initially unconsolidated soil layers without surcharge and initially normally consolidated soil layers with surcharge. Small-strain solutions for the consolidation of initially unconsolidated soil layers with surcharge loading are also presented, and the relationship between the earlier solutions for initially unconsolidated soil without surcharge and the corresponding small-strain solutions, which was not addressed in the earlier work, is clarified. The new solutions for initially unconsolidated soil with surcharge loading can be applied to the analysis of low stress consolidation tests and to the partial validation of numerical solutions of non-linear finite-strain consolidation. They also clarify a formerly perplexing aspect of finite-strain solution charts first noted in numerical solutions. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Analyse cinématique de la marche de travailleurs exposés à une surcharge mécanique sur l’articulation fémoro-tibiale (AF-T)

De nombreuses études concluent que la charge mécanique supportée par le genou, qu’elle soit reliée à l’obésité, aux sports intenses, à une altération biomécanique des structures de l’articulation ou à une exposition à des charges lourdes durant les activités occupationnelles, est considérée comme un facteur de risque important au développement de la gonarthrose. La gonarthrose reliée au travail a été le sujet de nombreuses études et plusieurs d’entre elles ont rapporté une prévalence accrue de la gonarthrose chez les travailleurs de certains domaines en particulier, comme la construction, la pose de plancher, la peinture, l’exploitation minière, l’agriculture et le travail en atelier et en milieu de la santé. Les personnes qui travaillent dans ces métiers sont exposées à des positions ou des activités nuisibles, comme travailler à genoux ou accroupi, monter des escaliers ou des échelles, transporter des changes lourdes et marcher de façon prolongée. Ces gestes surchargent l’articulation du genou, ce qui cause des modifications aux structures de l’articulation du genou ou aux adaptations neuromusculaires de patron de mouvement du genou. Ces modifications structurelles et adaptations neuromusculaires peuvent apporter des changements cinématiques à la marche qui peuvent initier la gonarthrose ou contribuer à sa progression. L’objectif principal de la présente étude était d’analyser l’effet d’une surcharge mécanique sur l’articulation fémoro-tibiale (AF-T) subie au travail lors d’une tâche de marche et comparer le patron cinématique de l’articulation fémoro-tibiale des travailleurs exposés à une surcharge mécanique à celui des travailleurs non exposés. Vingt-quatre travailleurs exposés à une surcharge mécanique et neuf travailleurs non exposés ont participé à l’étude. Les données cinématiques de la marche ont été enregistrées au niveau du genou dans des conditions cliniques en utilisant un système de suivi du mouvement électromagnétique. Les paramètres suivant ont été extraits et utilisés pour la comparaison des groupes : l’angle maximum lors du contact initial, l’angle ii maximum de flexion durant la réponse à la charge, l’angle minimum au moment de l’appui unipodal et l’étendue max-min du cycle. La comparaison des groupes pour les variables cliniques et cinématiques a été effectué par l’utilisation de tests-t bilatéraux (« Student-t tests ») et de tests ANCOVA utilisant le poids et la vitesse comme covariables. Les travailleurs exposés à une surcharge mécanique présentaient un plus grand angle de flexion de l’articulation fémoro-tibiale au contact initial, durant la réponse au chargement et à la phase unipodale et ils ont démontré une étendue d’angle moindre que les travailleurs non exposés. Nous croyons que les données cinématiques de la marche peuvent donner des idées sur les facteurs biomécaniques qui pourraient prédisposer les travailleurs au développement ou à la progression de la gonarthrose. Une meilleure compréhension de ces facteurs pourrait être un premier pas vers le développement d’une intervention plus efficace pour cette population.

Response and damage evaluation of reinforced concrete frames subjected to blast loading

Bomb attacks carried out by terrorists, targeting high occupancy buildings, have become increasingly common in recent times. Large numbers of casualties and property damage result from overpressure of the blast followed by failing of structural elements. Understanding the blast response of multi-storey buildings and evaluating their remaining life have therefore become important. Response and damage analysis of single structural components, such as columns or slabs, to explosive loads have been examined in the literature, but the studies on blast response and damage analysis of structural frames in multi-storey buildings is limited and this is necessary for assessing the vulnerability of them. This paper investigates the blast response and damage evaluation of reinforced concrete (RC) frames, designed for normal gravity loads, in order to evaluate their remaining life. Numerical modelling and analysis were carried out using the explicit finite element software, LS DYNA. The modelling and analysis takes into consideration reinforcement details together and material performance under higher strain rates. Damage indices for columns are calculated based on their residual and original capacities. Numerical results generated in the can be used to identify relationships between the blast load parameters and the column damage. Damage index curve will provide a simple means for assessing the damage to a typical multi-storey building RC frame under an external bomb circumstance.

Damage propagation in reinforced concrete frames under external blast loading

Iconic and significant buildings are the common target of bombings by terrorists causing large numbers of casualties and extensive property damage. Recent incidents were external bomb attacks on multi-storey buildings with reinforced concrete frames. Under a blast load circumstance, crucial damage initiates at low level storeys in a building and may then lead to a progressive collapse of whole or part of the structure. It is therefore important to identify the critical initial influence regions along the height, width and depth of the building exposed to blast effects and the structure response in order to assess the vulnerability of the structure to disproportionate and progressive collapse. This paper discusses the blast response and the propagation of its effects on a two dimensional reinforced concrete (RC) frame, designed to withstand normal gravity loads. The explicit finite element code, LS DYNA is used for the analysis. A complete RC portal frame seven storeys by six bays is modelled with reinforcement details and appropriate materials to simulate strain rate effects. Explosion loads derived from standard manuals are applied as idealized triangular pressures on the column faces of the numerical models. The analysis reports the influence of blast propagation as displacements and material yielding of the structural elements in the RC frame. The effected regions are identified and classified according to the load cases. This information can be used to determine the vulnerability of multi-storey RC buildings to various external explosion scenarios and designing buildings to resist blast loads.

Fall of a transfemoral amputee fitted with osseointegrated fixation : loading impact on residuum

This study presented the characteristics of the loading impact on the residuum of a transfemoral amputee fitted with an osseointegrated fixation during a fall for the first time. The maximum force (1,145 N = 132 % of the body weight and moments (153 N.m) were applied on the long and medio-lateral axes, respectively, approximately 0.85 s after heel contact of the prosthesis.

Loading applied on prosthetic knee of transfemoral amputee: comparison of inverse dynamics and direct measurements

Inverse dynamics is the most comprehensive method that gives access to the net joint forces and moments during walking. However it is based on assumptions (i.e., rigid segments linked by ideal joints) and it is known to be sensitive to the input data (e.g., kinematic derivatives, positions of joint centres and centre of pressure, inertial parameters). Alternatively, transducers can be used to measure directly the load applied on the residuum of transfemoral amputees. So, the purpose of this study was to compare the forces and moments applied on a prosthetic knee measured directly with the ones calculated by three inverse dynamics computations - corresponding to 3 and 2 segments, and « ground reaction vector technique » - during the gait of one patient. The maximum RMSEs between the estimated and directly measured forces (i.e., 56 N) and moment (i.e., 5 N.m) were relatively small. However the dynamic outcomes of the prosthetic components (i.e., absorption of the foot, friction and limit stop of the knee) were only partially assessed with inverse dynamic methods.