The Territorial Dimension: The Component of Business Strategy that Prevents the Generation of Social Conflicts

Taking advantage of economic opportunities has led to numerous conflicts between society and business in various geographies of the world. Companies have developed social responsibility programs to prevent and manage these types of problems. However, some authors comment that these programs lack a strategic vision. Starting with the Working with People model, created for the field of rural development planning, this paper proposes a methodology to prevent the generation of social conflicts from business strategy: the territorial dimension. The proposal emphasizes that local development support prevents the generation of social conflicts. Finally, an experience in Peru, a country that has been characterized in recent years by high economic growth and also by the presence of social conflicts that have stopped entrepreneurship is analyzed.

Who’s blocking the Chinese Internet? The rise of cybercultures and the generational conflicts in China

As a decentralised communication technology, the Internet has offered much autonomy and unprecedented communication freedom to the Chinese public. Yet the Chinese government has imposed different forms of censorship over cyberspace. However, the Hong Kong erotic photo scandal reshuffles the traditional understanding of censorship in China as it points to a different territory. The paper takes the Hong Kong erotic photo scandal in 2008 as a case study and aims to examine the social and generational conflicts hidden in China. When thousands of photos containing sexually explicit images of Hong Kong celebrities were released on the Internet, gossip, controversies and eroticism fuelled the public discussion and threatened traditional values in China. The Internet provides an alternative space for the young Chinese who have been excluded from mainstream social discourse to engage in public debates. This, however, creates concerns, fear and even anger among the older generations in China, because they can no longer control, monitor and educate their children in the way that their predecessors have done for centuries. The photo scandal illustrates the internal social conflicts and distrust between generations in China and the generational conflict has a far-reaching political ramification as it creates a new concept of censorship.

From social to political. New forms of mobilization and democratization. Conference proceedings

In the recent evolution of contemporary social movements three phases can be identified. The first phase is marked by the labour movement and the systemic importance attributed to the labour conflict in industrial societies. This conflict has been interpreted as a consequence of the shortcoming of social integration mechanisms by Emile Durkheim, as a rational conflict by entrepreneurs’ and workers’ interests by Max Wener, and as a central class struggle for the transformation of society by Karl Marx. The second phase in this development was led by the new social movements of the post-industrial society of the 1960s and 1970s’ students, women and environmentalist movements. Two new analytical perspectives have explained these movements’ meaning and actions. Resource mobilization theory (McAdam and Tilly) has focuses on rational attitudes and conflicts. Actionalist sociology, in turn, has identified the new protagonists of social conflicts that replaced the labour movement in postindustrial societies. The third phase emerges in a world characterized by the ascendance of markets, the increasingly prominent role of financial capital flows, the closure of communities, and fundamentalism. In this context, human rights and pro-democratization movements constitute alternatives to global domination and the systemic conditioning of individual and groups.

Predictors of shy children's coping with a social conflict : mediators and moderators

Shy children are at risk for later maladjustment due to ineffective coping with social conflicts through reliance on avoidance, rather than approach-focused, coping. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether the relation between shyness and children's coping was mediated by attributions and moderated by personality selftheories and gender. Participants included a classroom-based sample of 175 children (93 boys), aged 9-13 years (M = 10.11 years, SD = 0.92). Children completed self-report measures assessing shyness, attributions, personality self-theories and coping strategies. Results showed that negative attribution biases partially mediated the negative relations between shyness and social support seeking, as well as problem-solving, and the positive association between shyness and externalizing. Moreover, self-theories moderated the relation between shyness and internalizing coping at the trend level, such that the positive relation was exacerbated among entity-oriented children to a greater degree than incrementally-oriented children. In terms of gender differences, shyness was related to lower use of social support and problem-solving among incrementally-oriented boys and entity-oriented girls. Thus, shy children's perceptions of social conflicts as the outcome of an enduring trait (e.g., social incompetence) may partially explain why they do not act assertively and aggress as a means of social coping. Furthermore, entity-oriented beliefs may exacerbate shy children's reliance on internalizing actions, such as crying. Although an incrementally-oriented stance may enhance shy girls' reliance on approach strategies, it does not appear to serve the same protective role for shy boys. Therefore, copingoriented interventions may need to focus on restructuring shy children's social cognitions and implementing gender-specific programming for their personality biases.

Exploring the politics of intergroup accommodation in Kenya’s vernacular radios during the 2007/08 conflicts

Depuis des années, le Kenya avait donné l’impression d’être un pays relativement stable dans la région d’Afrique sub-saharienne, régulièrement secouée par les conflits, et un « centre » autour duquel la communauté internationale coordonne ses missions vers certains pays d’Afrique comme ceux faisant partie de la Région des Grandes Lacs (Burundi, Rwanda, Ouganda, République démocratique du Congo, Kenya et Tanzanie) et ceux de la Corne de l’Afrique (Kenya, Somalie, Éthiopie, Djibouti et Ouganda). Toutefois, les élections présidentielles très contestées en 2007 et les conflits qui se sont enchaînés ont entrainé de nombreuses préoccupations en ce qui concerne la stabilité du Kenya à l’ère de l’insécurité globale. Alors que le rétablissement de la paix continue, la coexistence entre groupes est toujours délicate car le Kenya compte au moins quarante-deux ethnies qui sont toutes distinctes les unes par rapport aux autres. Par ailleurs, l’ouverture d’une enquête judiciaire, par la Cour Pénale Internationale (CPI), contre quatre des six personnes présumées être les principaux auteurs des violences postélectorales de 2007/08, s’ajoute aux problèmes liés à la coexistence pacifique entre les différents groupes avant les prochaines élections. Cette thèse examine les politiques relatives à l’accommodation des différents groupes à travers les radios vernaculaires et comment ces politiques ont influencé les relations entre les groupes lors des conflits de 2007/08 au Kenya. Partant du constat qu’un conflit est un processus communicatif, elle intègre le concept d’encadrement médiatique à la théorie de Protracted Social Conflict (PSC) définie par Azar (1990) pour tracer non seulement les changements dans les discours d’encadrement de ces conflits, mais aussi pour illustrer les mutations des attitudes à l’égard des relations entre groupes survenues avant, durant et après ces conflits. Cette étude emploie principalement les méthodes qualitatives pour rassembler les données issues des trois régions au Kenya qui sont ethniquement et linguistiquement divergentes: Nyeri (la majorité Kikuyu), Kisumu (la majorité Luo) et Eldoret (la majorité Kalenjin). L’argument central de cette thèse est que l’encadrement des relations entre groupes, notamment lors des conflits, est soit différencié soit concerté dépendamment du stade auquel le conflit se manifeste. Alors que dans l’encadrement différencié, les discours médiatiques sont articulés de façon à ce que ceux-ci soient susceptibles d’entrainer une polarisation entre groupes, l’encadrement concerté décrit les discours médiatiques négociés de manière à ce que ceux-ci reflètent les valeurs partagées au travers des différents groupes, et donc sont susceptibles d’engendrer une coopération entre groupes. J’argumente que les changements dans le discours des radios vernaculaires prennent effet lorsque de nouveaux éléments sont ajoutés aux discours caractérisant un conflit déjà existant, et les « nouveaux significations » que ces éléments apportent à la compréhension du conflit en question. J’argumente également que le changement du l’encadrement différentiée à l’encadrement concerté (et vice-versa) dépende du degré de résonance de ces discours avec la population cible. De façon générale, cette étude suggère que le langage de diffusion et la proximité culturelle induisent l’encadrement entre groupes à travers les radios vernaculaires au Kenya. La force de cette thèse se trouve donc dans les perspectives analytiques qu’elle propose pour localiser les discours changeants lors des conflits, plus particulièrement dans les états multiethniques où les politiques d’accommodation entre les différents groupes demeurent toujours fragiles et conditionnelles.

Abaixo e à esquerda: uma análise histórico-social da práxis do exército zapatista de libertação nacional

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A potencialização dos homicídios no contexto do espaço social: o caso de Belém do Pará

Essa dissertação tem por objetivo apresentar os fatores que potencializam a incidência de homicídios no contexto do espaço social em Belém do Pará, no período de 2007 a 2010. Para tanto, o mapeamento dos homicídios foi utilizado para analisar a dinâmica deste crime violento. A partir da espacialização das ocorrências foi possível notar que sua distribuição não é uniforme e ao longo dos anos de 2004 a 2007 se concentrou mais em umas áreas que outras. Alguns bairros se destacaram pelo fato do desfecho de conflitos sociais resultarem em altas taxas de homicídios. Nesse contexto e tendo como fundamento explicações postuladas na literatura especializada a cerca do tema concluí-se que a precariedade ou ausência dos serviços públicos de responsabilidade do Município são fatores que podem estar potencializando as taxas de homicídio em alguns bairros. Em locais assim, fica claro que atuação do Estado Democrático de Direito não é eficiente no sentido de garantir direitos fundamentais, como a vida, a liberdade, a igualdade e a segurança ao cidadão.

Hollywood y Eisenstein filman multitudes : Representaciones cinematográficas de la conciencia social y la experiencia de clase

El artículo analiza las representaciones fílmicas de la conciencia social y la experiencia de clase, en relación a varias series de películas del cine clásico, tanto europeo como hollywoodense, que ponen en escena a sujetos sociales colectivos y conflictos sociales. Se intenta responder a la pregunta sobre la posibilidad y alcances de la representación visual y fílmica de las categorías teóricas de las ciencias sociales En esta dirección se examina la homogeneización de las masas en la epopeya de multitudes anónimas en la época del cine mudo, en el cine épico-histórico de la Italia fascista y en las superproducciones históricas estadounidenses de los años cincuenta, así como la aparición fílmica del sujeto histórico proletariado en el cine de la vanguardia rusa de la década de 1920 y su preocupación por filmar expresamente la conciencia revolucionaria y los conflictos de concientización.

Hollywood y Eisenstein filman multitudes : Representaciones cinematográficas de la conciencia social y la experiencia de clase

El artículo analiza las representaciones fílmicas de la conciencia social y la experiencia de clase, en relación a varias series de películas del cine clásico, tanto europeo como hollywoodense, que ponen en escena a sujetos sociales colectivos y conflictos sociales. Se intenta responder a la pregunta sobre la posibilidad y alcances de la representación visual y fílmica de las categorías teóricas de las ciencias sociales En esta dirección se examina la homogeneización de las masas en la epopeya de multitudes anónimas en la época del cine mudo, en el cine épico-histórico de la Italia fascista y en las superproducciones históricas estadounidenses de los años cincuenta, así como la aparición fílmica del sujeto histórico proletariado en el cine de la vanguardia rusa de la década de 1920 y su preocupación por filmar expresamente la conciencia revolucionaria y los conflictos de concientización.

Hollywood y Eisenstein filman multitudes : Representaciones cinematográficas de la conciencia social y la experiencia de clase

El artículo analiza las representaciones fílmicas de la conciencia social y la experiencia de clase, en relación a varias series de películas del cine clásico, tanto europeo como hollywoodense, que ponen en escena a sujetos sociales colectivos y conflictos sociales. Se intenta responder a la pregunta sobre la posibilidad y alcances de la representación visual y fílmica de las categorías teóricas de las ciencias sociales En esta dirección se examina la homogeneización de las masas en la epopeya de multitudes anónimas en la época del cine mudo, en el cine épico-histórico de la Italia fascista y en las superproducciones históricas estadounidenses de los años cincuenta, así como la aparición fílmica del sujeto histórico proletariado en el cine de la vanguardia rusa de la década de 1920 y su preocupación por filmar expresamente la conciencia revolucionaria y los conflictos de concientización.

Responsabilidad social y debate artístico en el día de hoy. Los artistas enfrentados al conflicto armado en la antigua Yugoslavia (1989-2008)

This dissertation is concerned with a period unfortunate for the citizens of former Yugoslavia, but influential for its artists, who used their feeling of responsibility to leave valuable testimonies about their time. The research began in 2007 for the purposes of obtaining an advanced academic degree and was entitled Responsibility of the Artist Facing Social Conflicts: the Case of Yugoslavia (1989–2003). A part of it was presented in 2008, at the Women’s Worlds Congress held at Complutense University in Madrid (in cooperation with my mentor Dolores Fernández Martínez). This dissertation implied a broader scope of research on the topic of Social Responsibility and Artistic Debate Today. Artists in the Face of Armed Conflict in Former Yugoslavia (1989–2008), thus aiming to study the case of Serbian visual artists under Milosevic (1989–2000) and later, during the democratization of the Serbian society. The period in focus ends in 2008, except for the works in the group Monument where it stretches up to 2012.

Desestructuración económica y crisis social. El Pacífico Sur costarricense en el marco de la década perdida

ResumenEl artículo explora a partir de fuentes diversas (orales, hemerográficas y documentales) la problemática de la desestructuración económica sufrida por el Pacífico Sur costarricense, los distintos impactos sociales de la crisis que esta suscitó, el gran conflicto huelguístico del año 1984 y las políticas y respuestas ofrecidas por el Estado y los distintos actores sociales, de cara a tal problemáticaAbstractThrough the use of a wide diversity of sources (oral, newspaper, and documentary), this article explores the problem areas of the economic destructuring suffered by the Costa Rican Southern Pacific region, the different social impacts generated by this crisis, the great strike of 1984, and the policies and solutions proposed by the State and other social actors, in the face of these major issues.

Trade in 'Dirty Air' : carbon crime and the politics of pollution

‘Carbon trading fraudsters may have accounted for up to 90% of all market activity in some European countries, with criminals pocketing billions, mainly in Britain, France, Spain, Denmark and Holland, according to Europol and the European law enforcement agency.’ (Mason, 2009). ‘Carbon offset projects often result in land grabs, local environmental and social conflicts, as well as the repression of local communities and movements. The CDM approval process for projects allows little space for the voices of Indigenous Peoples and local communities – in fact, no project has ever been rejected on the grounds of rights violations, despite these being widespread’. (Carbon Trade Watch, 2013)

Avaliação do cenário para utilização dos recursos florísticos nativos de restingas para inclusão socioeconômica em Caravelas, Bahia.

A conservação dos ecossistemas e dos recursos ambientais neles inclusos é uma condição básica e essencial para o desenvolvimento sustentado de uma dada região. A degradação faz com que a possibilidade dele retornar ao seu estado original seja ínfima pois, sua dinâmica de restauração não seria a mesma do que antes foi sua colonização. A recuperação de áreas degradadas é dificultada devido à complexidade estrutural dos ecossistemas, exemplo das restingas ambientes sujeitos as condições bastante adversas (altas temperaturas, períodos de seca, vento constante, alta salinidade e escassez de nutrientes), por isso demandam de alta tecnologia para o desenvolvimento e produção de mudas, além de alto custo associado. O objetivo deste estudo é a criação de uma proposta para uso socioeconômico das áreas degradadas por plantios de cocos, em formações vegetais de restinga, município de Caravelas, e criar um modelo para que essas áreas sejam mais produtivas economicamente, a médio e longo prazo, a partir da geração de trabalho e renda e, conseqüentemente, inclusão social voltada para o uso sustentável de espécies nativas de restinga, através do extrativismo, considerando-se o potencial e a vocação natural do ecossistema de restinga. Nesse contexto, as categorias de análise desta tese basearam-se nos conflitos e vulnerabilidade socioambiental, etnobotânica, fitofisionomias, bens e serviços associados, tecnologia social, desenvolvimento local, gestão costeira, sustentabilidade ambiental e democrática, produtos florestais não madeiráveis e inclusão social. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados neste estudo foram apresentados em cada capítulo desta tese, estando inserido em pesquisas qualitativas (técnicas de observação participante e análise do discurso coletivo) associada aos levantamentos bibliográficos (dados secundários) e as pesquisas quantitativas, por entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados deste estudo subsidiaram a formação de uma rede interativa para implantação de empreendimentos sustentáveis no processo produtivo local, no que se refere à utilização de espécies nativas de restingas com reflorestamento de áreas degradadas por plantios de coco, para fins de geração de trabalho e renda com base no movimento de tecnologia social.