908 resultados para Situations de validation


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L’un des buts de l’apprentissage des mathématiques est le développement du raisonnement et celui-ci participe à la compréhension des mathématiques. Très liée au raisonnement, la notion de preuve est aussi fondamentale à l’apprentissage des mathématiques, car elle permet d’établir la validité d’arguments mathématiques et de conférer un sens à différents concepts à travers l’explication de l’organisation logique du travail effectué. Toutefois, malgré l’importance accordée au développement de différents types de raisonnements, plusieurs élèves éprouvent des difficultés lorsqu’ils sont appelés à concevoir ou à évaluer des preuves. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous avons étudié l’impact de l’utilisation d’un forum électronique sur le développement d’habiletés de validation algébrique ainsi que sur le développement d’habiletés en lien avec l’évaluation de preuves en algèbre chez des élèves de 13 et 14 ans du Nouveau-Brunswick et du Québec. Les résultats laissent supposer que l’utilisation du forum électronique encourage le passage des preuves pragmatiques aux preuves intellectuelles, en plus de favoriser une utilisation adéquate des règles du débat mathématique.

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Os Planos de Segurança da Água surgem com a necessidade de aumentar a segurança da água de abastecimento, superando a monitorização de conformidade de “fim de linha”, permitindo aumentar a confiança do consumidor na qualidade da água que lhe é fornecida. Esta nova abordagem recorre a uma metodologia de gestão baseada na identificação e no controlo de riscos em pontos críticos de um sistema de abastecimento, em complemento do controlo realizado através da monitorização da conformidade da água entregue aos consumidores. O Plano de Segurança da Água (PSA) encontra-se implementado no Sistema Regional do Carvoeiro (SRC) desde o ano de 2009. O SRC é um sistema de abastecimento de água em alta, sendo constituído por conjunto de infraestruturas de captação, tratamento, transporte e armazenamento de água desde a sua origem, localizada no rio Vouga, em Carvoeiro, até aos municípios integrados na Associação de Municípios do Carvoeiro-Vouga. Atendendo à obra de expansão do SRC, tornou-se imperativo efetuar uma revisão ao PSA, sendo este o objetivo primordial do trabalho de estágio desenvolvido na empresa Águas do Vouga S.A, concessionária responsável pela gestão do SRC. Para a prossecução deste objetivo, o trabalho desenvolvido envolveu os seguintes passos metodológicos: identificação das operações aplicadas no SRC; identificação de perigos e eventos perigosos em todos os órgãos constituintes do sistema; avaliação de riscos; identificação de pontos críticos de controlo; identificação de pontos de monitorização e medidas preventivas; elaboração do plano de monitorização, incluindo, procedimentos de controlo operacional em condições normais de funcionamento e em caso de desvio; validação deste plano. Deste trabalho resultou a identificação de 166 eventos perigosos, 17 tipologias de perigos, 3 pontos de controlo crítico e 17 pontos de monitorização. Os pontos de controlo crítico foram identificados nos processos de tratamento da ETA do Carvoeiro. O primeiro foi localizado na etapa de filtração com areia, antracite e zeólitos correspondendo aos perigos com metais (Fe e Mn), outros compostos químicos perigosos, partículas, turvação, matéria orgânica e alumínio. O segundo ponto foi identificado na etapa de filtração com filtros de carvão ativado granular relativo ao aparecimento de sabor e cianotoxinas. O terceiro ponto de controlo crítico foi encontrado na etapa de desinfeção referente aos microrganismos patogénicos. Os pontos de monitorização foram localizados ao longo do sistema em situações onde não se dispõem de nenhuma medida de controlo para eliminar o perigo e antes e após os pontos de controlo crítico. O plano de monitorização foi desenvolvido para estes pontos, embora os limites e procedimentos definidos devam ser alvo de revisão após a conclusão da obra de expansão do sistema. A validação da revisão do plano foi iniciada, mas cingiu-se apenas na avaliação preliminar de riscos, prévia ao início de operação da ETA do Carvoeiro. Para além da revisão deste plano, foram realizadas outras tarefas, nomeadamente uma análise à qualidade da água fornecida e distribuída pelo sistema, a elaboração do plano PCQA para o ano de 2016, a configuração da plataforma de gestão operacional NAVIATM e a revisão do Manual de Gestão da Águas do Vouga relativo ao processo de qualidade na captação, tratamento e distribuição e ao processo de qualidade na gestão do PSA.

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Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important environmental variables of water quality, especially for marine life. Consequently, oxygen is one of the Chemical Quality Elements required for the implementation of European Union Water Framework Directive. This study uses the example of the Ria Formosa, a meso-tidal lagoon on the south coast of Portugal to demonstrate how monitoring of water quality for coastal waters must be well designed to identify symptoms of episodic hypoxia. New data from the western end of the Ria Formosa were compared to values in a database of historical data and in the published literature to identify long-term trends. The dissolved oxygen concentration values in the database and in the literature were generally higher than those found in this study, where episodic hypoxia was observed during the summer. Analysis of the database showed that the discrepancy was probably related with the time and the sites where the samples had been collected, rather than a long-term trend. The most problematic situations were within the inner lagoon near the city of Faro, where episodic hypoxia (<2 mg dm3 DO) occurred regularly in the early morning. These results emphasise the need for a balanced sampling strategy for oxygen monitoring which includes all periods of the day and night, as well as a representative range of sites throughout the lagoon. Such a strategy would provide adequate data to apply management measures to reduce the risk of more persistent hypoxia that would impact on the ecological, important natural resource. economic and leisure uses of this important natural resource.

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Réalisé en cotutelle avec l'Université Joseph Fourier École Doctorale Ingénierie pour la Santé,la Cognition et l'Environnement (France)

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Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des sciences infirmières en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître ès Sciences (M.Sc.) en sciences infirmières

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Ce mémoire s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une recherche de développement pédagogique d’objet, destinée à des enseignants du secondaire. L’objectif porte sur la conception, et la validation auprès d’un groupe d’experts, d’une grille visant l’analyse de la qualité de situations d’apprentissage et d’évaluation en lecture (GASAEL) conçues pour des élèves de niveau secondaire en difficulté d’apprentissage, notamment ceux du parcours de formation axée sur l’emploi (PFAE). La problématique expose la nécessité chez les enseignants de trouver des réponses ajustées aux besoins d’apprentissage des élèves ciblés, dans un contexte de programmes élaborés par compétences. La situation d’apprentissage et d’évaluation (SAE) est une instrumentation pertinente, mais demeure sous-utilisée. Le cadre conceptuel, guidé par le modèle de la situation pédagogique de Legendre (2005), assure l’analyse du contexte de la SAE et permet d’identifier ses caractéristiques. Ce cadre est suivi par la méthodologie de l’Analyse de la valeur pédagogique de Roque, Langevin et Riopel (1998) exposant la procédure d’analyse des fonctions du produit, au regard des besoins des utilisateurs. L’innovation de ce produit pédagogique tient en son caractère pragmatique; il propose à la fois l’analyse de la qualité des SAE, et une référence rapide à propos des concepts porteurs d’une SAE, fournis par des exemples ou des explications.

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Il semble y avoir des attentes réciproques non comblées en formation initiale à l’enseignement des mathématiques. Cherchant à comprendre la genèse de ces attentes, nous nous sommes intéressée à la vision que les étudiants nourrissent des phénomènes d’enseignement. Ayant postulé que les étudiants ont une vision déterministe de ces phénomènes, et considérant que leur anticipation oriente leur projet de formation, nous nous sommes attaquée au problème de la rencontre des projets des étudiants et des formateurs. Deux objectifs généraux ont été formulés : le premier concerne la description des projets de formation des étudiants tandis que le second concerne l’expérimentation d’une séquence de situations susceptible de faire évoluer leurs projets. Cette recherche a été menée auprès de 58 étudiants du baccalauréat en enseignement en adaptation scolaire et sociale d’une même université, lesquels entamaient leur formation initiale à l’enseignement des mathématiques. Afin d’explorer les projets qu’ils nourrissent a priori, tous les étudiants ont complété un questionnaire individuel sur leur vision des mathématiques et de leur enseignement et ont participé à une première discussion de groupe sur le sujet. Une séquence de situations probabilistes leur a ensuite été présentée afin d’induire une complexification de leur projet. Enfin, cette expérimentation a été suivie d’une seconde discussion de groupe et complétée par la réalisation de huit entretiens individuels. Il a été mis en évidence que la majorité des étudiants rencontrés souhaitent avant tout évoluer en tant qu’enseignant, en développant leur capacité à enseigner et à faire apprendre ou comprendre les mathématiques. Bien que certaines visées se situent dans une perspective transmissive, celles-ci ne semblent pas représentatives de l’ensemble des projets "visée". De plus, même si la plupart des étudiants rencontrés projettent de développer des connaissances relatives aux techniques et aux méthodes d’enseignement, la sensibilité à la complexité dont certains projets témoignent ne permet plus de réduire les attentes des étudiants à l’endroit de leur formation à la simple constitution d’un répertoire de techniques d’enseignement réputées efficaces. En ce qui a trait aux modes d’anticipation relevés a priori, nos résultats mettent en relief des anticipations se rattachant d’abord à un mode adaptatif, puis à un mode prévisionnel. Aucune anticipation se rattachant à un mode prospectif n’a été recensée a priori. La séquence a permis aux étudiants de s’engager dans une dialectique d’action, de formulation et de validation, elle les a incités à recourir à une approche stochastique ainsi qu’à porter un jugement de probabilité qui prenne en compte la complexité de la situation. A posteriori, nous avons observé que les projets "visée" de certains étudiants se sont complexifiés. Nous avons également noté un élargissement de la majorité des projets, lesquels considèrent désormais les autres sommets du triangle didactique. Enfin, des anticipations se rattachant à tous les modes d’anticipation ont été relevées. Des anticipations réalisées grâce à un mode prospectif permettent d’identifier des zones d’incertitude et de liberté sur lesquelles il est possible d’agir afin d’accroître la sensibilité à la complexité des situations professionnelles à l’intérieur desquelles les futurs enseignants devront se situer.

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Le travail de modélisation a été réalisé à travers EGSnrc, un logiciel développé par le Conseil National de Recherche Canada.

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El sistema de fangs activats és el tractament biològic més àmpliament utilitzat arreu del món per la depuració d'aigües residuals. El seu funcionament depèn de la correcta operació tant del reactor biològic com del decantador secundari. Quan la fase de sedimentació no es realitza correctament, la biomassa no decantada s'escapa amb l'efluent causant un impacte sobre el medi receptor. Els problemes de separació de sòlids, són actualment una de les principals causes d'ineficiència en l'operació dels sistemes de fangs activats arreu del món. Inclouen: bulking filamentós, bulking viscós, escumes biològiques, creixement dispers, flòcul pin-point i desnitrificació incontrolada. L'origen dels problemes de separació generalment es troba en un desequilibri entre les principals comunitats de microorganismes implicades en la sedimentació de la biomassa: els bacteris formadors de flòcul i els bacteris filamentosos. Degut a aquest origen microbiològic, la seva identificació i control no és una tasca fàcil pels caps de planta. Els Sistemes de Suport a la Presa de Decisions basats en el coneixement (KBDSS) són un grup d'eines informàtiques caracteritzades per la seva capacitat de representar coneixement heurístic i tractar grans quantitats de dades. L'objectiu de la present tesi és el desenvolupament i validació d'un KBDSS específicament dissenyat per donar suport als caps de planta en el control dels problemes de separació de sòlids d'orígen microbiològic en els sistemes de fangs activats. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu principal, el KBDSS ha de presentar les següents característiques: (1) la implementació del sistema ha de ser viable i realista per garantir el seu correcte funcionament; (2) el raonament del sistema ha de ser dinàmic i evolutiu per adaptar-se a les necessitats del domini al qual es vol aplicar i (3) el raonament del sistema ha de ser intel·ligent. En primer lloc, a fi de garantir la viabilitat del sistema, s'ha realitzat un estudi a petita escala (Catalunya) que ha permès determinar tant les variables més utilitzades per a la diagnosi i monitorització dels problemes i els mètodes de control més viables, com la detecció de les principals limitacions que el sistema hauria de resoldre. Els resultats d'anteriors aplicacions han demostrat que la principal limitació en el desenvolupament de KBDSSs és l'estructura de la base de coneixement (KB), on es representa tot el coneixement adquirit sobre el domini, juntament amb els processos de raonament a seguir. En el nostre cas, tenint en compte la dinàmica del domini, aquestes limitacions es podrien veure incrementades si aquest disseny no fos òptim. En aquest sentit, s'ha proposat el Domino Model com a eina per dissenyar conceptualment el sistema. Finalment, segons el darrer objectiu referent al seguiment d'un raonament intel·ligent, l'ús d'un Sistema Expert (basat en coneixement expert) i l'ús d'un Sistema de Raonament Basat en Casos (basat en l'experiència) han estat integrats com els principals sistemes intel·ligents encarregats de dur a terme el raonament del KBDSS. Als capítols 5 i 6 respectivament, es presenten el desenvolupament del Sistema Expert dinàmic (ES) i del Sistema de Raonament Basat en Casos temporal, anomenat Sistema de Raonament Basat en Episodis (EBRS). A continuació, al capítol 7, es presenten detalls de la implementació del sistema global (KBDSS) en l'entorn G2. Seguidament, al capítol 8, es mostren els resultats obtinguts durant els 11 mesos de validació del sistema, on aspectes com la precisió, capacitat i utilitat del sistema han estat validats tant experimentalment (prèviament a la implementació) com a partir de la seva implementació real a l'EDAR de Girona. Finalment, al capítol 9 s'enumeren les principals conclusions derivades de la present tesi.

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Agro-hydrological models have widely been used for optimizing resources use and minimizing environmental consequences in agriculture. SMCRN is a recently developed sophisticated model which simulates crop response to nitrogen fertilizer for a wide range of crops, and the associated leaching of nitrate from arable soils. In this paper, we describe the improvements of this model by replacing the existing approximate hydrological cascade algorithm with a new simple and explicit algorithm for the basic soil water flow equation, which not only enhanced the model performance in hydrological simulation, but also was essential to extend the model application to the situations where the capillary flow is important. As a result, the updated SMCRN model could be used for more accurate study of water dynamics in the soil-crop system. The success of the model update was demonstrated by the simulated results that the updated model consistently out-performed the original model in drainage simulations and in predicting time course soil water content in different layers in the soil-wheat system. Tests of the updated SMCRN model against data from 4 field crop experiments showed that crop nitrogen offtakes and soil mineral nitrogen in the top 90 cm were in a good agreement with the measured values, indicating that the model could make more reliable predictions of nitrogen fate in the crop-soil system, and thus provides a useful platform to assess the impacts of nitrogen fertilizer on crop yield and nitrogen leaching from different production systems. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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Field trial measurements are used to validate the level crossing rate formula derived in an exact manner recently for the Nakagami-m signal. The formula reveals an excellent fit to measurements in situations other than those for which the Rice model is more appropriate.

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Integer carrier phase ambiguity resolution is the key to rapid and high-precision global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning and navigation. As important as the integer ambiguity estimation, it is the validation of the solution, because, even when one uses an optimal, or close to optimal, integer ambiguity estimator, unacceptable integer solution can still be obtained. This can happen, for example, when the data are degraded by multipath effects, which affect the real-valued float ambiguity solution, conducting to an incorrect integer (fixed) ambiguity solution. Thus, it is important to use a statistic test that has a correct theoretical and probabilistic base, which has became possible by using the Ratio Test Integer Aperture (RTIA) estimator. The properties and underlying concept of this statistic test are shortly described. An experiment was performed using data with and without multipath. Reflector objects were placed surrounding the receiver antenna aiming to cause multipath. A method based on multiresolution analysis by wavelet transform is used to reduce the multipath of the GPS double difference (DDs) observations. So, the objective of this paper is to compare the ambiguity resolution and validation using data from these two situations: data with multipath and with multipath reduced by wavelets. Additionally, the accuracy of the estimated coordinates is also assessed by comparing with the ground truth coordinates, which were estimated using data without multipath effects. The success and fail probabilities of the RTIA were, in general, coherent and showed the efficiency and the reliability of this statistic test. After multipath mitigation, ambiguity resolution becomes more reliable and the coordinates more precise. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007.

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The evaluation of chronic activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is critical for determining the impact of chronic stressful situations. The potential use of hair glucocorticoids as a non-invasive, retrospective, biomarker of long term HPA activity is of great interest, and it is gaining acceptance in humans and animals. However, there are still no studies in literature examining hair cortisol concentration in pigs and corticosterone concentration in laboratory rodents. Therefore, we developed and validated, for the first time, a method for measuring hair glucocorticoids concentration in commercial sows and in Sprague-Dawley rats. Our preliminary data demonstrated: 1) a validated and specific washing protocol and extraction assay method with a good sensitivity in both species; 2) the effect of the reproductive phase, housing conditions and seasonality on hair cortisol concentration in sows; 3) similar hair corticosterone concentration in male and female rats; 4) elevated hair corticosterone concentration in response to chronic stress manipulations and chronic ACTH administration, demonstrating that hair provides a good direct index of HPA activity over long periods than other indirect parameters, such adrenal or thymus weight. From these results we believe that this new non-invasive tool needs to be applied to better characterize the overall impact in livestock animals and in laboratory rodents of chronic stressful situations that negatively affect animals welfare. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to improve this methodology and maybe to develop animal models for chronic stress of high interest and translational value in human medicine.

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Monte Carlo (MC) based dose calculations can compute dose distributions with an accuracy surpassing that of conventional algorithms used in radiotherapy, especially in regions of tissue inhomogeneities and surface discontinuities. The Swiss Monte Carlo Plan (SMCP) is a GUI-based framework for photon MC treatment planning (MCTP) interfaced to the Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS). As for any dose calculation algorithm, also the MCTP needs to be commissioned and validated before using the algorithm for clinical cases. Aim of this study is the investigation of a 6 MV beam for clinical situations within the framework of the SMCP. In this respect, all parts i.e. open fields and all the clinically available beam modifiers have to be configured so that the calculated dose distributions match the corresponding measurements. Dose distributions for the 6 MV beam were simulated in a water phantom using a phase space source above the beam modifiers. The VMC++ code was used for the radiation transport through the beam modifiers (jaws, wedges, block and multileaf collimator (MLC)) as well as for the calculation of the dose distributions within the phantom. The voxel size of the dose distributions was 2mm in all directions. The statistical uncertainty of the calculated dose distributions was below 0.4%. Simulated depth dose curves and dose profiles in terms of [Gy/MU] for static and dynamic fields were compared with the corresponding measurements using dose difference and γ analysis. For the dose difference criterion of ±1% of D(max) and the distance to agreement criterion of ±1 mm, the γ analysis showed an excellent agreement between measurements and simulations for all static open and MLC fields. The tuning of the density and the thickness for all hard wedges lead to an agreement with the corresponding measurements within 1% or 1mm. Similar results have been achieved for the block. For the validation of the tuned hard wedges, a very good agreement between calculated and measured dose distributions was achieved using a 1%/1mm criteria for the γ analysis. The calculated dose distributions of the enhanced dynamic wedges (10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 45° and 60°) met the criteria of 1%/1mm when compared with the measurements for all situations considered. For the IMRT fields all compared measured dose values agreed with the calculated dose values within a 2% dose difference or within 1 mm distance. The SMCP has been successfully validated for a static and dynamic 6 MV photon beam, thus resulting in accurate dose calculations suitable for applications in clinical cases.

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Comparisons of climate model hindcasts with independent proxy data are essential for assessing model performance in non-analogue situations. However, standardized palaeoclimate data sets for assessing the spatial pattern of past climatic change across continents are lacking for some of the most dynamic episodes of Earth’s recent past. Here we present a new chironomid-based palaeotemperature dataset designed to assess climate model hindcasts of regional summer temperature change in Europe during the late-glacial and early Holocene. Latitudinal and longitudinal patterns of inferred temperature change are in excellent agreement with simulations by the ECHAM-4 model, implying that atmospheric general circulation models like ECHAM-4 can successfully predict regionally diverging temperature trends in Europe, even when conditions differ significantly from present. However, ECHAM-4 infers larger amplitudes of change and higher temperatures during warm phases than our palaeotemperature estimates, suggesting that this and similar models may overestimate past and potentially also future summer temperature changes in Europe.