Aí eu era Antônio Brasil: contribuições de situações didáticas com conhecimentos históricos para a construção da identidade pessoal da criança na educação infantil

L'objectif de cette étude est de comprendre la relation entre les situations didactiques faisant appel aux connaissances historiques et la construction de l'identité personnelle pour les enfants dans l'éducation de la petite enfance. Sa question centrale se demande si les connaissances sont offrent des contributions à la construction de l'identité personnelle par les enfants de la petite enfance. Se distingue, lui aussi, entend contribuer à élargir le débat sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage des thèmes historiques dans l'éducation des enfants, et permettre un dialogue avec d'autres enseignants dans cette étape de l'éducation. Ont été analysés par des principes théoriques et méthodologiques de qualité et a assumé les orientations méthodologiques de la recherche collaborative. Il a été constaté que la systématisation des situations didactiques impliquant la connaissance historique dans l'éducation de la petite enfance contribue à la construction de l'identité personnelle de l'enfant. Ceci, pour prendre possession de ces connaissances, ils recueillent des renseignements qui permet le plus large éventail de relations, afin de comparer les pratiques culturelles de son temps avec des pratiques à d'autres moments. Ainsi orientée, l'enfant cherche à raconter son histoire avec le thème historique à laquelle elle a eu accès, d'organiser et de construire des réponses des explications sur leur environnement et de lui-même. Tout cela montre à la réalisation que le processus d'internalisation des connaissances historiques de l'enfant est construit comme un sujet et, par conséquent, cette connaissance peut être conçu comme un médiateur dans la formation de l'identité personnelle

Situações didáticas no ensino de geometria com o aplicativo GeoGebra

Pós-graduação em Matemática - IBILCE

Cônicas: Situações Didáticas para o ensino médio

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Metodologia de ensino do conceito de função exponencial à luz da teoria das situações didáticas

This essay presents a proposal on methodology over the mathematical object Exponential Function which enables the development of interpretative and creative skills with potential meaning to the students starting from a didactic sequence structured on the light of The Theory of Didactic Situations from Guy Brousseau and, from the Records of Semiotic Representation of Duval, providing interactions among the students, the teacher and the environment of cooperative learning where the students feel free to express their own ideas as well as to suggest their own approaches. The methodology presented has been developed according to the students first knowledge, valuing their different ways of registering, which have such an important role during the teaching and learning processes. The proposal has been applied to the students from the first year of high school of Colégio Estadual José de Anchieta Ensino Fundamental e Médio, located in a town called Dois Vizinhos –Paraná. In order to the development of the research the methodological tool Didactic Engineering Artigue which consists in a methodology developed only to the research with didactic situations. The main goal has been reached at first, which was to work on the conceptual part of the Exponential Function, the relation of dependence and its main characteristic so that the variable part is in the exponent. Moreover with no imposition but starting from suitable didactic situations, the students were able to realize that they could solve the problems which involve the exponential function and furthermore create new problems (according to their universe) modeled by this kind of function. Its believed that the methodology based on the theory of didactic situations, analysis of students registers, observation on mistakes and obstacles as well as reflections over the aspects of the didactic contract are of fundamental importance to the teaching practice and determinant during the teaching-learning process.

Alfabetização: dinâmica das práticas didáticas e as interações das crianças com a linguagem escrita

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

As propostas didáticas e a prática escolar

Há décadas, são propostas mudanças pedagógicas que considerem a dinâmica da sociedade moderna e os novos conhecimentos sobre o ensinar e o aprender. A observação das praticas pedagógicas vigentes indica a necessidade de estudos sobre procedimentos didáticos que promovam e valorizem as atividades dos aprendizes, em contraposição à repetição e memorização de respostas prontas dadas em aulas. Este artigo focaliza algumas situações didáticas que acentuam a participação criativa dos alunos na descoberta e na utilização de procedimentos científicos.

Posturas docentes e formação universitária de professores do ensino fundamental

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar se a participação de professores de redes municipais do Estado de São Paulo em um programa de licenciatura em nível superior, oferecido por duas renomadas universidades paulistas, ocasionava alteração nas posturas docentes dos alunos-professores. Os dados - respostas de 1.272 participantes a 17 simulações de situações problemas apresentadas no início e no final do programa - foram analisadas por meio de procedimentos estatísticos. Os resultados mostraram que 30% dos alunos-professores sofreram modificações de perfil nas posturas estudadas no sentido esperado. Isso parece indicar que os participantes apresentaram, ao final do Programa, maior tendência para dominar e planejar situações didáticas que envolviam os conteúdos básicos das áreas de conhecimento; reconhecer e empregar adequadamente os recursos e tecnologias disponíveis no processo de ensino-aprendizagem; e valer-se da teoria para orientar a prática docente e a avaliação.

Epistemologia genética e pesquisa docente : estudo das ações no contexto escolar

O estudo das ações no contexto escolar, aqui apresentado, foi realizado tendo como suporte teórico a Epistemologia Genética e desencadeado pela investigação do significado das ações docentes numa abordagem construtivista. Destacando a complementaridade da teoria piagetiana em relação à teoria de Paulo Freire, na pesquisa empreendida, este estudo deixa evidente a atualidade e relevância da Epistemologia Genética à transforma-ção do fazer escolar. Nele são apresentadas situações didáticas efetivamente vivenciadas pela autora, no convívio diário e contínuo com seus alunos, na quarta série, e realizadas análises teóricas com o objetivo de demonstrar como, sob o enfoque construtivista e a adoção do Método Clínico, adaptado à coletividade da sala de aula, podem ocorrer o pla-nejamento contínuo, as intervenções e investigações docentes. A sala de aula, vista como contexto de relações, é o espaço no qual a interdependência das ações vai definindo a história dos grupos, na cotidianidade de suas interações, tecendo, assim, a construção do conhecimento.

ROODA TEKTON e aprendizagem de física : uma proposta pedagógica pelo caminho da tomada de consciência

A dissertação de mestrado “A Tomada de Consciência Dentro de Uma Proposta Pedagógica de Física” faz parte de uma reflexão sobre minha trajetória como aluna, educadora e pesquisadora. O trabalho empírico foi realizado em uma sala de aula informatizada, com seis alunos do Instituto Estadual de Educação Ernesto Alves, da cidade de Rio Pardo, do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo aqui apresentado foi realizado tendo, como suporte teórico, a Epistemologia Genética e, como suporte tecnológico, o ambiente virtual ROODA. Este estudo deixa evidente a atualidade e relevância da Epistemologia Genética em relação à transformação do fazer escolar. Nele são apresentadas situações didáticas efetivamente vivenciadas e observadas pela autora, durante a convivência com seus sujeitos de pesquisa. São, também, apresentadas as análises e interpretações teóricas, sob o enfoque construtivista, buscando verificar como ocorre a tomada de consciência dos conceitos físicos. Portanto, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar como ocorre a tomada de consciência dos conceitos físicos, a partir de atividades experimentais e teóricas, baseadas em desafios e apoiadas por um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem. Para isso, adotou-se o método clínico adaptado à realidade da sala de aula e à técnica de observação participant A partir da análise dos dados coletados, verificou-se que a tomada de consciência dos conceitos físicos consiste em reconstruções, ou seja, de um esquema de ação, constrói-se um conceito. Esta definição ultrapassa a do senso comum, que a considera como uma simples iluminação que nada transforma ou acrescenta. Portanto, a tomada de consciência dos conceitos físicos consiste, basicamente, numa conceituação.

O uso de modelos no ensino de química: uma investigação acerca dos saberes construídos durante a formação inicial de professores de Química da UFRN

In the past twenty years, there has been a significant increase of researches about teacher s professionalization. In that context, the investigations concerning teacher s knowledge represent an important contribution, as they aim to identify and to rescue the base of knowledge that sustains the teacher s profession. In particular, the reflections and propositions of Lee Shulman have been constitute a fundamental subsidy to the teacher s professionalization in the sense of harnessing the pedagogic knowledge to the content s knowledge, establishing the pedagogic knowledge of the content that characterizes and differentiates the teacher and the bachelor in a certain field of knowledge. Among the indispensable knowledge for the Chemistry teacher's professional practice, in this research we have pointed out the pertinence of the knowledge on the use of models in Chemistry classes in the middle and high school. Those knowledges regard the comprehension of students concerning the understanding and models elaborated in science and the models implemented in the Chemistry teaching, as well as the abilities to plan didactic situations that use models. In this research, we aimed to identify the contributions and barriers during the Chemistry teacher education, in UFRN, in relation to the construction of knowledge that subsidize training teachers in the elaboration of teaching activities that involve the use of models. The investigation was accomplished in UFRN, in the Course of Degree in Chemistry, along with 13 student teachers that studied the subject Practice of Chemistry Teaching. For this research, the following instruments were used: questionnaires with open and closed questions, elaboration of a plan of activities for the Chemistry teaching and an interview to answer the established study s questions. The data was analyzed in an established criteria, classified and tabled. The results showed that the student teachers representations regarding scientific knowledge contemplated, among other topics, the idea of a method for his/her construction. In some cases, the models role was emphasized in that construction, as well as the social dimension in the validation of that knowledge. The scientific models were highlighted by most of the student teachers, as a representation method to explain, understand and interpret the chemical phenomena. On the other hand, the didactic models stood out, in most of cases, as a method of aiding the Chemistry students of the Basic Education to understand the scientific models. The representations regarding those categories contemplated important aspects, although in a superficial way, reflecting the limitations of reflections during the formative process. In the elaboration of teaching activities that use models, difficulties were evidenced, in the process of plan construction, relative to the didactic structure and to the proposition of activities that contemplated models, although the student teachers have mobilized different elements regarding the pedagogic knowledge of the content. Such verifications evidence the urge for the teacher development programs to promote changes in the teacher education in order to propitiate, during this process, reflections, discussions and propositions of activities regarding categories highlighted in this research, contributing to the construction of initial elements regarding the pedagogic knowledge of the content that will be developed throughout teaching, therefore corroborating to the teacher s professionalization

Uma ação reflexiva sobre o processo de (re)escrita de textos: a prática pedagógica da professora Maria

T he reflexive action on the process of texts (re)writing, central topic of this study, is still a challenge within the elementary school. What made this issue a special theme of study was the fact that the chosen focus is based on a lived experiences with (re) writing activities where the uniqueness of the professional practice would be transformed into a place of knowledge production, offering theoretical and a practical support to a teacher, in order to understand the interactive nature of language as a space for recovery of the individual (as a historical, social, and cultural being). The empirical field research, structured in the light of assumptions of qualitative research into the action research format, was a public school in Bahia, in a third grade classroom. The instruments of data collection were open questionnaire, semistructured interviews, observations with video recording, documentary analysis of texts produced by students, and reflective sessions. The objectives that supported the research study were: 1) Investigate, in the pedagogical action of teacher Maria, activities on the writing process, 2) Interact with the teacher, in the form of action inquiry to: a) reflect on the procedures for theoretical and methodological development of reflective practice on the process of the (re) writing of the text, b) intervene in the construction of didactic situations that enable the learning and the development of reflexive actions in the (re) writing of texts. To accomplish these goals, it was established as a commitment a dialogic communication with the protagonist, providing reflection sessions so she could examine her teaching practices. The most relevant theoretical arguments to the establishment of this research came from the theoretical and methodological approaches of Bakhtin s theory of enunciation-discourse (2003, 2004) and Vygotsky s socio-interactionist theory (1989, 1998), as it is believed that both theories, through a paradigm shift, in which the constitution of the individual and the participation of others in the actions of analysis and reflection on the language, would give opportunities for internalization and construction of knowledge. The systematic and critical pondering led the participating teacher into reviewing her teaching praxis, compelling her to promote a more insightful understanding of the writing process of her students. That experirence brought into evidence three categories of actions: 1) actions that reflect the technical rationalism, 2) actions that reflect an emancipatory metamorphosis, and 3) actions that reflect empowerment and awareness. The results confirm that the action / reflection on the process of the (re) writing of a text has a dimension of increasing levels of awareness and self criticism, reproducing other meanings for teaching praxis

Formação continuada de professores que ensinam matemática: o papel do ábaco na ressignificação da prática pedagógica

The present dissertation performs a study about abacus part on the continuous education of Elementary School s Mathematic teachers on what concerns the basic operations of addition and subtraction with (re)unification by using the manipulative and/or informatical abacus. Therefore, the research intends to answer the following question: How does a teacher reframe the pedagogical practice while teaching the Decimal Numeral System and the conventional operations of addition and subtraction with (re)unification through manipulative and informatical abacus? In order to do so, we rely ourselves on the Guy Brousseau s Theory of Didactic Situations (TDS) from 1996 that affirms the necessity to trace a way in accordance with the teaching situations that lead the student s learning; and on the work of Pierre Lévy (1993), in which the poles of communication oral, written and virtual create three ways of communication through which the learning process happens. The methodology of this paper was based on the Strategic Research-Action of Franco (2005). The didactic sequence was elaborated in accordance with TDS and used the manipulative and informatical abacus as didactic resource. With the application of the didactic sequence, it was verified that the continued formation of Elementary School s teachers concerning the operations of addition and subtraction on the initial years/levels is pertinent once it has been observed some difficulties of the teachers concerning this mathematical subject. Besides, the analysis of the didactic sequence has allowed one to realize that teachers had some difficulties concerning the numeric representation with order zero, the resolution of operations of addition and subtraction using the manipulative and informatical abacus and the realization of (re)unification on the subtraction with meaning. These observations has been discussed with the teachers and, after that, it has been done some didactic-methodological routings of the operations of addition and subtraction with re(unification) that contributes with the teaching and learning process.

(Res)significando a Educação Estatística no Ensino Fundamental: análise de uma sequência didática apoiada nas Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

As concepções de professores de química sobre a utilização de elementos da história e filosofia da ciência no ensino

Nas últimas décadas, investigações têm destacado o papel da história e filosofia da ciência (HFC) na educação científica. O reconhecimento da pluralidade e complexidade da ciência tem originado estudos, os quais apontam que o ensino sobre ciências deve levar em conta as diferenças entre as disciplinas científicas. Assim, tem-se discutido a importância da consideração de elementos da história e da filosofia da química no aprimoramento do processo de ensino e aprendizagem dessa ciência. Apesar disso, investigações têm constatado que pouco ou nada se discute acerca desses assuntos nas aulas de ciências. Diante disso, esta dissertação tem como intuito investigar a concepção de professores de química sobre a inclusão de elementos da HFC no ensino, com foco nas características inerentes às práticas e aos conhecimentos químicos. Foram investigadas as concepções de cinco professores de química, que atuam em diferentes escolas públicas da região metropolitana de São Paulo, acerca de cinco temas, elaborados com base em estudos da área de ensino de ciências e em diretrizes curriculares oficiais: relações com a sociedade, modelos e modelagem, experimentação, desenvolvimento histórico e reducionismo. Por meio da análise qualitativa dos dados, as concepções docentes, para cada tema, foram classificadas em dois subeixos temáticos: prática docente e relevância. Ademais, foram identificados fatores externos e internos que influenciam as práticas e concepções dos sujeitos concernentes a considerações filosóficas, históricas e sociológicas sobre a química. Os resultados evidenciam que, de modo geral, os sujeitos consideram relevantes determinados assuntos relacionados à natureza da química e, em certa medida, buscam inseri-los em suas práticas cotidianas. Contudo, mostraram também que os motivos pelos quais os docentes conferem importância a algumas discussões, e o modo como as desenvolvem, podem limitar a compreensão dos estudantes sobre a complexidade da construção do conhecimento científico. Além disso, foram raras as referências a aspectos específicos da química, à importância de evidenciar e discutir esses aspectos com os estudantes, assim como à preparação de situações didáticas próximas à prática química autêntica.

O erro produzido pelo aluno no contexto pedagógico: uma luz ou uma pedra no meio do caminho?

Student’s mistakes as viewed in a didactic and pedagogical perspective are a phenomenon inevitably observed in any context in which formal teaching-andlearning processes are taking place. Researchers have shown that such mistakes are viewed most of the times as undesirable and often as a consequence of lack of attention or poor commitment on the part of the student and rarely considered didactically useful. The object of our reflections in this work is exactly those mistakes, which are born in the entrails of the teaching-and-learning processes. It is our understanding that a mistake constitutes a tool which mediates knowledge and may therefore become a strong ally of the instructor’s actions in her/his teaching tasks and thus should be taken into the teacher’s best consideration. Understanding a mistake as so, we postulate that the teacher must face it as a possibility to be exploited rather than as a negative occurrence. Such an attitude on the part of the teacher would undoubtedly render profitable didactic situations. To deepen the understanding of our aim, we took a case study on the perception of senior college students in the program of Mathematics at UFRN in the year 2009, 2nd term. The reason of this choice is the fact that Mathematics is the field presenting traditionally the poorest records in terms of school grades. In this work we put forth data associated to ENEM1 , to the UFRN Vestibular2 and the undergraduate courses on Mathematics. The theoretical matrixes supporting our reflections in this thesis follow the ideas proposed by Castorina (1988); Davis e Espósito (1990); Aquino (1997); Luckesi (2006); Cury (1994; 2008); Pinto (2000); Torre (2007). To carry out the study, we applied a semi-structured questionnaire containing 14 questions, out of which 10 were open questions. The questions were methodologically based on the Thematic Analysis – One of the techniques for Content Analysis schemed by Bardin (1977) – and it was also used the computer program Modalisa 6.0 (A software designed by faculties the University of Paris VIII). The results indicate that most of the teachers training instructors in their pedagogical practice view the mistakes made by their students only as a guide for grading and, in this procedure, the student is frequently labeled as guilty. Conclusive analyses, therefore, signal to the necessity of orienting the teachers training instructors in the sense of building a new theoretical contemplation of the students’ mistakes and their pedagogical potentialities and so making those professionals perceive the importance of such mistakes, since they reveal gaps in the process of learning and provide valuable avenues for the teaching procedures.