Lamb mode diversity imaging for non-destructive testing of plate-like structures

Several Lamb wave modes can be coupled to a particular structure, depending on its geometry and transducer used to generate the guided waves. Each Lamb mode interacts in a particular form with different types of defects, like notches, delamination, surface defects, resulting in different information which can be used to improve damage detection and characterization. An image compounding technique that uses the information obtained from different propagation modes of Lamb waves for non-destructive testing of plate-like structures is proposed. A linear array consisting of 16 piezoelectric elements is attached to a 1 mm thickness aluminum plate, coupling the fundamental A0 and S0 modes at the frequencies of 100 kHz and 360 kHz, respectively. For each mode two images are obtained from amplitude and phase information: one image using the Total Focusing Method (TFM) and one phase image obtained from the Sign Coherence Factor (SCF). Each TFM image is multiplied by the SCF image of the respective mode to improve contrast and reduce side and grating lobes effects. The high dispersive characteristic of the A0 mode is compensated for adequate defect detection. The information in the SCF images is used to select one of the TFM mode images, at each pixel, to obtain the compounded image. As a result, dead zone is reduced, resolution and contrast are improved, enhancing damage detection when compared to the use of only one mode. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Generalization of the BTK Theory to the Case of Finite Quasiparticle Lifetimes

A generalization to the BTK theory is developed based on the fact that the quasiparticle lifetime is finite as a result of the damping caused by the interactions. For this purpose, appropriate self-energy expressions and wave functions are inserted into the strong coupling version of the Bogoliubov equations and subsequently, the coherence factors are computed. By applying the suitable boundary conditions to the case of a normal-superconducting interface, the probability current densities for the Andreev reflection, the normal reflection, the transmission without branch crossing and the transmission with branch crossing are determined. Accordingly the electric current and the differential conductance curves are calculated numerically for Nb, Pb, and Pb0.9Bi0.1 alloy. The generalization of the BTK theory by including the phenomenological damping parameter is critically examined. The observed differences between our approach and the phenomenological approach are investigated by the numerical analysis.

Lamb mode diversity imaging fornon-destructivetesting of plate-likestructures

Several Lamb wave modes can be coupled to a particular structure, depending on its geometry and transducer used to generate the guided waves. Each Lamb mode interacts in a particular form with different types of defects, like notches, delamination, surface defects, resulting in different information which can be used to improve damage detection and characterization. An image compounding technique that uses the information obtained from different propagation modes of Lamb waves for non-destructive testing of plate-like structures is proposed. A linear array consisting of 16 piezoelectric elements is attached to a 1 mm thickness aluminum plate, coupling the fundamental A0 and SO modes at the frequencies of 100 kHz and 360 kHz, respectively. For each mode two images are obtained from amplitude and phase information: one image using the Total Focusing Method (TFM) and one phase image obtained from the Sign Coherence Factor (SCF). Each TFM image is multiplied by the SCF image of the respective mode to improve contrast and reduce side and grating lobes effects. The high dispersive characteristic of the A0 mode is compensated for adequate defect detection. The information in the SCF images is used to select one of the TFM mode images, at each pixel, to obtain the compounded image. As a result, dead zone is reduced, resolution and contrast are improved, enhancing damage detection when compared to the use of only one mode. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (AU)

Gamma-band oscillations in fronto-central areas during performance of a sensorimotor integration task: A qEEG coherence study

This study aimed to elucidate electrophysiological and cortical mechanisms involved in anticipatory actions when 23 healthy right-handed subjects had to catch a free falling object by qEEG gamma-band (30-100 Hz). It is involved in cognitive processes, memory, spatial/temporal and proprioceptive factors. Our hypothesis is that an increase in gamma coherence in frontal areas will be observed during moment preceding ball drop, due to their involvement in attention, planning, selection of movements, preparation and voluntary control of action and in central areas during moment after ball drop, due to their involvement in motor preparation, perception and execution of movement. However, through a paired t-test, we found an increase in gamma coherence for F3-F4 electrode pair during moment preceding ball drop and confirmed our hypothesis for C3-C4 electrode pair. We conclude that gamma plays an important role in reflecting binding of several brain areas in a complex motor task as observed in our results. Moreover, for selection of movements, preparation and voluntary control of action, motor preparation, perception and execution of movement, the integration of somatosensory and visual information is mandatory. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Predictive factors for the development of visual loss in patients with pituitary macroadenomas and for visual recovery after optic pathway decompression

Objective: To investigate clinical and MRI findings that are predictive of both visual loss in patients with pituitary adenomas and visual recovery after treatment. Design: Cohort study. Participants: Thirty patients (60 eyes) with pituitary adenoma. Methods: Patients underwent neuro-ophthalmic examination and MRI before and after optic chiasm decompression. Visual field (VF) was assessed using the mean deviation in standard automated perimetry (SAP) and temporal mean defect, the average of 22 temporal values of the total deviation plot. Tumour size was measured on sagittal and coronal cuts. Results: Visual loss was found in 47 eyes; 35 had optic atrophy (subtle in 9, moderate in 14, and severe in 12). Before treatment, the average SAP mean deviation and temporal mean defect were -11.78 (SD 8.56) dB and -18.66 (SD 11.20) dB, respectively. The chiasm was 17.3 (SD 6.2, range 10-34) mm above the reference line on the sagittal and 21.8 (SD 8.3, range 12-39) mm on the coronal images. Tumour size correlated with the severity of VF defect. VF improvement occurred in 80% of eyes after treatment. The degree of optic atrophy, visual loss, and tumour size were significantly associated with improvement after treatment. Conclusions: The best predictive factor for visual loss was tumour size, and factors related to visual recovery were the degree of optic atrophy, the severity of VF defect, and the tumour size. Diagnosing pituitary adenomas before optic atrophy becomes severe may be related to a better prognosis in such patients.

Gamma band oscillations under influence of bromazepam during a sensorimotor integration task: An EEG coherence study

The goal of the present study was to explore the dynamics of the gamma band using the coherence of the quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) in a sensorimotor integration task and the influence of the neuromodulator bromazepam on the band behavior. Our hypothesis is that the needs of the typewriting task will demand the coupling of different brain areas, and that the gamma band will promote the binding of information. It is also expected that the neuromodulator will modify this coupling. The sample was composed of 39 healthy subjects. We used a randomized double-blind design and divided subjects into three groups: placebo (n = 13), bromazepam 3 mg (n = 13) and bromazepam 6 mg (n = 13). The two-way ANOVA analysis demonstrated a main effect for the factors condition (i.e., C4-CZ electrode pair) and moment (i.e., C3-CZ, C3-C4 and C4-CZ pairs of electrodes). We propose that the gamma band plays an important role in the binding among several brain areas in complex motor tasks and that each hemisphere is influenced in a different manner by the neuromodulator. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Analysis of significant factors influencing visual acuity in ocular syphilis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to determine whether statistical associations can be demonstrated in ocular syphilis between baseline clinical and laboratory parameters with visual acuity at presentation and with any change in visual acuity after treatment. METHODS: Charts of 26 patients (42 eyes) with ocular syphilis presenting to the Uveitis clinic of the Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital were reviewed. A baseline cross-sectional analysis was performed in order to identify any association between visual acuity at presentation and demographic, clinical or laboratory parameters. After treatment, any analogy between these parameters and a change in visual acuity was subsequently assessed in a series of univariate comparisons. RESULTS: The following factors were associated with worse initial visual acuity: severity of visual field impairment at presentation (p=0.012), macular oedema (p=0.004) and optic neuropathy (p=0.031). There was a borderline association with the presence of vasculitis on fluroangiography (p=0.072). Improvement in best corrected visual acuity after treatment was significantly associated with the presence of vasculitis on fluroangiography (p=0.005), neurosyphilis, according to lumbar puncture findings (p=0.037) and marginally with anterior uveitis (p=0.070). Inflammation relapse was associated with the coexistence of pain as presenting sign (p<0.001) and with a longer duration of symptoms prior to the initial visit (p=0.023). CONCLUSIONS: Severe ocular inflammation associated with vasculitis, vitritis or anterior uveitis in ocular syphilis would appear to be a reversible phenomenon that responds well to appropriate antibiotic treatment, resulting in improvement in visual acuity. Prompt treatment enables a good visual prognosis, while any delay in therapy increases the risk of subsequent relapse.

Parésie trochléaire transitoire comme signe neurologique inaugural d'une panartérite noueuse [Transient trochlear nerve palsy as the presenting neurological sign of panarteritis nodosa]

INTRODUCTION: Panarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic vasculitis affecting small and medium-sized arteries. Neuro-ophthalmological complications of PAN are rare but numerous, and may affect the eye, the visual and the oculomotor pathways. Such complications occur mainly in patients previously diagnosed with PAN. OBSERVATION: A 51-year-old woman presented with an isolated right trochlear (IV) palsy, in the setting of headaches and fluctuating fever of unknown etiology. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 13 mm and full blood cell count was normal. Previous chest X-ray and blood studies were negative for an infection or inflammation. Orbital and cerebral CT scan was normal. Spontaneous recovery of diplopia ensued over four days. Two days later, paresthesia and sensory paresis of the dorsal portion of the left foot were present. Lumbar puncture revealed 14 leucocytes (76 percent lymphocytes) with elevated proteins, but blood studies and serologies were negative. A diagnosis of undetermined meningo-myelo-radiculoneuritis was made. Because of a possible tick bite six weeks previously the patient was empirically treated with 2 g intravenous ceftriaxone for 3 weeks. Fever rapidly dropped. Six weeks after the onset of diplopia, acute onset of blindness in her right eye, diffuse arthralgias and fever motivated a new hospitalization. There was a central retinal artery occlusion of the right eye. Blood studies now revealed signs of systemic inflammation (ESR 30 mm, CRP 12 mg/L, ANA 1/80, pANCA 1/40, leucocytosis 12.4 G/L, Hb 111 g/L, Ht 33 percent). Biopsy of the left sural nerve revealed arterial fibrinoid necrosis. A diagnosis of PAN was made. CONCLUSIONS: Transient diplopia can be the heralding symptom of a systemic vasculitis such as PAN, giant cell arteritis and Wegener granulomatosis. In this patient the presence of accompanying systemic symptoms raised a suspicion of systemic inflammation, but the absence of serologic and imaging abnormalities precluded a specific diagnosis initially. A few weeks later, the presence of a second ischemic event (retinal) and positive blood studies led to a further diagnostic procedure. Oculomotor and abducens palsies have rarely been reported in association with PAN. We report the first case of trochlear nerve paresis as the inaugural neurological sign of PAN. This case highlights the importance of considering inflammatory systemic disorders in patients with acute diplopia particularly when they are young, lack vascular risk factors or cause, and complain of associated systemic symptoms.

Prenatal Risk Factors and Outcomes in Gastroschisis: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Gastroschisis is a congenital anomaly with increasing incidence, easy prenatal diagnosis and extremely variable postnatal outcomes. Our objective was to systematically review the evidence regarding the association between prenatal ultrasound signs (intraabdominal bowel dilatation [IABD], extraabdominal bowel dilatation, gastric dilatation [GD], bowel wall thickness, polyhydramnios, and small for gestational age) and perinatal outcomes in gastroschisis (bowel atresia, intra uterine death, neonatal death, time to full enteral feeding, length of total parenteral nutrition and length of in hospital stay). METHODS: Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched electronically. Studies exploring the association between antenatal ultrasound signs and outcomes in gastroschisis were considered suitable for inclusion. Two reviewers independently extracted relevant data regarding study characteristics and pregnancy outcome. All meta-analyses were computed using individual data random-effect logistic regression, with single study as the cluster unit. RESULTS: Twenty-six studies, including 2023 fetuses, were included. We found significant positive associations between IABD and bowel atresia (odds ratio [OR]: 5.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1-9.8), polyhydramnios and bowel atresia (OR: 3.76, 95% CI 1.7-8.3), and GD and neonatal death (OR: 5.58, 95% CI 1.3-24.1). No other ultrasound sign was significantly related to any other outcome. CONCLUSIONS: IABD, polyhydramnios, and GD can be used to an extent to identify a subgroup of neonates with a prenatal diagnosis of gastroschisis at higher risk to develop postnatal complications. Data are still inconclusive on the predictive ability of several signs combined, and large prospective studies are needed to improve the quality of prenatal counseling and the neonatal care for this condition.

Mental Well-being at Work. A Sign of a Healthy Organisation and a Necessary Precondition for Organisational Development

One of the aims of the study was to clarify the reliability and validity of the Job Diagnostic Survey (JDS) and the Eigenzustand (EZ) method as measures of the objective characteristics of work and short-term mental work load in the Finnish data. The reliability and validity were examined taking into consideration the theoretical backgrounds of the methods and the reliability of the measurements. The methods were used for finding out the preconditions for organisational development based on self-improvement and clarifying the impacts of working environment (organisational functioning and job characteristics) on a worker’s mental state and health. The influences were examined on a general level - regardless of individual personal or specific contextual factors. One aim was also to clarify how cognitions and emotions are intertwined and how they influence a person’s perception of the working environment. The data consisted of 15 blue-collar organisations in the public sector. The organisations were divided in target and comparison groups depending on the research frames. The data was collected by questionnaires by post. The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (Lisrel) were used as the main statistical methods in examining the structures of the methods and impacts between the variables. It was shown that it is possible for organisations to develop their working conditions themselves on specific preconditions. The advance of the development processes could be shown by the amount of the development activity as well as by the changes of the mental well-being (ability to act) and sick absenteeism of the personnel. It was found that the JDS and the EZ methods were reliable and valid measures in the Finnish data. It was shown that, in addition to the objective working environment (organisational functioning and job characteristics), also such a personal factor as selfesteem influences a person’s perception of mental work load. However, the influence did not seem to be direct. The importance of job satisfaction as a general indicator of perceived working conditions was emphasised. Emotional and cognitive factors were found to be functionally intertwined constituting a common factor. Organisational functioning and the characteristics of work had connections with a person’s health measured by sick absenteeism.

A framework for understanding the factors that influence spectators' recall and recognition of embedded sponsorship stimuli

Now, more than ever, sponsors of athletic events demand to see evidence of a commercial return, such as enhanced brand awareness, for their investment of cash or non-cash resources (Lough et aI., 2000). The most common way to measure the impact of perimeter signage (Le., any billboard or sign that displays a company's brand name and/or logo and which surrounds the playing area) on spectators' awareness of event sponsors has been through the use of brand name recall and recognition tests (Shilbury & Berriman, 1996). Recall testing requires spectators to list all of the sponsors they can remember seeing at, for example, an athletic event, strictly from memory and without any help (Cuneen & Hannan, 1993). With recognition testing, spectators are required to identify sponsors from a prepared list which include "dummy" brand names (i.e., sponsors that are present in the list but which do not actually sponsor the event). In order to determine whether sponsors' brand awareness objectives are being met, it is important for sport and recreation marketers to understand what influences a spectator's ability to remember (Le., recall and/or recognize) the brand names of companies who advertise on perimeter signage. The purpose this study was to examine the factors that influence spectators' recall and recognition of embedded sponsorship stimuli (i.e., company brand names on perimeter signage surrounding the play area) at a Canadian University's men's basketball game and football game. These factors included the number of games spectators attended over the course of the season (i.e., repeated exposure to sponsorship stimuli), spectators' level of involvement with the event, and spectators' level of involvement with the advertisements (i.e., perimeter signage). This study also examined the differences between recall and recognition as a means of measuring spectators' awareness of sponsors, and attempted to determine if there are sport differences in spectators' recall and recognition of perimeter signage. Upon leaving the football stadium or gymnasium, spectators were approached, at random, by trained research assistants located at each exit and asked to complete a brief survey questionnaire. Respondents completed the survey on-site. A total of 358 completed surveys were collected from spectators who attended the football (N = 277) and basketball (N = 81) games. The data suggest that football and basketball respondents recognized more sponsors' brand names than they recalled. In addition, football respondents who were highly involved with the event (i.e., those individuals who viewed attending the events as fun, interesting and exciting) attended more games over the course of the season and had significantly higher brand name recognition of sponsors who advertised on perimeter signage than those individuals with low involvement with the athletic event. Football respondents who were highly involved with the sponsors' advertisements (i.e., those individuals who viewed sponsors' perimeter signage as appealing, valuable and important) had significantly higher brand name recall of event sponsors than those individuals with low involvement with these sponsors' advertisements. Repeated exposure to perimeter signage did not have a significant influence on football or basketball respondents' recall or recognition of sponsors. Finally, the data revealed that football respondents had significantly higher recall of sponsors' brand names than basketball respondents. Conversely, basketball respondents had significantly higher recognition of sponsors' brand names than did football respondents.

A randomized controlled trial evaluating the quality of life and the sense of coherence in seniors wearing complete conventional dentures or mandibular two-implant overdentures

La supériorité des prothèses mandibulaires retenues par deux implants (IODs) sur les prothèses conventionnelles (CDs) nécessitent d’être éclaircies notamment en rapport à leur influence sur la qualité de vie reliée à la santé bucco-dentaire (OHRQoL) ainsi que sur la stabilité de cet effet de traitement. De plus, l’influence des facteurs psychologiques, tel que le sens de cohérence (SOC), sur l’effet de traitement reste encore inconnue. Le but de cette étude est de déterminer l’amplitude de l’influence du port des IODs et des CDs sur l’OHRQoL et d’évaluer la stabilité de l’effet de traitement dans le temps, tout en prenant en considération le niveau du SOC. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Des participants édentés (n=172, âge moyen 71, SD = 4.5) ayant reçu des CDs ou des IODs ont été suivis sur une période de deux ans. L’OHRQoL a été évaluée à l’aide du questionnaire « Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP -20) » et ce avant le traitement et à chacun des deux suivis. Le SOC a été évalué à l’aide du questionnaire « The Orientation to Life (SOC -13) » à chacun des deux suivis. Des analyses statistiques ont été effectuées pour évaluer les différences intra et entre groupes (analyses statistiques descriptives, bivariées et multivariées). RÉSULTATS: Une amélioration statistiquement significative de l’OHRQoL entre les statuts avant et après traitement a été notée dans les deux groupes (Wilks’s Lambda = 0.473, F (1,151) = 157.31, p < 0.0001). L’amplitude de l’effet du traitement IOD est 1.5 fois plus grande que celle du traitement CD. Ces résultats ont été stables pendant les deux années d’étude et ils n’ont pas été influencés par le SOC. CONCLUSION: Le traitement IOD amène une meilleure OHRQoL à long terme en comparaison avec le traitement CD et ce sans influence du niveau du SOC. Ces résultats sont cliniquement significatifs et confirment la supériorité des IODs sur les CDs.

Implication de DC-SIGN et DC-SIGNR dans la transmission mère-enfant du VIH-1

La transmission mère-enfant du VIH-1 (TME) représente le principal mode d’infection chez l’enfant et se produit durant la grossesse (in utero, IU), l’accouchement (intrapartum, IP) ou l’allaitement (postpartum, PP). Les mécanismes qui sous-tendent le passage du VIH-1 à travers le placenta et les muqueuses intestinales du nouveau-né sont encore très peu décrits. « Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin » (DC-SIGN) et son homologue DC-SIGN « related » (DC-SIGNR) sont des récepteurs d’antigènes exprimés au niveau du placenta et capables de capter et de transmettre le VIH-1 aux cellules adjacentes. Ils pourraient donc participer au passage trans placentaire du VIH-1 et le polymorphisme génétique affectant l’expression ou modifiant l’interaction avec le virus aurait une influence sur la TME du VIH-1. Afin d’explorer cette hypothèse, nous avons procédé à une analyse exhaustive du polymorphisme de DC-SIGN et DC-SIGNR dans la population du Zimbabwe. Par la suite, nous avons déterminé l’association entre le polymorphisme de DC-SIGN et DC-SIGNR et la TME du VIH-1 dans une cohorte d’enfants nés de mères VIH-positives à Harare, au Zimbabwe. Enfin, nous avons défini l’impact fonctionnel des mutations associées. Les enfants homozygotes pour les haplotypes H1 et H3 dans le gène de DC-SIGNR sont 4 à 6 fois plus à risque de contracter le VIH-1 par voie IU et IP. H1 et H3 contiennent la mutation du promoteur p-198A et la mutation de l’intron 2, int2-180A, et des études fonctionnelles nous ont permis de démontrer que p-198A diminue l’activité transcriptionnelle du promoteur de DC-SIGNR et l’expression des transcrits d’ARNm dans le placenta, alors que int2-180A modifie le répertoire d’isoformes de DC-SIGNR vers une proportion diminuée d’isoformes membranaires. Les enfants porteurs des haplotypes H4 et H6 de DC-SIGN sont 2 à 6 fois plus à risque de contracter le VIH-1 par voie IU. Ces haplotypes contiennent deux mutations du promoteur (p-336T/C et p-201C/A) et quatre mutations codant pour un changement d’acide aminé dans l’exon 4 (R198Q, E214D, R221Q ou L242V) associées à un risque augmenté de transmission IU, IP et PP du VIH-1. Des études fonctionnelles ont démontré que les mutations du promoteur diminuent l’expression de DC-SIGN dans les macrophages placentaires. Toutefois, l’exposition IU au VIH-1 module le niveau d’expression de DC-SIGN, résultant en des niveaux d’expression similaires entre les macrophages des porteurs des allèles sauvages et mutés. Les mutations de l’exon 4 augmentent l’affinité de DC-SIGN pour le VIH-1 et sa capacité à capturer et à transmettre le virus aux lymphocytes T, favorisant possiblement la dissémination du VIH-1 à travers le placenta. L’association entre les mutations de DC-SIGN et la transmission IP et PP du VIH-1 suggèrent qu’il aurait aussi un rôle à jouer dans les muqueuses intestinales de l’enfant. Notre étude démontre pour la première fois l’implication de DC-SIGN et DC-SIGNR dans la TME du VIH-1. L’augmentation des capacités de capture et de transmission de DC-SIGN résulte en une susceptibilité accrue de l’enfant à l’infection au VIH-1 et concorde avec un rôle dans la dissémination transplacentaire. Toutefois, la diminution préférentielle des transcrits membranaires de DC-SIGNR au placenta augmente la TME du VIH-1 et laisse croire à son implication via un autre mécanisme. Ces mécanismes pourraient aussi s’appliquer à d’autres pathogènes reconnus par DC-SIGN et DC-SIGNR et transmis de la mère à l’enfant.

La investigació sobre l'èxit i el fracàs escolar des la la perspectiva dels factors de risc. Implicacions per a la recerca i la pràctica educatives

La situació problemàtica de la qual partim en aquesta tesi és la constatació de l'existència d'unes dinàmiques escolars negatives -expressades amb males notes reiterades- difícils de modificar, que determinats infants inicien i desenvolupen al llarg de la seva escolarització i que els condueix a una situació de fracàs escolar. Les males notes són el senyal que alerta pares i educadors de la presència de problemes escolars en els alumnes i constitueixen la causa explícita que motiva la cerca de solucions. Sovint es busquen solucions fora de l'escola, la qual cosa suggereix que, malgrat els esforços realitzats, l'escola i el sistema educatiu han tingut dificultats per a ajudar els infants a millorar globalment els seus resultats escolars. D'una banda, l'escola troba dificultats per a identificar el mes aviat possible quins infants seran mes susceptibles de desenvolupar unes dinàmiques escolars negatives que els puguin conduir a una situació de fracàs escolar. D'altra banda, també hi ha dificultats per trobar i aplicar estratègies preventives d'intervenció educativa a l'aula, que resultin adequades per a prevenir el desenvolupament de dinàmiques escolars negatives en alguns infants. Partint de la situació problemàtica descrita, la finalitat de la tesi es obtenir informació teòrica , empírica sobre algunes variables que puguin resultar rellevants per a articular, des de l'aula escolar, intervencions educatives destinades a prevenir el desenvolupament de les dinàmiques escolars negatives. Des de la perspectiva de la prevenció, la rellevància de les variables hauria d'establir-se en funció de la seva utilitat per a: A) Identificar des de l'aula escolar situacions de més perill -de més risc- de desenvolupar aquestes dinàmiques negatives i, consegüentment, arribar a la situació de fracàs escolar . Això implica, per tant, que les variables han de permetre la identificació abans que la situació de fracàs escolar es produeixi . B) Intervenir educativament des de l'escola; per tant, cal que siguin variables sobre les quals l'escola pugui incidir. La modificabilitat de les variables ha de permetre que es puguin emprendre accions educatives, des de la mateixa aula escolar. Variables que resultin suficientment importants de cara a disminuir el perill o evitar el desenvolupament de dinàmiques negatives. Es a dir, que la seva modificació contribueixi a evitar que els infants arribin a la situació de fracàs escolar. Per assolir aquesta finalitat es realitzen un segut de passes en funció de les quals s'ha estructurat la tesi en dues parts: Un marc teòric i un estudi de casos. EI Marc teòric té dos objectius: 1. Definir la situació problemàtica. En el capítol primer del marc teòric de la tesi, s'exposen les dimensions d'aquesta situació problemàtica. La revisió bibliogràfica entorn del tema del fracàs escolar ens ajuda a emmarcar la qüestió de les dinàmiques escolars en el fenomen complex del fracàs i l'èxit escolar, i del rendiment. Aquestes aportacions teòriques juntament amb les aportacions de la recerca educativa en relació a l'estabilitat del rendiment al llarg dels cursos són la base per a definir la situació problemàtica. 2. Delimitar, des d'un punt de vista teòric, algunes variables rellevants per a la prevenció del desenvolupament de dinàmiques escolars negatives, conduents a la situació de fracàs escolar. La primera passa per a dur a terme aquesta delimitació teòrica, que es presenta al segon capítol, ha estat revisar les aportacions de les investigacions sobre variables que incideixen en el rendiment escolar, les quals s'han analitzat en funció de la seva rellevància per a la prevenció. Aquesta revisió ha permès constatar un seguit de problemes de caire terminològic, metodològic i sobre la repercussió d'aquesta recerca en la practica educativa que afecten directament la utilitat de les aportacions d'aquestes investigacions de cara a identificar variables rellevants per a la prevenció. De l'anàlisi dels resultats d'aquestes recerques es desprèn que: a) Hi ha moltes variables associades al rendiment escolar, algunes difícilment modificables mitjançant la intervenció educativa escolar. b) EI fet que una variable estigui associada al rendiment no implica que sigui rellevant per a la prevenció c) S'obté poca informació sobre variables que contribueixin a disminuir la probabilitat de fracàs escolar. En base a aquests resultats es constata que cal buscar una perspectiva d'anàlisi de les variables mes adequades a l'enfocament preventiu, perspectiva que ha d'orientar-se a l'estudi del risc de fracàs escolar. La segona passa que es duu a terme per arribar a una delimitació teòrica de les variables rellevants es l'estudi del concepte de risc i d'altres conceptes relacionats: signe de risc, marcador de risc, factor de risc, factor protector, població en risc, infant en situació de risc, així com la revisió d'estudis i recerques que s'han plantejat en aquesta línia. Aquest treball ha permès: a) Clarificar aquests conceptes i aplicar-los en l'àmbit educatiu, en referència al problema del fracàs escolar, estructurant un marc teòric en funció del qual plantejar una anàlisi de les variables associades al rendiment escolar. b) Concretar un model per a l'anàlisi, des de l'aula escolar, de les variables que incideixen en el risc de fracàs escolar. Aquest model, que es situa en la perspectiva de l'aula escolar i que pren en consideració el paper actiu que els estudiants tenen respecte al seu aprenentatge, consta de tres components: unes variables, les seves relacions i la funció que exerceixen en relació al risc de fracàs escolar. La conclusió a la qual s'arriba es que, des d'un punt de vista teòric, una variable serà rellevant per a articular intervencions educatives preventives des de l'escola si constitueix o bé un factor de risc, o be un factor protector o compensador del risc. La delimitació empírica de variables rellevants per a la prevenció del fracàs escolar -que constitueix l'objectiu de la segona part de la tesi- es duu a terme mitjançant un estudi de casos que es deriva del plantejament teòric elaborat. L'objectiu d'aquest estudi es identificar variables que han pogut constituir factors protectors en joves que es troben en situació de risc per circumstàncies sociofamiliars. Se seleccionen tres noies i dos nois que, malgrat trobar-se en situació de risc, han assolit un cert nivell d'èxit escolar. Basant-nos en el model s'ha recollit informació sobre característiques actitudinals dels estudiants, del seu procés d'autoaprenentatge i de l'ambient d'aprenentatge. S'utilitza un disseny qualitatiu d'estudi de casos, utilitzant entrevistes amb profunditat per a recollir informació, la qual s'analitza mitjançant tècniques d'anàlisi de continguts. L'estudi de cada un dels cinc casos i la seva posterior comparació ha permès identificar algunes variables que poden haver constituït factors protectors del risc de fracàs escolar. Entre elles podem citar 1. La consciència de la pròpia situació complexa i desfavorable que han viscut o estan vivint. 2. Tenir un projecte vital a mig o llarg termini, en el qual els estudis són concebuts com a una via per assolir-lo. 3. Ser autoresponsables dels aprenentatges. 4. Haver identificat models a seguir en altres persones. Del treball realitzat tant des d'una perspectiva teòrica com empírica i les conclusions a les quals s'ha arribat se'n desprenen implicacions per a la practica educativa, per a la recerca i per a la formació professional dels educadors i educadores socials. Pel que fa a les implicacions per a la practica educativa, es proposa el model com a base per a la identificació de situacions de risc i per al disseny d'intervencions educatives amb l'objectiu de prevenir el fracàs escolar. En aquest sentit, i en funció dels resultats obtinguts a l'estudi de casos, es proposen unes línies d'intervenció preventiva en casos de risc similars als que han estat objecte d'estudi, línies que poden prendre en consideració tant els/les mestres com els educadors/es. Pel que fa a les implicacions per a la investigació educativa, es deriven quatre línies de recerca: investigació sobre factors de risc, investigació sobre factors protectors, investigació sobre el potencial preventiu d'intervencions educatives dissenyades en base a factors de risc i factors protectors, l'investigació sobre com potenciar des de diferents àmbits (escola i vida quotidiana) els fadors protectors. Quant a les implicacions per a la formació professional dels educadors/es socials, els resultats de l'estudi de casos com a possibles aspectes a treballar per part dels educadors/es impliquen un treball en el qual aquests professionals han d'haver rebut formació sobre: 1. La relació educativa com a recurs per a la intervenció educativa professional. 2. La necessitat d'un treball coordinat interdisciplinari com a estratègia de treball professional. 3. EI coneixement de programes coherents i estratègies d'intervenció sobre factors protectors. 4. L'elaboració de programes educatius, de manera que els educadors/es puguin adaptar les intervencions a les necessitats educatives dels subjectes. 5. La intervenció educativa en famílies.

TR-2015001: A Survey and Critique of Facial Expression Synthesis in Sign Language Animation

Sign language animations can lead to better accessibility of information and services for people who are deaf and have low literacy skills in spoken/written languages. Due to the distinct word-order, syntax, and lexicon of the sign language from the spoken/written language, many deaf people find it difficult to comprehend the text on a computer screen or captions on a television. Animated characters performing sign language in a comprehensible way could make this information accessible. Facial expressions and other non-manual components play an important role in the naturalness and understandability of these animations. Their coordination to the manual signs is crucial for the interpretation of the signed message. Software to advance the support of facial expressions in generation of sign language animation could make this technology more acceptable for deaf people. In this survey, we discuss the challenges in facial expression synthesis and we compare and critique the state of the art projects on generating facial expressions in sign language animations. Beginning with an overview of facial expressions linguistics, sign language animation technologies, and some background on animating facial expressions, a discussion of the search strategy and criteria used to select the five projects that are the primary focus of this survey follows. This survey continues on to introduce the work from the five projects under consideration. Their contributions are compared in terms of support for specific sign language, categories of facial expressions investigated, focus range in the animation generation, use of annotated corpora, input data or hypothesis for their approach, and other factors. Strengths and drawbacks of individual projects are identified in the perspectives above. This survey concludes with our current research focus in this area and future prospects.