Effect of a sardine supplement on C-reactive protein in patients receiving hemodialysis

Objective - The study evaluated the effect of a canned sardine supplement in C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients on hemodialysis (HD) and the compliance and adherence to this supplement. Design - This was a quasi-experimental study: Participants with a serum CRP of 5 mg/dL or less volunteered to consume a sardine supplement or were maintained on the usual cheese/ham sandwich supplement. Setting - The study took place in two outpatient dialysis units in Lisbon, Portugal. Patients - The study comprised 63 patients receiving maintenance HD three times per week for at least 6 months and an initial CRP concentration of 5 mg/dL or less. Exclusion criteria included the presence of graft vascular access or history of cancer. Intervention - After a 4-week washout period, the nutritional intervention included a canned sardine sandwich for the case group (n = 31) and a cheese or ham sandwich for the control group (n = 32), to be ingested during each routine HD session, 3 times per week, for 8 weeks. Main outcome measure - Serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP were the outcome measure. Results - Only 65 patients from the invited 186 patients met the inclusion criteria and agreed to eat the sardine sandwich supplement three times per week and were involved in the study. A significant proportion of 48% (n = 31, case group) consumed the sardine sandwich supplement three times per week for 8 weeks, fulfilling the requirements and completing the study. The present investigation showed that a sardine sandwich supplement had no effect on CRP levels among patients on HD. However, when participants were stratified according to tertiles of CRP distribution values at baseline, a reduction in CRP levels was found for those in the higher tertile, being higher for the case group (P = .047). Although diabetic patients were excluded from the analysis (eight in the sardine supplementation group and seven in the control group) a significant CRP reduction was found (P = .034). Conclusion - Although a supplement of low-dose n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids had no effect on the plasma high-sensitivity CRP of the supplemented group, a reduction in CRP levels was found when patients were stratified for tertiles of CRP (for the upper tertile) and diabetic status (for nondiabetic patients). These findings need to be further confirmed. This canned sardine supplement was accepted by an important proportion of patients, enhancing diet variety and contributing for a greater n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid intake.

Harvest control rule vs optimal harvesting of an age-structured population: The case of the Ibero-Atlantic Sardine Fishery

Research Masters

POPULATION GENETIC STUDIES ON THE OIL SARDINE ( Sardinella longiceps )

The objective of present investigation was to study the population genetic structure of S. longiceps by applying three different basic population genetic techniques such as cytogenetics, non-enzymatic biochemicalgenetics (general protein) and morphomeristics/metrics.

BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC STUDIES ON THE OIL SARDINE, Sardinella longiceps (CUVIER AND VALENCIENNES, 1847) FROM SELECTED CENTRES OF THE WEST COAST OF INDIA

The main objective of the present investigation was to study the biochemical genetic variability within the species and genetic structure of its regional populations from west coast. Realising the recent report of occurrence of oil sardine fishery in east coast of India, population samples from Mandapam and Madras were also included in the present investigation. The original data gathered on the population genetics of the species have helped to interpret and evaluate the results objectively. The important conclusions drawn from a detailed discussions on the subject would throw some light on the probable process of problematic fluctuations in the abundance of oil sardine fishery of India. The academic and applied values of present discoveries need not be emphasised. The data used for the doctoral thesis were generated during the ICAR ad-hoc project on the "Population genetic studies on oil sardine, sardinella longiceps to identity distinct genetic stocks", carried out at CMFRI, Cochin during the years, 1988-1991

Physical characteristics of the coastal waters off the south-west coast of india with an attempt to study the possible relationship with sardine mackerel and anchovy fisheries

The present study is aimed at observing the variations, in space and time, of see of the important hydrographic parameters such as sea water temperature, salinity and Resolved oxygen within the coastal waters along the south-west coast of Indiametween Ratnagiri (17°OO*N,73°20'E) and cape comorin ( 8°10'N,77°30*E). Specific data relating to the process of upwelling and sinking was collected mainly to evaluate the extent and intensity of the vertical mixing processes active in the area under study. The study also attempted possible correlations between the observed parameters and the occurrence and migrations of some of the major pelagic fishery resources such as sardine,mackerel and anchovy in the area under study

The influence of sardine consumption on the omega-3 fatty acid content of mature human milk

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate what effect the ingestion of sardines, rich in omega-3 series polyunsaturated fatty acids, has on the composition of breastmilk. Methods: This was a prospective study of 31 nursing mothers under observation at the Hospital Guilherme Álvaro. Each was given 2 kg of fresh sardines twice with a 15-day interval. Milk was sampled and a 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire was applied on days 0, 15 and 30. Milk was assayed for fatty acid content by gas chromatography. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using nonparametric tests with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The results demonstrate that the nutritional intake of the nursing mothers was adequate at all three sample points. With regard to the omega-3 series fatty acid content of the breastmilk, it was observed that regular consumption and shorter intervals between ingestion and milk collection resulted in higher concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid at 15 and 30 days into the study. Fatty acids from the omega-3 and omega-6 series exhibited a significant correlation, r 2 was 0.58 and 0.59 at 15 and 30 days, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggest that incorporating fish into the diets of nursing mother during lactation, in the form of 100 g of sardines two or three times a week, contributes to an increase in omega-3 series fatty acids. Copyright © 2006 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.

Spatial analysis of egg distribution and geographic changes in the spawning habitat of the Brazilian sardine Sardinella brasiliensis

This paper establishes the spawning habitat of the Brazilian sardine Sardinella brasiliensis and investigates the spatial variability of egg density and its relation with oceanographic conditions in the shelf of the south-east Brazil Bight (SBB). The spawning habitats of S. brasiliensis have been defined in terms of spatial models of egg density, temperature-salinity plots, quotient (Q) analysis and remote sensing data. Quotient curves (Q(C)) were constructed using the geographic distribution of egg density, temperature and salinity from samples collected during nine survey cruises between 1976 and 1993. The interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variability was determined using principal component analysis on the SST anomalies (SSTA) estimated from remote sensing data over the period between 1985 and 2007. The spatial pattern of egg occurrences in the SBB indicated that the largest concentration occurred between Paranagua and Sao Sebastiao. Spawning habitat expanded and contracted during the years, fluctuating around Paranagua. In January 1978 and January 1993, eggs were found nearly everywhere along the inner shelf of the SBB, while in January 1988 and 1991 spawning had contracted to their southernmost position. The SSTA maps for the spawning periods showed that in the case of habitat expansion (1993 only) anomalies over the SBB were zero or slightly negative, whereas for the contraction period anomalies were all positive. Sardinella brasiliensis is capable of exploring suitable spawning sites provided by the entrainment of the colder and less-saline South Atlantic Central Water onto the shelf by means of both coastal wind-driven (to the north-east of the SBB) and meander-induced (to the south-west of the SBB) upwelling.

Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis Steindachner, 1879) spawning and nursery habitats: spatial-scale partitioning and multiscale relationships with thermohaline descriptors

We provide a detailed account of the spatial structure of the Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) spawning and nursery habitats, using ichthyoplankton data from nine surveys (1976-1993) covering the Southeastern Brazilian Bight (SBB). The spatial variability of sardine eggs and larvae was partitioned into predefined spatial-scale classes (broad scale, 200-500 km; medium scale, 50-100 km; and local scale, <50 km). The relationship between density distributions at both developmental stages and environmental descriptors (temperature and salinity) was also explored within these spatial scales. Spatial distributions of sardine eggs were mostly structured on medium and local scales, while larvae were characterized by broad-and medium-scale distributions. Broad-and medium-scale surface temperatures were positively correlated with sardine densities, for both developmental stages. Correlations with salinity were predominantly negative and concentrated on a medium scale. Broad-scale structuring might be explained by mesoscale processes, such as pulsing upwelling events and Brazil Current meandering at the northern portion of the SBB, while medium-scale relationships may be associated with local estuarine outflows. The results indicate that processes favouring vertical stability might regulate the spatial extensions of suitable spawning and nursery habitats for the Brazilian sardine.

Valutazione degli stock di alici (Engraulis encrasicolus) e sardine (Sardina pilchardus) con metodi di dinamica di popolazione

Il presente studio si occupa di indagare lo stato delle popolazioni di alici, Engraulis encrasicolus, e sardine, Sardina pilchardus, presenti nel Mar Adriatico Centrale e Settentrionale attraverso l’utilizzo di metodi di dinamica di popolazione. L’attenzione per queste specie è dovuta alla loro importanza commerciale; sono, infatti, specie “target” della flotta peschereccia italiana, in particolare nell’area adriatica. I metodi di dinamica di popolazione sono uno degli aspetti più importanti delle scienze della pesca. Attraverso lo stock assessment si possono acquisire informazioni sull’abbondanza in mare delle risorse nel tempo e nello spazio, nonché sulla mortalità dovuta all’attività di pesca, che sono di primaria importanza per l’adozione di misure gestionali. I metodi di dinamica di popolazione esaminati e confrontati in questa tesi sono stati due: Virtual Population Analysis (VPA) e Integrated Catch-at-Age Analysis (ICA). Prima, però, è stato necessario esaminare le modalità con cui ottenere i dati di “input”, quali: tassi di crescita delle specie, mortalità naturale, sforzo di pesca, dati di cattura. Infine, è stato possibile ricostruire nel tempo la storia dello stock in questione e il suo stato attuale, dando indicazioni per lo sfruttamento futuro in un’ottica di conservazione dello stock stesso. Attraverso la determinazione della curva di crescita si sono potuti ottenere i parametri di crescita delle specie in esame, necessari per definire i tassi di mortalità naturale. L’abbondanza di questi stock è stata valutata con i programmi Age Length Key (ALK) e Iterative Age Length Key (IALK). Nei programmi di stock assessment utilizzati si è preferito utilizzare la stima di abbondanza calcolata con il primo metodo, in quanto più rappresentativo dello stock in esame. Un parametro di fondamentale importanza e di difficile stima è la mortalità; in particolare, in questo studio ci siamo occupati di determinare la mortalità naturale. Questa è stata determinata utilizzando due programmi: ProdBiom (Abella et al., 1998) e il sistema ideato da Gislason et al. (2008). Nonostante l’approccio conservativo suggerisca l’utilizzo dei valori ricavati da ProdBiom, in quanto più bassi, si è preferito utilizzare i tassi di mortalità naturale ricavati dalla seconda procedura. Questa preferenza è stata determinata dal fatto che il programma ProdBiom consegna indici di mortalità naturale troppo bassi, se confrontati con quelli presentati in letteratura per le specie in esame. Inoltre, benché nessuno dei due programmi sia stato costruito appositamente per le specie pelagiche, è comunque preferibile la metodologia ideata da Gislason et al. (2008), in quanto ottenuta da un esame di 367 pubblicazioni, in alcune delle quali erano presenti dati per queste specie. Per quanto riguarda i dati di cattura utilizzati in questo lavoro per il calcolo della Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE, cioè le catture per unità di sforzo), si sono utilizzati quelli della marineria di Porto Garibaldi, in quanto questa vanta una lunga serie temporale di dati, dal 1975 ad oggi. Inoltre, in questa marineria si è sempre pescato senza imposizione di quote e con quantitativi elevati. Determinati questi dati è stato possibile applicare i programmi di valutazione degli stock ittici: VPA e ICA. L’ICA risulta essere più attendibile, soprattutto per gli anni recenti, in quanto prevede un periodo nel quale la selettività è mantenuta costante, riducendo i calcoli da fare e, di conseguenza, diminuendo gli errori. In particolare, l’ICA effettua i suoi calcoli considerando che i dati di cattura e gli indici di “tuning” possono contenere degli errori. Nonostante le varie differenze dei programmi e le loro caratteristiche, entrambi concordano sullo stato degli stock in mare. Per quanto riguarda l’alice, lo stock di questa specie nel Mar Adriatico Settentrionale e Centrale, altamente sfruttato in passato, oggi risulta moderatamente sfruttato in quanto il livello di sfruttamento viene ottenuto con un basso livello di sforzo di pesca. Si raccomanda, comunque, di non incrementare lo sforzo di pesca, in modo da non determinare nuove drastiche diminuzioni dello stock con pesanti conseguenze per l’attività di pesca. Le sardine, invece, presentano un trend diverso: dalla metà degli anni ottanta lo stock di Sardina pilchardus ha conosciuto un continuo e progressivo declino, che solo nell’ultimo decennio mostra un’inversione di tendenza. Questo, però, non deve incoraggiare ad aumentare lo pressione di pesca, anzi bisogna cercare di mantenere costante lo sforzo di pesca al livello attuale in modo da permettere il completo ristabilimento dello stock (le catture della flotta italiana sono, infatti, ancora relativamente basse). Questo lavoro, nonostante i vari aspetti da implementare (quali: il campionamento, le metodologie utilizzate, l’introduzione di aspetti non considerati, come ad es. gli scarti,… etc.) e le difficoltà incontrate nel suo svolgimento, ha fornito un contributo di approfondimento sugli spinosi aspetti della definizione del tasso di mortalità naturale, individuando una procedura più adatta per stimare questo parametro. Inoltre, ha presentato l’innovativo aspetto del confronto tra i programmi ICA e VPA, mostrando una buon accordo dei risultati ottenuti. E’ necessario, comunque, continuare ad approfondire questi aspetti per ottenere valutazioni sempre più precise e affidabili, per raggiungere una corretta gestione dell’attività di pesca e ai fini della preservazione degli stock stessi.

Do pingers cause stress in fish? An experimental tank study with European sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792) (Actinopterygii, Clupeidae), exposed to a 70 kHz dolphin pinger

Date of acceptance: 06/12/2014 Acknowledgments The study was funded by the Portuguese Ministry of Science (Fundac¸a˜o para a Cieˆncia e Tecnologia– FCT) through a PhD Grant of SG (SFRH/BD/47931/2008). We would like to thank the captain of the purse-seiner (Jose´ Manuel Saveedra) and his crew for facilitating the capture and transport of live fish. Moreover, we want to thank Ana Marc¸alo for suggestions on the experimental design, Manuel Garci for technical advice on underwater video recordings and James Turner from the company Future Oceans for providing technical details on the 70 kHz dolphin pingers. We would also like to acknowledge the scientific advice of Dr. Jose´ Iglesias and the technical and logistic support for the preparation of the laboratory and the materials for tank experiments by Enrique Martı´nez Gonza´lez, Ricardo Pazo´and other staff at the aquaculture facilities of the Spanish Institute for Oceanography (IEO) and the Marine Sciences Station of Toralla (ECIMAT) in Vigo. Furthermore, we are grateful to Francisco de la Granda Grandoso for his practical assistance during the fish tank experiments and to Juan Santos Blanco for helping with statistical analysis. Finally, we would like to thank Pilar Riobo´ Agula, Amelia Fernandez Villamarin, Jose´ Franco Soler, Jose´ Luis Mun˜oz, Angela Benedetti, Marcos Antonio Lopez Patin˜o and Marta Conde Sieira for scientific advice and practical support with cortisol analysis and Rosana Rodrı´guez for preparing histological samples for us.