Saab J35 Draken -hävittäjän vaikutus Suomen ilmapuolustuskykyyn 1970-luvulla

Kylmän sodan aikana Suomen ilmapuolustus kyseenalaistettiin muiden valtioiden toimesta. Kehittyvän aseteknologian aikana Suomen ilmavoimien hävittäjäkalusto oli jäänyt jälkeen sen ajan sotakalustosta. Tutkattomat hävittäjät kykenivät toteuttamaan ilmavoimille asetettuja tehtäviä vain hyvällä säällä, näkölento-olosuhteissa. Koko valtakunnan ilmapuolustusjärjestelmä koki suuren muutoksen 1970-luvulla, jonka merkittävänä tekijänä oli ruotsalaisen Saab J35 Draken -hävittäjän hankinta ilmavoimien torjuntahävittäjäksi. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan uuden torjuntahävittäjän vaikutusta hävittäjätorjunnan toteutukseen ja ilmapuolustuskyvyn ylläpitoon. Tutkimusmenetelmä on laadullinen eli kvalitatiivinen tutkimusmenetelmä, jolloin tutkimuksen aineisto koostuu valtaosin julkaistuista kirjallisuuslähteistä ja haastattelusta. Kaikki suoranaisesti hävittäjätorjuntaa käsittelevät lähteet ovat Draken-aikakaudella ilmavoimissa palvelleiden henkilöiden kirjoittamia. Kirjallisuuslähteiden tueksi haastateltavana henkilönä on käytetty entistä ilmavoimien komentajaa, kenraaliluutnantti Heikki Nikusta. Hankintaprosessin poliittinen valmistelu kesti useita vuosia ja hankintaa jouduttiin lykkäämään eri syistä. Viimein keväällä, vuonna 1970 vahvistettiin kahdentoista Draken-hävittäjän hankinta. Koneet toimitettiin osina Suomeen Valmetin tehtaille koottavaksi. Koneiden oston yhteydessä kauppaan kuului myös koulutuspaketti, jonka avulla tyyppi- ja ilmataistelukoulutus kyettiin aloittamaan Suomessa nopeasti kuuden Ruotsista vuokratun koneen kanssa. Koulutuspaketti edesauttoi Drakenin nopeaa täysimittaista operatiiviseen käyttöön ottoa ja nopeaa ilmataistelukoulutuksen aloitusta Suomessa. Vaikka uusi torjuntahävittäjä oli massiivinen ja hieman kankeaksi kuvailtu sotakone, palautti se hävittäjätorjuntaan sotien jälkeen koulutuksesta kadonneen klassisen ilmataistelun eli kaartotaistelun. Draken oli ensimmäinen hävittäjä Suomen ilmavoimilla, jossa oli tutka ja tutkaohjukset. Oman tutkan käyttöön perustuva ohjushyökkäys paransi hävittäjätorjunnan toteutusta ja samalla se oli täysin uusi koulutettava asia hävittäjäohjaajille. Suuret hävittäjähankinnan kaltaiset sota-asehankinnat ovat merkittäviä ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittisia päätöksiä. Kylmän sodan aikana Suomen tavoitteena oli edistää puolueetonta ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikka. Nootti-kriisi ja läheinen suhde Neuvostoliittoon ei vakuuttanut länsivaltioita Suomen puolueettomuudesta, joten ruotsalaisvalmisteisen torjuntahävittäjän hankinta oli tarkasti harkittu evaluointiprosessissa mukana olleista hävittäjistä. Puolueettomuusimagon lisäksi Draken-hankinta toi mukanaan uusia elementtejä ilmataisteluun. Tutkan ja kaartotaistelun lisäksi uutena mainittavana asiana oli hävittäjäparin käyttö torjuvana yksikkönä. Koneiden pie3 nestä määrästä johtuen Drakenin aikakaudella otettiin käyttöön myös hajautustaktiikka. Koneet sijoitettiin pienempiin osastoihin valtakunnan alueelle, jolloin saatiin kattava tunnistus- ja torjuntakyky ympäri valtakuntaa. Drakenin myötä Suomelle tuli ensimmäistä kertaa historiansa aikana ympärivuorokautinen kyky valvoa ja turvata valtakunnan ilmatilaa sääolosuhteista riippumatta.

Home Made Cars: An insight on Consumer Ethnocentrism – Case Saab

Saab outstands in the history of the Finnish car manufacturing. This is not only due to that these cars have been manufactured in Finland more than other passenger vehicles altogether. Finns also have a special emotional attachment to the “Finnish Saabs”. Findings from previous studies show that consumers connect cars well to the origin of the brand (COB). They are however rarely aware of the Country of Manufacturing (COM). Domestic brands are often popular in the COB, but research from situations in which the domestic origin is limited to the COM is rare. The case of this study is a phenomenon, in which the products origin is two dimensional and divided into domestic COM and foreign COB. The aim is to understand the phenomenon’s effect on consumer behavior. The research problem is approached with two sub questions: • Which country do consumers perceive as the origin country of the car? • What is the role of this origin in the consumers’ product perception and purchasing decision of the car? The theoretical framework of this study applies previous findings of two areas of interest: Country of Origin effect and Consumer Ethnocentrism. This is followed by feasibility studies that present and discuss the history and current state of Finnish car manufacturing. Based on the findings of earlier stages of the study, the role of the domestic COM on consumer behavior is presumed high. This expectation is confirmed by the experts and also by the first consumer respondent, who states domestic origin having been the main motivation to his car choice. All further consumer respondents do however not connect Saab to the home country, but discuss it as a Nordic car. This unexpected finding means that they do not perceive the origin to be neither the COM nor COB, but a geographical area that includes both countries. In other words, consumers have widened their in-group in a way that is in this thesis explained with reference group theory. The consumers’ perceived origin of the car is in this research found to be an important factor to the consumers’ product perception and purchasing decision. Being fit for the yields of the local environment is discovered to have been the most important factor to Finnish consumers purchasing choice of a Saab and the Nordic origin has been an indicator of this fit to them.

Om draken eller lindormen. Mémoire till Kongl. Vetenskaps-akademien.

With appendices containing accounts of strange creatures seen by Scandinavians.

Characterization of oil shale residue and rejects from irati formation by electron paramagnetic resonance

In this study, sedimentary organic matter of oil shale rejects, calschist, shale fine and the so called retorted shale from Irati formation was characterized. EPR was used to analyse the samples regarding loss of signal in g = 2.003 associated to the organic free radical with the calcined samples and washing with hydrogen peroxide. The radical signal was detected in all samples, however, for the calschist and shale fine samples another signal was identified at g = 2.000 which disappeared when the sample was heated at 400 ºC. Hydrogen peroxide washing was also performed and it was noted that after washing the signal appeared around g = 2.000 for all samples, including retorted shale, which might be due to the quartz E1 defect.

Mineralogia de um latossolo vermelho distrófico submetido a diferentes manejos por 24 anos

Atualmente, procuram-se sistemas de manejo que preservem ou melhorem as qualidades do solo, tanto mineralógicas como orgânicas, priorizando maior produtividade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar qualitativamente, por meio das técnicas de fluorescência de raios X, difração de raios X e infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, os efeitos provocados pela utilização dos manejos: plantio convencional, preparo mínimo e plantio direto, por 24 anos, na mineralogia de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico de Ponta Grossa, PR. Não foram observadas mudanças significativas na mineralogia do Latossolo estudado, por meio das técnicas utilizadas, quanto aos diferentes manejos durante os anos de sua aplicação. Pôde-se verificar, qualitativamente, a presença dos minerais gibbsita, caulinita, haloisita, montmorilonita, hematita, rutilo, anatásio, goethita e quartzo.

Investigating the gap between citizens` sustainability attitudes and food purchasing behaviour: empirical evidence from Brazilian pork consumers

Consumers worldwide are increasingly concerned with sustainable production and consumption. Recently, a comprehensive study ranked 17 countries in regard to their environmentally friendly behaviour among consumers. Brazil was one of the top countries in the list. Yet, several studies highlight significant differences between consumers` intentions to consume ethically, and their actual purchase behaviour: the so-called `Attitude-Behaviour Gap`. In developing countries, few studies have been conducted on this issue. The objective of this study is therefore to investigate the gap between citizens` sustainability-related attitudes and food purchasing behaviour using empirical data from Brazil. To this end, Brazilian citizens` attitudes towards pig production systems were mapped through conjoint analysis and their coexistence with relevant pork product-related purchasing behaviour of consumers was investigated through cluster analysis. The conjoint experiment was carried Out with empirical data collected from 475 respondents surveyed in the South and Center-West regions of Brazil. The results of the conjoint analysis were used for a subsequent cluster analysis in order to identify clusters of Brazilian citizens with diversified attitudes towards pig production systems, using socio-demographics, attitudes towards sustainability-related themes that are expected to influence the way they evaluate pig production systems, and consumption frequency of various pork products as clusters` background information. Three clusters were identified as `indifferent`, `environmental conscious` and `sustainability-oriented` citizens. Although attitudes towards environment and nature had indeed an influence on citizens` specific attitudes towards pig farming at the cluster level, the relationship between `citizenship` and consumption behaviour was found to be weak. This finding is similar to previous research conducted with European consumers: what people (in their role of citizens) think about pig production systems does not appear to significantly influence their pork consumption choices. Improvements in the integrated management of this chain would better meet consumers` sustainability-related expectations towards pig production systems.

Qualidade no atendimento banc??rio aos aposentados, pensionistas e benefici??rios da previd??ncia social

Historicamente o processo de pagamento de benef??cios da Previd??ncia Social, pela rede banc??ria, desenvolvia-se sem nenhuma fiscaliza????o por parte do Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social - INSS. N??o havia preocupa????o com o controle da Qualidade do atendimento, nem t??o pouco, cobrava-se o compromisso e a responsabilidade dos bancos com a efici??ncia na presta????o dos servi??os. Antes do advento do Projeto SAAB, os clientes enfrentavam longas, cansativas e humilhantes filas, ficando expostos ao sol e chuva. Muitos madrugavam, outros dormiam diante das portas do bancos, para marcar vaga na tentativa de estarem entre os primeiros a receber o pagamento. Os aposentados e pensionistas eram considerados, pelos bancos, clientes de segunda categoria. Na maioria das ag??ncias, o pagamento dos benef??cios era feito separadamente dos demais clientes, em garagens, subsolos ou em outros locais inadequados, sem as m??nimas condi????es de acomoda????o. Em alguns casos eram obrigados a entrar pelas portas dos fundos. Um exemplo de desrespeito ?? cidadania dos aposentados. A partir de 1992, o INSS passou a oferecer um servi??o com mais qualidade, criando o Sistema de Acompanhamento ao Atendimento Banc??rio - SAAB, resultado do contrato que o INSS firmou com a Federa????o Brasileira do Bancos - Febraban

Cadeia de abastecimento: gestão do estoque pelo distribuidor

Este artigo trata do fluxo de informação e material em uma cadeia de abastecimento de produtos de consumo de quatro níveis. Propõe-se que, pelo menos sob determinadas condições de contorno, os sistemas de gestão nos quais o distribuidor coordena os fluxos de informação e de produtos acabados na cadeia (aqui denominados Estoque Gerido pelo Distribuidor - EGD ou DMI) têm vantagem em comparação com o conceito tradicional de Estoque Gerido pelo Fabricante (EGF ou VMI). Além da avaliação da proposta nas dimensões estratégica e econômica, um modelo de simulação numérica é construído para o estudo do comportamento dinâmico da cadeia. Demonstrou-se que o modelo DMI proporciona posicionamento estratégico e econômico mais sólido ao distribuidor, nas condições analisadas. A análise dinâmica revelou que o modelo é estável, e a simulação permitiu à cadeia específica estudada enfrentar incrementos de 20% da demanda normal com estoques 55% menores no varejo e 33% menores no distribuidor que o modelo VMI de referência.

Model based fault diagnosis with application to an automotive engine

Report for the scientific sojourn at the University of Linköping between April to July 2007. Monitoring of the air intake system of an automotive engine is important to meet emission related legislative diagnosis requirements. During the research the problem of fault detection in the air intake system was stated as a constraint satisfaction problem over continuous domains with a big number of variables and constraints. This problem was solved using Interval-based Consistency Techniques. Interval-based consistency techniques are shown to be particularly efficient for checking the consistency of the Analytical Redundancy Relations (ARRs), dealing with uncertain measurements and parameters, and using experimental data. All experiments were performed on a four-cylinder turbo-charged spark-ignited SAAB engine located in the research laboratory at Vehicular System Group - University of Linköping.

Agar dilution method for susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

The antibiotic susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates obtained from patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Tucumán, Argentina, were determined by the agar dilution method (MIC). 3.5% of the isolates produced ²-lactamase. A total of 96.5% of ²-lactamase negative isolates tested were susceptible to penicillin (MIC < 2 µgml-1); 14.03% of the tested isolates were resistant to tetracycline (MIC < 2 µgml-1), and 98% of the tested isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin (MIC < 64 µgml-1). The MICs for 95% of the isolates, tested for other drugs were: < 2 µgml-1 for cefoxitin, < 0.06 µgml-1 for cefotaxime, < 0.25 µgml-1 for norfloxacin, < 10 µgml-1 for cephaloridine, < 10 µgml-1 for cephalexin, and < 50 µgml-1 for kanamycin. Antibiotic resistance among N. gonorrhoeae isolates from Tucumán, Argentina, appeared to be primarily limited to penicillin and tetracycline, which has been a general use against gonorrhoeae in Tucumán since 1960. Periodic monitoring of the underlying susceptibility profiles of the N. gonorrhoeae strains prevalent in areas of frequent transmission may provide clues regarding treatment options and emerging of drug resistance.

In vitro Comparison of Disk Diffusion and Agar Dilution Antibiotic Susceptibility Test Methods for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

At present, most Neisseria gonorrhoeae testing is done with ß-lactamase and agar dilution tests with common therapeutic agents. Generally, in bacteriological diagnosis laboratories in Argentina, study of antibiotic susceptibility of N.gonorrhoeae is based on ß-lactamase determination and agar dilution method with common therapeutic agents. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) has recently described a disk diffusion test that produces results comparable to the reference agar dilution method for antibiotic susceptibility of N.gonorrhoeae, using a dispersion diagram for analyzing the correlation between both techniques. We obtained 57 gonococcal isolates from patients attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases in Tucumán, Argentina. Antibiotic susceptibility tests using agar dilution and disk diffusion techniques were compared. The established NCCLS interpretive criteria for both susceptibility methods appeared to be applicable to domestic gonococcal strains. The correlation between the MIC's and the zones of inhibition was studied for penicillin, ampicillin, cefoxitin, spectinomycin, cefotaxime, cephaloridine, cephalexin, tetracycline, norfloxacin and kanamycin. Dispersion diagrams showed a high correlation between both methods.

A comparative study of preservation and storage of Haemophilus influenzae

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of conservation by freezing the strains of Haemophilus influenzae at -20ºC and -70ºC. Skim milk supplemented with glucose, yeast extract and glycerol allowed highest viability of H. influenzae both at -20ºC and -70ºC from the media analyzed. Trypticase soy broth and brain heart infusion broth supplemented with glycerol, allowed excellent recovery. Use of cotton swaps as supporting material, with or without addition of cryoprotective agents, did not modify H. influenzae viability after six months of storage. Concentration of the initial inoculum positively affected viability when stored at -20ºC. Initial concentration did not influence survival after storage at -70ºC. Thawing at room temperature should not exceed 3 h as to get highest survival percentage.

Interferência da fração mineral na estimativa do grau de humificação da matéria orgânica em agregados organominerais por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica

A concentração de radicais livres semiquinona (CRLS), determinada por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica (EPR), é considerada um índice do grau de humificação, sendo uma importante determinação em estudos qualitativos da matéria orgânica do solo. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a interferência da fração mineral na quantificação da CRLS em agregados organominerais 20-53, 2-20 e < 2 ∝m de Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo, Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro e Latossolo Roxo. A CRLS foi determinada pela área do sinal, estimada pela aproximação intensidade do sinal (I, em cm), multiplicada pela sua largura de linha ao quadrado (∆H², em Gauss). Os parâmetros espectrais I e ∆H foram obtidos em espectros de EPR com e sem interferência da fração mineral. No Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo e no Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro, foram detectados dois sinais de radicais livres, um com um valor g 2,004 e largura de linha de 5-6 G, típico de radicais livres semiquinona, outro com um valor g 2,000 e largura de linha de 2-3 G, associado à fração mineral, especificamente ao quartzo (SiO2), como confirmado posteriormente por análise de amostra purificada. Nestes solos, a interferência da fração mineral na obtenção dos parâmetros I e ∆H resultou num erro na estimativa da CRLS de -7 a +488%, comparativamente às quantificações realizadas a partir dos espectros sem interferência da fração mineral. No Latossolo Roxo, os altos teores de Fe3+ não permitiram detectar os sinais dos radicais livres semiquinona por causa da sobreposição dos sinais do metal. A eliminação da interferência da fração mineral demonstrou ser um pré-requisito fundamental no estudo da matéria orgânica por EPR em agregados organominerais, para a qual são sugeridos alguns procedimentos alternativos.