La democracia en los países islámicos : el caso de Irán

El islam puede concebir una forma de gobierno democrático, bajo el termino de democracia de Norberto Bobbio, con valores musulmanes implícitos, también se evidencia el rechazo a la intervención de Occidente en presencia y en pensamiento. Resaltando así durante el proceso democrático Irán, su cultura y así exponer una nueva versión de lo que entiende por democracia, versión diferente a la libertad entendida por Occidente.

La representación política

Hace ya algún tiempo Pier Luigi Zampetti, Profesor de la Universidad de Trieste, se preguntaba si el sistema representativo habría llegado a su ocaso: “Las instituciones representativas parecían haberse convertido en fórmulas abstractas, incapaces de insertarse en la realidad viva y concreta de la experiencia”. La inquietud del profesor italiano, más allá del acierto en sus propuestas de solución, se origina en la pérdida de prestigio de las llamadas instituciones representativas, la desconfianza respecto de las mismas y la creciente insatisfacción en los electores por la conducta de sus elegidos. El estudio de los problemas suscitados puede ser realizado desde distintos ángulos: uno de ellos es si es posible una auténtica representación política del modo en que fuera modernamente concebida, o si se está solamente ante una trasposición indebida de una figura propia del derecho privado al ámbito del derecho público y el otro ángulo es el de la función que se le asigna al sistema representativo en el orden político...

Guía para orientar los debates de los puntos del temario de la Reunión = Suggested guide for discussion of the items on the agenda of the meeting

Contiene pautas para la reunion donde se analizaran temas tales como: el desencadenamiento de la crisis y la reaccion de la politica economica, el marco conceptual para la reorientacion del desarrollo latinoamericano, la transformacion del Estado, los agentes sociales y los sistemas politicos.

Informe de la Reunión de Expertos sobre Crisis y Desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe = Report of the Expert Meeting on Crisis and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean

Incluye Bibliografía

Presentación del Director del ILPES, Sr. Jorge Méndez Munévar, en la sesión inaugural del Simposio

Breve presentacion del Director del ILPES, en la cual menciona tres problemas que considera principales, pues tienen especial relacion con la tematica de este Simposio; 1) la confusion que reina sobre cual debe ser el o los modelos economicos que sean mas propicios para asegurar el crecimiento y, con ello, la satisfaccion de las necesidades sociales; 2) la debilidad de los sistemas politicos para buscar la justicia social; 3) la deficiencia de conocimientos sobre las implicaciones economicas de los programas sociales y del cambio social mismo.

Artivismo: Arte + Política + Ativismo: sistemas híbridos em ação

Pós-graduação em Artes - IA

Caracterização bioclimática de sistemas ao ar livre e confinado para a criação de matrizes suínas gestantes

O confinamento de matrizes suínas foi criado com o intuito de maximizar a produtividade; entretanto, existem problemas relacionados ao bem-estar animal. Objetivou-se avaliar a criação de matrizes suínas gestantes no sistema de confinamento e ao ar livre, com relação ao ambiente térmico e às respostas fisiológicas. O experimento foi realizado em Monte Mor/SP. A avaliação fisiológica foi realizada por meio do registro das variáveis: frequência respiratória e temperatura de pele. Foram registradas as variáveis meteorológicas: temperatura de bulbo seco, temperatura de bulbo úmido e temperatura de globo negro, caracterizando o ambiente por meio da entalpia e índice de temperatura de globo e umidade. Foram utilizados seis animais por tratamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em parcelas subdivididas, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. As variáveis fisiológicas e meteorológicas apresentaram valores superiores no confinamento. O sistema de criação ao ar livre potencializou as trocas térmicas entre os animais e o ambiente, o que refletiu em menor estresse por calor observado nos animais.

Institutional problems of the emerging scientific community in Iran

This article attempts to explore the concept of scientific community at the macro-national level in the context of Iran. Institutionalisation of science and its professional growth has been constrained by several factors. The article first conceptualises the notion of science community as found in the literature in the context of Iran, and attempts to map through some indicators. The main focus, however, lies in mapping some institutional problems through empirical research. This was undertaken in 2002–04 in order to analyse the structure of the scientific community in Iran in the ‘exact sciences’ (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology and earth sciences). The empirical work was done in two complementary perspectives: through a questionnaire and statistical analysis of it, and through semistructured interviews with the researchers. There are number of problems confronting scientists in Iran. Facilities provided by institutions is one of the major problems of research. Another is the tenuous cooperation among scientists. This is reported by most of the researchers, who deplore the lack of cooperation among their group. Relationships are mostly with the Ph.D. students and only marginally with colleagues. Our research shows that the more brilliant the scientists, the more frustrated they are from scientific institutions in Iran. Medium-range researchers seem to be much happier about the scientific institution to which they belong than the brighter scholars. The scientific institutions in Iran seem to be built for the needs of the former rather than the latter. These institutions seem not to play a positive role in the case of the best scientists. On the whole, many ingredients of the scientific community, at least at its inception, are present among Iranian scientists: the strong desire for scientific achievement in spite of personal, institutional and economic problems.

The “Iranian ART Revolution”: infertility, assisted reproductive technology, and third-party donation in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Infertility is a social onus for women in Iran, who are expected to produce children early within marriage. With its estimated 1.5 million infertile couples, Iran is the only Muslim country in which assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) using donor gametes and embryos have been legitimized by religious authorities and passed into law. Th is has placed Iran, a Shia-dominant country, in a unique position vis-à-vis the Sunni Islamic world, where all forms of gamete donation are strictly prohibited. In this article, we first examine the “Iranian ART revolution” that has allowed donor technologies to be admitted as a form of assisted reproduction. Then we examine the response of Iranian women to their infertility and the profound social pressures they face. We argue that the experience of infertility and its treatment are mediated by women’s socioeconomic position within Iranian society. Many women lack economic access to in vitro fertilization (IVF) technologies and fear the moral consequences of gamete donation. Thus, the benefits of the Iranian ART revolution are mixed: although many Iranian women have been able to overcome their infertility through ARTs, not all women’s lives are improved by these technologies.

Business leadership development in Iran

Throughout the twentieth century the economics of the Middle East rose and fell many times in response to the external environment, including European de-colonization and the US and former USSR competing to provide military and economic aid after World War II. Throughout these upheavals the Middle East has remained internationally significant politically and economically not least for the region's large reserves of oil and gas, as discussed in the Introduction to this volume. In recent decades, Western nations have moved to invest into the Middle East in the rapidly developing technology, tourism and education industries that have proliferated. For its part, Iran has been the world's fourth largest provider of petroleum and second largest provider of natural gas and, despite years of political unrest, has made rapid expansion into information technology and telecommunications. Increased involvement in the global economy has meant that Iran has invested heavily in education and training and moved to modernize its management practices. Hitherto there has been little academic research into management in either Western or local organizations in Iran. This chapter seeks to address that gap in knowledge by exploring business leadership in Iran, with particular reference to cultural and institutional impacts.

An attack on Iran: the legal basis, or lack thereof

Talk of a possible Israeli strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities has re-ignited debate over the right of self-defence under international law. Some academics, including Anthony D'Amato and Alan Dershowitz, have claimed that an attack on Iran would be a permissible act of self-defence. Others, such as Kevin Jon Heller, argue that such action would be a clear breach of international law. So, who is correct? Would military action against Iran be legal or illegal?

Holistic blended design studio model : potential implication in education of Iran

Iran as a developing country faces many considerable shortages of both physical learning environment and inefficient budget to resolve this shortage. Today, Iran needs a $28 billion budget to add 23,000 schools to the existing 120,000 schools to be able to omit two shifts schools [1], [2]. Moreover, the standard learning space is 6-8 square meter per student, while this rate for big cities in Iran is about one square meter per student [1]. This decrease the time students spend in schools. In addition, the education approach in k-12 and higher education is still teacher-centered based and needs to be contemporized with educational, cultural, and technological changes.