Optical transmission through single subwavelength apertures using prism coupled input of laser light of annular intensity profile

Light transmission through a single subwavelength aperture in a silver film is examined with a novel input configuration comprising an annular laser beam of variable diameter that is prism-coupled to the back face of the silver. Transmission peaks driven by excitation of the back-face surface plasmon mode or by the aperture resonance itself are separately observed. For both cases, comparison of films with and without a front-face, circular grating implies significantly more efficient coupling from the aperture fields to the front-face surface plasmon than directly to free radiation. (c) 2007 Optical Society of America.

Enhancement of the far-field output power and the properties of the very-small-aperture lasers

We report on a VSAL structure fabricated by a 650 nm edge emitting laser diode with an Au-coated facet and an aperture size of 250 x 500 nm. The far field output power can maintain at 1 mW and the power density is 7.5 mW/mu m(2). Some properties of the VSAL including the threshold current change, the red-shift of the spectral position, and the strong relative-intensity-noise are presented. The physical mechanisms responsible for these phenomena are also discussed, which may contribute to the understanding and application of the potential device for near-field optics.

Extraordinary transmission through a single coaxial aperture in a thin metal film

We investigate experimentally the transmission properties of single sub-wavelength coaxial apertures in thin metal films (t = 110 nm). Enhanced transmission through a single sub-wavelength coaxial aperture illuminated with a strongly focused radially polarized light beam is reported. In our experiments we achieved up to four times enhanced transmission through a single coaxial aperture as compared to a (hollow) circular aperture with the same outer diameter.We attribute this enhancement of transmission to the excitation of a TEM-mode for illumination with radially polarized light inside the single coaxial aperture. A strong polarization contrast is observed between the transmission for radially and azimuthally polarized illumination. Furthermore, the observed transmission through a single coaxial aperture can be strongly reduced if surface plasmons are excited. The experimental results are in good agreement with finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations.

Mechanism of enhancing output power of plasmonic very-small-aperture lasers

Light transmission through a single subwavelength slit surrounded by periodic grooves in layered films consisting of Au and dielectric material is analyzed by the finite difference time domain method in two dimensions. The results show that the transmission field can be enhanced by the corrugations on the output plane, which is a supplementary explanation for the extraordinary optical transmission.

Plasmonic surface-wave splitter

The authors present an analysis of a plasmonic surface-wave splitter, simulated using a two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain technique. A single subwavelength slit is employed as a high-intensity nanoscale excitation source for plasmonic surface waves, resulting in a miniaturized light-surface plasmon coupler. With different surface structures located on the two sides of the slit, the device is able to confine and guide light waves of different wavelengths in opposite directions. Within the 15 mu m simulation region, it is found that the intensity of the guided light at the interface is roughly two to eight times the peak intensity of the incident light, and the propagation length can reach approximately 42 and 16 mu m and at the wavelengths of 0.63 and 1.33 mu m, respectively. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Fabrication process and power and lifetime characteristics of very-small-aperture laser

High output power very-small-aperture laser has been created on 650 nm edge emitting laser diodes. The far-field output power is 0.4 mW at the 25 mA driving current, and the highest output power exceeds 1 mW. The special fabrication process is described and the failure mechanism leading to the short lifetime of the devices is discussed.

Plasmoscope: Automated spectroscopy of single nanoparticles

Plasmonen sind die kollektive resonante Anregung von Leitungselektronen. Vom Licht angeregternPlasmonen in subwellenlängen-grossen Nanopartikeln heissen Partikelplasmonen und sind vielversprechende Kandidaten für zukünftige Mikrosensoren wegen der starken Abhängigkeit der Resonanz an extern steuerbaren Parametern, wie die optischen Eigenschaften des umgebenden Mediums und die elektrische Ladung der Nanopartikel. Die extrem hohe Streue_zienz von Partikelplasmonen erlaubt eine einfache Beobachtung einzelner Nanopartikel in einem Mikroskop.rnDie Anforderung, schnell eine statistisch relevante Anzahl von Datenpunkten sammeln zu können,rnund die wachsende Bedeutung von plasmonischen (vor allem Gold-) Nanopartikeln für Anwendungenrnin der Medizin, hat nach der Entwicklung von automatisierten Mikroskopen gedrängt, die im bis dahin nur teilweise abgedeckten spektralen Fenster der biologischen Gewebe (biologisches Fenster) von 650 bis 900nm messen können. Ich stelle in dieser Arbeit das Plasmoscope vor, das genau unter Beobachtung der genannten Anforderungen entworfen wurde, in dem (1) ein einstellbarer Spalt in die Eingangsö_nung des Spektrometers, die mit der Bildebene des Mikroskops zusammenfällt, gesetzt wurde, und (2) einem Piezo Scantisch, der es ermöglicht, die Probe durch diesen schmalen Spalt abzurastern. Diese Verwirklichung vermeidet optische Elemente, die im nahen Infra-Rot absorbieren.rnMit dem Plasmoscope untersuche ich die plasmonische Sensitivität von Gold- und Silbernanostrnäbchen, d.h. die Plasmon-Resonanzverschiebung in Abhängigkeit mit der Änderung des umgebendenrnMediums. Die Sensitivität ist das Mass dafür, wie gut die Nanopartikeln Materialänderungenrnin ihrer Umgebung detektieren können, und damit ist es immens wichtig zu wissen, welche Parameterrndie Sensitivität beein_ussen. Ich zeige hier, dass Silbernanostäbchen eine höhere Sensitivität alsrnGoldnanostäbchen innerhalb des biologischen Fensters besitzen, und darüberhinaus, dass die Sensitivität mit der Dicke der Stäbchen wächst. Ich stelle eine theoretische Diskussion der Sensitivitätrnvor, indenti_ziere die Materialparameter, die die Sensitivität bein_ussen und leite die entsprechendenrnFormeln her. In einer weiteren Annäherung präsentiere ich experimentelle Daten, die die theoretische Erkenntnis unterstützen, dass für Sensitivitätsmessschemata, die auch die Linienbreite mitberücksichtigen, Goldnanostäbchen mit einem Aspektverhältnis von 3 bis 4 das optimalste Ergebnis liefern. Verlässliche Sensoren müssen eine robuste Wiederholbarkeit aufweisen, die ich mit Gold- und Silbernanostäbchen untersuche.rnDie Plasmonen-resonanzwellenlänge hängt von folgenden intrinsischen Materialparametern ab:rnElektrondichte, Hintergrundpolarisierbarkeit und Relaxationszeit. Basierend auf meinen experimentellen Ergebnissen zeige ich, dass Nanostäbchen aus Kupfer-Gold-Legierung im Vergleich zu ähnlich geformten Goldnanostäbchen eine rotverschobene Resonanz haben, und in welcher Weiserndie Linienbreite mit der stochimetrischen Zusammensetzung der legierten Nanopartikeln variiert.rnDie Abhängigkeit der Linienbreite von der Materialzusammensetzung wird auch anhand von silberbeschichteten und unbeschichteten Goldnanostäbchen untersucht.rnHalbleiternanopartikeln sind Kandidaten für e_ziente photovoltaische Einrichtungen. Die Energieumwandlung erfordert eine Ladungstrennung, die mit dem Plasmoscope experimentell vermessen wird, in dem ich die lichtinduzierte Wachstumsdynamik von Goldsphären auf Halbleiternanost äbchen in einer Goldionenlösung durch die Messung der gestreuten Intensität verfolge.rn

Optimized aperture shapes for depth estimation

The finite depth of field of a real camera can be used to estimate the depth structure of a scene. The distance of an object from the plane in focus determines the defocus blur size. The shape of the blur depends on the shape of the aperture. The blur shape can be designed by masking the main lens aperture. In fact, aperture shapes different from the standard circular aperture give improved accuracy of depth estimation from defocus blur. We introduce an intuitive criterion to design aperture patterns for depth from defocus. The criterion is independent of a specific depth estimation algorithm. We formulate our design criterion by imposing constraints directly in the data domain and optimize the amount of depth information carried by blurred images. Our criterion is a quadratic function of the aperture transmission values. As such, it can be numerically evaluated to estimate optimized aperture patterns quickly. The proposed mask optimization procedure is applicable to different depth estimation scenarios. We use it for depth estimation from two images with different focus settings, for depth estimation from two images with different aperture shapes as well as for depth estimation from a single coded aperture image. In this work we show masks obtained with this new evaluation criterion and test their depth discrimination capability using a state-of-the-art depth estimation algorithm.

RRI-GBT MULTI-BAND RECEIVER: MOTIVATION, DESIGN, AND DEVELOPMENT

We report the design and development of a self-contained multi-band receiver (MBR) system, intended for use with a single large aperture to facilitate sensitive and high time-resolution observations simultaneously in 10 discrete frequency bands sampling a wide spectral span (100-1500 MHz) in a nearly log-periodic fashion. The development of this system was primarily motivated by need for tomographic studies of pulsar polar emission regions. Although the system design is optimized for the primary goal, it is also suited for several other interesting astronomical investigations. The system consists of a dual-polarization multi-band feed (with discrete responses corresponding to the 10 bands pre-selected as relatively radio frequency interference free), a common wide-band radio frequency front-end, and independent back-end receiver chains for the 10 individual sub-bands. The raw voltage time sequences corresponding to 16 MHz bandwidth each for the two linear polarization channels and the 10 bands are recorded at the Nyquist rate simultaneously. We present the preliminary results from the tests and pulsar observations carried out with the Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope using this receiver. The system performance implied by these results and possible improvements are also briefly discussed.

Numerical study of a high-resolution far-field scanning optical microscope via a surface plasmon-modulated light source

In this paper, we analyze light transmission through a single subwavelength slit surrounded by periodic grooves in layered films consisting of An and dielectric material. A subwavelength grating is scanned numerically by the finite difference time domain method in two dimensions. The results show that the transmission field can be confined to a spot with subwavelength width in the far field and can be useful in the application of a high-resolution far-field scanning optical microscope.

Multiuser relaying over mixed RF/FSO links

A multiuser dual-hop relaying system over mixed radio frequency/free-space optical (RF/FSO) links is investigated. Specifically, the system consists of m single-antenna sources, a relay node equipped with n≥ m receive antennas and a single photo-aperture transmitter, and one destination equipped with a single photo-detector. RF links are used for the simultaneous data transmission from multiple sources to the relay. The relay operates under the decode-and-forward protocol and utilizes the popular V-BLAST technique by successively decoding each user's transmitted stream. Two common norm-based orderings are adopted, i.e., the streams are decoded in an ascending or a descending order. After V-BLAST, the relay retransmits the decoded information to the destination via a point-to-point FSO link in m consecutive timeslots. Analytical expressions for the end-to-end outage probability and average symbol error probability of each user are derived, while closed-form asymptotic expressions are also presented. Capitalizing on the derived results, some engineering insights are manifested, such as the coding and diversity gain of each user, the impact of the pointing error displacement on the FSO link and the V-BLAST ordering effectiveness at the relay.

Ultrafast Switching Time and Third Order Nonlinear Coefficients of Microwave Treated Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Suspensions

Microwave treated water soluble and amide functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes have been investigated using femtosecond degenerate pump-probe and nonlinear transmission experiments. The time resolved differential transmission using 75 femtosecond pulse with the central wavelength of 790 nm shows a bi-exponential ultrafast photo-bleaching with time constants of 160 fs (130 fs) and 920 fs (300 fs) for water soluble (amide functionalized) nanotubes. Open and closed aperture z-scans show saturation absorption and positive (negative) nonlinear refraction for water soluble (amide functionalized) nanotubes. Two photon absorption coefficient, beta(0) similar to 250 cm/GW (650 cm/GW) and nonlinear index, gamma similar to 15 cm(2)/pW (-30 cm(2)/pW) are obtained from the theoretical fit in the saturation limit to the data for two types of nanotubes.

Point Spread Function Engineering for Super-Resolution Single-Photon and Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy

Super-resolution imaging techniques are of paramount interest for applications in bioimaging and fluorescence microscopy. Recent advances in bioimaging demand application-tailored point spread functions. Here, we present some approaches for generating application-tailored point spread functions along with fast imaging capabilities. Aperture engineering techniques provide interesting solutions for obtaining desired system point spread functions. Specially designed spatial filters—realized by optical mask—are outlined both in a single-lens and 4Pi configuration. Applications include depth imaging, multifocal imaging, and super-resolution imaging. Such an approach is suitable for fruitful integration with most existing state-of-art imaging microscopy modalities.

Single-step, size-controlled synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles stabilized by octadecylamine

A single step process for the synthesis of size-controlled silver nanoparticles has been developed using a bifunctional molecule, octadecylamine (ODA). Octadecylamine complexes to Ag+ ions electrostatically, reduce them, and subsequently stabilizes the nanoparticles thus formed. Hence, octadecylamine simultaneously functions as both a reducing and a stabilizing agent. The amine-capped nanoparticles can be obtained in the form of dry powder, which is readily redispersible in aqueous and organic solvents. The particle size, and the nucleation and growth kinetics of silver nanoparticles could be tuned by varying the molar ratio of ODA to AgNO3. The UV-vis spectra of nanoparticles prepared with different concentrations of ODA displayed the well-defined plasmon band with maximum absorption around 425 nm. The formation of silver metallic nanoparticles was confirmed by their XRD pattern. The binding of ODA molecule on the surface of silver has been studied by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The formation of well-dispersed spherical Ag nanoparticles has been confirmed by TEM analysis. The particle size and distribution are found to be dependent on the molar concentration of the amine molecule. Open aperture z-scans have been performed to measure the nonlinearity of Ag nanoparticles. (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V.