Enraizamento de estacas de azaléia tratadas com concentrações de ANA em diferentes substratos

De acordo com a necessidade de aumentar a produção de mudas de azaléia por meio da propagação vegetativa, em menor intervalo de tempo, foi proposto estudar os efeitos de diferentes substratos e concentrações de ANA (ácido naftalenoacético). O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 3X4 com três substratos (areia grossa lavada, casca de arroz carbonizada e húmus) e quatro concentrações de ANA na forma de pó (0; 2,5; 5,0 e 7,5%). Utilizaram-se estacas de 100 mm de comprimento retiradas da porção apical do ramo, sem gema apical e com corte em bisel na parte superior, deixando um par de folhas cortadas ao meio. Essas foram colocadas para enraizar em bandejas de isopor de 128 células, por um período de 90 dias, nas quais avaliaram-se: comprimento, superficie, volume e diâmetro radicular e a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, sobreviventes, mortas e número de brotos. Pode-se concluir que a maior porcentagem de enraizamento foi obtida no substrato de casca de arroz carbonizada e com ANA na concentração de 5%.

Mancha de la hoja de la azalea (Rhododendron simsii Planch. var.Ambrosiana) producida por Pestalotiopsis guepini (Desm.) Steyaert

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Il genere Rhododendron L.: diversità genetica e fenomeni di ibridazione.

La terra, nel corso della sua storia, ha subito molteplici cambiamenti con la comparsa e scomparsa di numerose specie animali e vegetali. Attualmente, l’estinzioni delle specie, la riduzione degli areali e il depauperamento degli ecosistemi è da ricollegare alle attività dell’uomo. Per tali motivi, in questi ultimi decenni si è iniziato a dare importanza alla conservazione della biodiversità, alla creazione di zone protette e a sviluppare interventi di reintroduzione e rafforzamento di specie rare e a rischio di estinzione. Questo lavoro di tesi si propone di analizzare la variabilità genetica delle popolazioni di Rhododendron ferrugineum L. lungo il suo areale, con particolare attenzione alle aree marginali dell’Appennino, dove la specie rappresenta un caso di pseudo rarità, al fine di valutare lo stato di salute della specie al limite del suo areale e valutare appropriati interventi di conservazione o reintroduzione. Per effettuare le analisi sono stati messi a punto dei marcatori molecolari discontinui, i microsatelliti, che, essendo dei marcatori co-dominati, permettono di valutare differenti parametri legati alla diversità genetica delle popolazioni inclusi i livelli di eterozigotà ed il flusso genico tra popolazioni limitrofe. I campionamenti sono stati effettuati nelle uniche 3 stazioni presenti sugli Appennini. Al fine di confrontare la struttura genetica di queste popolazioni sono state considerate anche popolazioni delle Alpi Marittime, delle Alpi centro-orientali e dei Pirenei. L’analisi della diversità genetica effettuata su questo pool di popolazioni analizzate con 7 marcatori microsatelliti, ha messo in evidenza che le popolazioni relitte dell’Appennino Tosco-Emiliano presentano un ridotto livello di eterozigosità che suggerisce quindi un elevato livello di inbreeding. Si ritiene che ciò sia dovuto alla loro dislocazione sul territorio, che le rende isolate sia tra di loro che dalle popolazioni delle vicine Alpi Marittime. La stima delle relazioni genetiche tra le popolazioni appenniniche e le vicine piante alpine evidenzia come non vi sia scambio genetico tra le popolazioni. Le analisi dei cluster suggeriscono che due delle popolazioni Appenniniche siano più simili alle popolazioni della Alpi Marittime, mentre la terza ha più affinità con le popolazioni delle Alpi centro-orientali. Le popolazioni dei Pirenei risultano essere geneticamente più simili alle popolazioni delle Alpi Marittime, in particolare alle tre popolazioni del versante francese. In questo lavoro abbiamo affrontato anche il problema delle specie ibride. Rhododendron x intermedium Tausch è un ibrido frutto dell’incrocio tra Rhododendron ferrugineum L. e Rhododendron hirsutum L., in grado di incrociarsi sia con altri ibridi, sia con i parentali (fenomeno dell’introgressione). L’origine di questo ibrido risiede nella simpatria delle due specie parentali, che tuttavia, presentano esigenze ecologiche differenti. Ad oggi la presenza di Rhododendron x intermedium è stata accertata in almeno tre stazioni sulle Alpi Italiane, ma la letteratura documenta la sua presenza anche in altre zone dell’Arco Alpino. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è stato quello di verificare la reale natura ibrida di Rhododendron x intermedium in queste stazioni utilizzando un approccio integrato ossia sia attraverso un’analisi di tipo morfologico sia attraverso un analisi di tipo molecolare. In particolare l’approccio molecolare ha previsto prima un’analisi filogenetica attraverso l’utilizzo di marcatori molecolari filogenetici nucleari e plastidiali (ITS, At103, psbA-trnH e matK) e quindi un’analisi della struttura delle popolazioni della specie ibrida attraverso l’utilizzo di marcatori molecolari microsatelliti. Da un’analisi morfologica, risulta che gli esemplari ibridi possono essere molto differenti tra loro e ciò supporta la formazione di sciami ibridi. Al fine di verificare la natura di questa specie e la struttura delle popolazioni ibride e dei rispettivi parentali, sono state campionate differenti popolazioni in tutta l’area di interesse. I campioni ottenuti sono stati quindi analizzati geneticamente mediante marcatori molecolari del DNA. I risultati ottenuti hanno permesso innanzitutto di confermare l’origine ibrida degli individui di prima generazione della specie Rhododendron x intermedium e quindi di distinguere i parentali dagli ibridi ed evidenziare la struttura genetica delle popolazioni ibride.

Is there such a thing as Kalmia x Rhododendron?

Two putative hybrids between Kalmia and Rhododendron, their suspected progenitor species and related taxa were submitted to DNA sequencing of cpDNA trnL-F and nrDNA ITS regions in order to test whether there was DNA sequence evidence both for hybridization per se and for the direction of the cross should one be evident. Comparison of eight DNA sequences from these putative hybrids with Rhododendron and Kalmia species showed clear evidence of origin within Rhododendron. No evidence of Kalmia DNA was detected. These putative intergeneric hybrids appear to be mutants of Rhododendron and not of hybrid origin.

Ethnic differences in the BMI-%BF relationships between young Japanese and Australian-Caucasian males living in Australia using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

The Body Mass Index (BMI) has been used worldwide as an indicator of fatness. However, the universal cut-off points by the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification may not be appropriate for every ethnic group when consider the relationship with their actual total body fatness(%BF). The application of population-specific classifications to assess BMI may be more relevant to public health. Ethnic differences in the BMI%BF relationship between 45 Japanese and 42 Australian-Caucasian males were assessed using whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan and anthropometry using a standard protocol. Japanese males had significantly (p<0.05) greater %BF at given BMI values than Australian males. When this is taken into account the newly proposed Asia-Pacific BMI classification of BMI 23 as overweight and 25 as obese may better assess the level of obesity that is associated increased health risks for this population. To clarify the current findings, further studies that compare the relationships across other Japanese populations are recommended.

X-ray your data with Rasch

By using the Rasch model, much detailed diagnostic information is available to developers of survey and assessment instruments and to the researchers who use them. We outline an approach to the analysis of data obtained from the administration of survey instruments that can enable researchers to recognise and diagnose difficulties with those instruments and then to suggest remedial actions that can improve the measurement properties of the scales included in questionnaires. We illustrate the approach using examples drawn from recent research and demonstrate how the approach can be used to generate figures that make the results of Rasch analyses accessible to non-specialists.

The X-Factor and its relationship to golfing performance

It is often postulated that an increased hip to shoulder differential angle (`X-Factor') during the early downswing better utilises the stretch-shorten cycle and improves golf performance. The current study aims to examine the potential relationship between the X-Factor and performance during the tee-shot. Seven golfers with handicaps between 0 and 10 strokes comprised the low-handicap group, whilst the high-handicap group consisted of eight golfers with handicaps between 11 and 20 strokes. The golfers performed 20 drives and three-dimensional kinematic data were used to quantify hip and shoulder rotation and the subsequent X-Factor. Compared with the low-handicap group, the high-handicap golfers tended to demonstrate greater hip rotation at the top of the backswing and recorded reduced maximum X-Factor values. The inconsistencies evident in the literature may suggest that a universal method of measuring rotational angles during the golf swing would be beneficial for future studies, particularly when considering potential injury.

3-D reconstruction of an ancient Egyptian mummy using X-ray computer tomography

Computer tomography has been used to image and reconstruct in 3-D an Egyptian mummy from the collection of the British Museum. This study of Tjentmutengebtiu, a priestess from the 22nd dynasty (945-715 BC) revealed invaluable information of a scientific, Egyptological and palaeopathological nature without mutilation and destruction of the painted cartonnage case or linen wrappings. Precise details on the removal of the brain through the nasal cavity and the viscera from the abdominal cavity were obtained. The nature and composition of the false eyes were investigated. The detailed analysis of the teeth provided a much closer approximation of age at death. The identification of materials used for the various amulets including that of the figures placed in the viscera was graphically demonstrated using this technique.

X-ray computed tomography

X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a medical imaging technique that produces images of trans-axial planes through the human body. When compared with a conventional radiograph, which is an image of many planes superimposed on each other, a CT image exhibits significantly improved contrast although this is at the expense of reduced spatial resolution.----- A CT image is reconstructed mathematically from a large number of one dimensional projections of the chosen plane. These projections are acquired electronically using a linear array of solid-state detectors and an x ray source that rotates around the patient.----- X-ray computed tomography is used routinely in radiological examinations. It has also be found to be useful in special applications such as radiotherapy treatment planning and three-dimensional imaging for surgical planning.

Customer satisfaction survey of the facilities provided by office building “X” in Surabaya

Many high-rise office buildings have been built in Surabaya. The investors have provided complimentary facilities to satisfy their tenants. However, not all given facilities has satisfied the tenants. The purpose of this study is to find out the level of tenant satisfaction in office “X” to the existing facilities and to suggest additional required facilities. Although office “X” is offered the highest rental rate and has known as a prestigious place in Surabaya, only location and public transport have satisfied the Indonesian tenants. Meanwhile, the multi National companies have not satisfied for any existing facilities. Additional ATM facilities and presentable cafeteria, improvement of service and the security system are required by tenants.

Smectite flocculation structure modified by AI13 macromolecules; as revealed by the Transmission X-ray Microscopy (TXM)

The aggregate structure which occurs in aqueous smectitic suspensions is responsible for poor water clarification, difficulties in sludge dewatering and the unusual rheological behaviour of smectite rich soils. These macroscopic properties are dictated by the 3-D structural arrangement of smectite finest fraction within flocculated aggregates. Here, we report results from a relatively new technique, Transmission X-ray Microscopy (TXM), which makes it possible to investigate the internal structure and 3-D tomographic reconstruction of the smectite clay aggregates modified by Al13 keggin macro-molecule [Al13(O)4(OH)24(H2O)12 ]7+. Three different treatment methods were shown resulted in three different micro-structural environments of the resulting flocculation.

Unwrapping an ancient Egyptian mummy using x-rays

This article describes a project to unwrap an ancient Egyptian mummy using X-ray computed tomography (CT). About 600 X-ray CT images were obtained through the mummified body of a female named Tjetmutjengebtiu (or Jeni for short), who was a singer in the great temple of Karnak in Egypt during the 22nd dynasty (c. 945-715 BC). The X-ray CT images reveal details of the remains of body organs, wrappings and jewellery. 3D reconstructions of Jeni’s teeth suggest that she was probably only around 20 years old when she died, although the cause of death cannot be ascertained from the CT scans. The CT images were used to build a 3D model of Jeni’s head which enabled an artist to paint a picture of what Jeni may have looked like during life. A PowerPoint presentation and movie clips are provided as supplementary material that may be useful for teaching.