Sähköisen hankintatyökalun kehittäminen ja käyttöönotto. Case: Inex Partners Oy

Internetin yleistyminen on luonut uudenlaiset puitteet yritysten väliselle sähköiselle kaupankäynnille. Vanhat EDI-pohjaiset järjestelmät koetaan kalliiksi ja sitoviksi ja niiden sijasta rakennetaan www-teknologiaan pohjautuvia järjestelmiä. Tämän pro gradu-tutkielman tarkoituksena oli kuvata mahdollisimman tarkkaan erään web-pohjaisen hankintatyökalun kehittämis- ja käyttöönottoprojekti sekä arvioida sen onnistumista sekä käyttöönoton vaikutuksia. Case yrityksenä tutkielmassa toimii valikoima- ja logistiikkayhtiö Inex Partners Oy. Tutkielma on luonteeltaan toimintatutkimus, sillä tutkija on osa tutkimuskohdetta. Työn teoriaosassa käsitellään hankintatoimen strategiaa toimittajien valinnan ja toimittajasuhteiden hallinnan näkökulmasta. Tämän jälkeen esitellään sähköistä kaupankäyntiä ja sen hankintatoimelle tarjoamia sovelluksia. Kehitysprojektin tuotoksena syntyi sähköinen SRM-toimittajaportaali, joka mahdollistaa tarjouspyyntöjen lähettämisen ja vastaanottamisen Inexin ja tavarantoimittajien välillä. Portaali on integroitu Inexin toiminnanohjausjärjestelmään (ERP) siten, että tarjouspyyntöjen perusteella muodostuneet ostotilaukset siirtyvät järjestelmästä toiseen. Tutkielman johtopäätöksinä esitetään, että läpikäyty kehitysprojekti oli lähtökohtaisesti oikeintoteutettu ja yrityksen strategian mukainen. Tuotoksena saadun toimittajaportaalin istuvuutta tuoteryhmän hankintastrategiaan ei kuitenkaan oltu otettu tarpeeksi huomioon. Teknisen toteutuksen monimutkaisuus asettaa myös haasteensa työkalun käytölle. Jatkokehitystarpeiksi puolestaan esitetään portaalin räätälöimistä Inexin muiden tuoteryhmien hankinnan tueksi sekä portaalin huutokauppa- toiminnallisuuden kehittämistä ja käyttöönotttoa.

Leilões eletrônicos reversos multiatributo : uma abordagem de decisão multicritério como instrumento de agregação de valor aos processos de compras do setor público brasileiro

Leilões são instituições seculares utilizadas nas relações comerciais entre indivíduos e organizações. Provêem maior flexibilidade aos processos de determinação de preços e alocação de bens, aumentando o espaço para negociações entre compradores e vendedores. Na Internet, têm sido empregados, de maneira crescente, em atividades de comércio eletrônico B2B e G2B, em sua maioria, através da modalidade de leilão reverso. No entanto, seu aspecto unidimensional reduz as negociações à variável preço, produzindo, muitas vezes, resultados aquém do desejado. No caso brasileiro, o Governo Federal instituiu o Portal Comprasnet, através do qual, as organizações públicas adquirem bens e serviços de fornecedores cadastrados. Dentre as modalidades de licitação disponíveis, destaca-se o Pregão Eletrônico, um mecanismo de leilão eletrônico reverso baseado no atributo preço, através do qual, fornecedores submetem lances decrescentes, na disputa por contratos do setor público. No presente trabalho, o autor propõe uma abordagem de decisão multicritério, baseada na Teoria da Utilidade Multiatributo, como uma alternativa para a adoção de leilões reversos baseados em múltiplos atributos e, consequentemente, para uma maior agregação de valor pelas organizações compradoras do setor público brasileiro.

Política de compras e contratações: trajetória e mudanças na administração pública federal brasileira

A tese analisa as mudanças da política de compras e contratações da administração pública federal brasileira descrevendo de forma sistemática os seis casos nos quais as regras e procedimentos sofrem alteração substancial, na forma de leis gerais ou estatutos: a centralização das compras no período Vargas, em dois momentos decisivos (1931 e 1940); a revisão das regras de licitação pelo Decreto-lei n. 200, no contexto da reforma administrativa do governo Castello Branco; a edição de um estatuto das licitações (o Decreto-lei n 2.300) no governo Sarney; a aprovação no Legislativo de uma lei de licitações voltada para o combate à corrupção e ao direcionamento dos contratos públicos (Lei 8.666); a tentativa frustrada de uma nova lei alinhada com a reforma gerencial do primeiro governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso e a criação do pregão como nova modalidade de licitação, em 2000. A pesquisa focaliza o processo político de formulação dos problemas, especificação de soluções e tomada de decisão, com base no modelo de John Kingdon, desdobrando a análise em fluxos do processo político, dos problemas emergentes e das soluções, em cada contexto histórico específico. Os seis casos são descritos por meio de narrativas estruturadas e comparados a partir das categorias do modelo teórico para elucidar como se desenvolveu o processo de mudança, quais os atores relevantes, idéias, modelos e eventos políticos que explicam suas circunstâncias e resultado.

Uma análise da variabilidade dos preços adjudicados em pregões eletrônicos na administração pública federal

O tema transparência na administração pública Brasileira esta cada vez mais em foco e o portal de compras ComprasNET faz parte dos portais de transparência do Governo Federal. Em 2011, dos quase 60 bilhões de reais gastos em investimentos e despesas diversas, 22 bilhões foram realizados por meio do ComprasNET na modalidade pregão eletrônico. Esta dissertação visa analisar a variabilidade de preços para um item específico de material, no caso o papel A4 75 gr, verificando estatisticamente se existe variabilidade de preços nas diversas licitações realizadas pelos órgãos da Administração Pública Federal. Em caso afirmativo, o trabalho visa identificar os procedimentos administrativos que podem ter causado tal divergência. A partir daí, foram apresentadas sugestões para alteração desses procedimentos administrativos, visando a redução do valor pago nos pregões eletrônicos. As recomendações foram baseadas na legislação em vigor e em decisões e acórdãos do TCU, AGU e demais órgãos da Administração Pública Federal. Dessa forma, este trabalho vai de encontro aos anseios da sociedade em ter uma melhor aplicação dos recursos públicos arrecadados por meio de impostos e taxas pagos pela população.

Os efeitos da modalidade pregão na execução dos contratos continuados: um estudo de caso

O presente trabalho investiga os impactos das licitações do tipo menor preço, realizadas por meio de Pregão eletrônico, no desempenho das execuções dos contratos contínuos, efetivados pela Superintendência de Administração da AGU em Pernambuco - SAD/PE -, no período de 2006 a 2010. Teve como proposição a premissa de que a contratação do tipo menor preço pode, em função de suas próprias características, estimular uma redução excessiva nos preços ofertados pelos licitantes e originar contratações com valores muito baixos que interferem de forma negativa no desempenho da prestação dos serviços, gerando infrações contratuais e diminuindo a vida útil dos contratos contínuos. A aparente economia, consequência da acirrada competição nos leilões invertidos, que caracterizam a modalidade licitatória Pregão, em médio e longo prazo, pode ser questionada. Os resultados confirmaram a proposição, evidenciando um percentual de 55% dos contratos, oriundos de Pregão eletrônico, com infrações e 31%, rescindidos unilateralmente por descumprimento de cláusulas contratuais. Foi identificada uma relação, de força moderada, inversamente proporcional entre a economia inicial gerada na licitação e o tempo de execução dos contratos, sugerindo uma tendência no sentido de que - quanto maior a diferença entre o valor referencia e o contratado na licitação, menor o tempo de execução do contrato, pois, parte das contratações muito abaixo do preço de mercado, geraram contratos com pequena vida útil e com muitas infrações. As análises dos dados apontam para a necessidade de se relativizar a adoção da modalidade licitatória Pregão, repensando-se a sua indicação para serviços continuados

Culturable Bacterial Diversity From A Feed Water Of A Reverse Osmosis System, Evaluation Of Biofilm Formation And Biocontrol Using Phages.

Biofilm formation on reverse osmosis (RO) systems represents a drawback in the application of this technology by different industries, including oil refineries. In RO systems the feed water maybe a source of microbial contamination and thus contributes for the formation of biofilm and consequent biofouling. In this study the planktonic culturable bacterial community was characterized from a feed water of a RO system and their capacities were evaluated to form biofilm in vitro. Bacterial motility and biofilm control were also analysed using phages. As results, diverse Protobacteria, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes were identified. Alphaproteobacteria was the predominant group and Brevundimonas, Pseudomonas and Mycobacterium the most abundant genera. Among the 30 isolates, 11 showed at least one type of motility and 11 were classified as good biofilm formers. Additionally, the influence of non-specific bacteriophage in the bacterial biofilms formed in vitro was investigated by action of phages enzymes or phage infection. The vB_AspP-UFV1 (Podoviridae) interfered in biofilm formation of most tested bacteria and may represent a good alternative in biofilm control. These findings provide important information about the bacterial community from the feed water of a RO system that may be used for the development of strategies for biofilm prevention and control in such systems.

Biased Random-key Genetic Algorithms For The Winner Determination Problem In Combinatorial Auctions.

Abstract In this paper, we address the problem of picking a subset of bids in a general combinatorial auction so as to maximize the overall profit using the first-price model. This winner determination problem assumes that a single bidding round is held to determine both the winners and prices to be paid. We introduce six variants of biased random-key genetic algorithms for this problem. Three of them use a novel initialization technique that makes use of solutions of intermediate linear programming relaxations of an exact mixed integer-linear programming model as initial chromosomes of the population. An experimental evaluation compares the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms with the standard mixed linear integer programming formulation, a specialized exact algorithm, and the best-performing heuristics proposed for this problem. The proposed algorithms are competitive and offer strong results, mainly for large-scale auctions.

Didanosine-loaded Chitosan Microspheres Optimized By Surface-response Methodology: A Modified Maximum Likelihood Classification" Approach Formulation For Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors."

Didanosine-loaded chitosan microspheres were developed applying a surface-response methodology and using a modified Maximum Likelihood Classification. The operational conditions were optimized with the aim of maintaining the active form of didanosine (ddI), which is sensitive to acid pH, and to develop a modified and mucoadhesive formulation. The loading of the drug within the chitosan microspheres was carried out by ionotropic gelation technique with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as cross-linking agent and magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) to assure the stability of ddI. The optimization conditions were set using a surface-response methodology and applying the Maximum Likelihood Classification, where the initial chitosan concentration, TPP and ddI concentration were set as the independent variables. The maximum ddI-loaded in microspheres (i.e. 1433mg of ddI/g chitosan), was obtained with 2% (w/v) chitosan and 10% TPP. The microspheres depicted an average diameter of 11.42μm and ddI was gradually released during 2h in simulated enteric fluid.

Evaluation of Primary Resistance to HIV Entry Inhibitors Among Brazilian Patients Failing Reverse Transcriptase/Protease Inhibitors Treatment Reveal High Prevalence of Maraviroc Resistance-Related Mutations

Entry inhibitor is a new class of drugs that target the viral envelope protein. This region is variable; hence resistance to these drugs may be present before treatment. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of patients failing treatment with transcriptase reverse and protease inhibitors that would respond to the entry inhibitors Enfuvirtide, Maraviroc, and BMS-806. The study included 100 HIV-1 positive patients from one outpatient clinic in the city of Sao Paulo, for whom a genotype test was requested due to treatment failure. Proviral DNA was amplified and sequenced for regions of gp120 and gp41. A total of 80 could be sequenced and from those, 73 (91.3%), 5 (6.3%) and 2 (2.5%) were classified as subtype B, F, and recombinants (B/F and B/C), respectively. CXCR4 co-receptor use was predicted in 30% of the strains. Primary resistance to Enfuvirtide was found in 1.3%, following the AIDS Society consensus list, and 10% would be considered resistant if a broader criterion was used. Resistance to BMS-806 was higher; 6 (7.5%), and was associated to non-B strains. Strikingly, 27.5% of samples harbored one or more mutation among A316T, I323V, and S405A, which have been related to decreased susceptibility of Maraviroc; 15% of them among viruses predictive to be R5. A more common mutation was A316T, which was associated to the Brazilian B strain harboring the GWGR motif at the tip of V3 loop and their derivative sequences. These results may be impact guidelines for genotype testing and treatment in Brazil.

Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Can Halt and Even Reverse Renal Tubule-Interstitial Fibrosis

Background: The tubule-interstitial fibrosis is the hallmark of progressive renal disease and is strongly associated with inflammation of this compartment. Heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a cytoprotective molecule that has been shown to be beneficial in various models of renal injury. However, the role of HO-1 in reversing an established renal scar has not yet been addressed. Aim: We explored the ability of HO-1 to halt and reverse the establishment of fibrosis in an experimental model of chronic renal disease. Methods: Sprague-Dawley male rats were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and divided into two groups: non-treated and Hemin-treated. To study the prevention of fibrosis, animals were pre-treated with Hemin at days -2 and -1 prior to UUO. To investigate whether HO-1 could reverse established fibrosis, Hemin therapy was given at days 6 and 7 post-surgery. After 7 and/or 14 days, animals were sacrificed and blood, urine and kidney tissue samples were collected for analyses. Renal function was determined by assessing the serum creatinine, inulin clearance, proteinuria/creatininuria ratio and extent of albuminuria. Arterial blood pressure was measured and fibrosis was quantified by Picrosirius staining. Gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic molecules, as well as HO-1 were performed. Results: Pre-treatment with Hemin upregulated HO-1 expression and significantly reduced proteinuria, albuminuria, inflammation and pro-fibrotic protein and gene expressions in animals subjected to UUO. Interestingly, the delayed treatment with Hemin was also able to reduce renal dysfunction and to decrease the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules, all in association with significantly reduced levels of fibrosis-related molecules and collagen deposition. Finally, TGF-beta protein production was significantly lower in Hemin-treated animals. Conclusion: Treatment with Hemin was able both to prevent the progression of fibrosis and to reverse an established renal scar. Modulation of inflammation appears to be the major mechanism behind HO-1 cytoprotection.

Nonlinear spectra of ZnO: reverse saturable, two- and three-photon absorption

We present a broadband (460-980 nm) analysis of the nonlinear absorption processes in bulk ZnO, a large-bandgap material with potential blue-to-UV photonic device applications. Using an optical parametric amplifier we generated tunable 1-kHz repetition rate laser pulses and employed the Z-scan technique to investigate the nonlinear absorption spectrum of ZnO. For excitation wavelengths below 500 nm, we observed reverse saturable absorption due to one-photon excitation of the sample, agreeing with rate-equation modeling. Two-and three-photon absorption were observed from 540 to 980 nm. We also determined the spectral regions exhibiting mixture of nonlinear absorption mechanisms, which were confirmed by photoluminescence measurements. (C) 2010 Optical Society of America

Reverse engineering in many-body quantum physics: Correspondence between many-body systems and effective single-particle equations

The mapping, exact or approximate, of a many-body problem onto an effective single-body problem is one of the most widely used conceptual and computational tools of physics. Here, we propose and investigate the inverse map of effective approximate single-particle equations onto the corresponding many-particle system. This approach allows us to understand which interacting system a given single-particle approximation is actually describing, and how far this is from the original physical many-body system. We illustrate the resulting reverse engineering process by means of the Kohn-Sham equations of density-functional theory. In this application, our procedure sheds light on the nonlocality of the density-potential mapping of density-functional theory, and on the self-interaction error inherent in approximate density functionals.

Adsorption kinetic, thermodynamic and desorption studies of phosphate onto hydrous niobium oxide prepared by reverse microemulsion method

A type of Nb(2)O(5)center dot 3H(2)O was synthesized and its phosphate removal potential was investigated in this study. The kinetic study, adsorption isotherm, pH effect, thermodynamic study and desorption were examined in batch experiments. The kinetic process was described by a pseudo-second-order rate model very well. The phosphate adsorption tended to increase with a decrease of pH. The adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir model with which the maximum P adsorption capacity was estimated to be 18.36 mg-Pg(-1). The peak appearing at 1050 cm(-1) in IR spectra after adsorption was attributed to the bending vibration of adsorbed phosphate. The positive values of both Delta H degrees and Delta S degrees suggest an endothermic reaction and increase in randomness at the solid-liquid interface during the adsorption. Delta G degrees values obtained were negative indicating a spontaneous adsorption process. A phosphate desorbability of approximately 68% was observed with water at pH 12, which indicated a relatively strong bonding between the adsorbed phosphate and the sorptive sites on the surface of the adsorbent. The immobilization of phosphate probably occurs by the mechanisms of ion exchange and physicochemical attraction. Due to its high adsorption capacity, this type of hydrous niobium oxide has the potential for application to control phosphorus pollution.

Desalination of water by reverse osmosis using gravitational potential energy and wind energy

This paper proposes ail alternative configuration to conventional reverse osmosis (RO) desalination systems by incorporating the use of gravitational potential energy. The proposal suggests a model that can be viewed as the energy station of a RO desalination plant. Conventionally, RO plants use a high-pressure pump, powered by electricity or fossil fuel. The function of the pump is to send a flux of saline water to a group of semi-permeable membrane modules, capable of ""filtering"" the dissolved salts. In this proposed model, we intend to achieve a flux at the inlet of the membrane modules with a pressure high enough for the desalination process, without using, either electricity or fossil fuels. To do this we divised a hybrid system that uses both gravitational potential energy and wind energy. The technical viability of the alternative was theoretically proven by deductions based on physics and mathematics.

Phase diagrams of a CTAB/organic solvent/buffer system applied to extraction of enzymes by reverse micelles

A partial pseudo-ternary phase diagram has been studied for the cethyltrimethylammonium bromide/isooctane:hexanol:butanol/potassium phosphate buffer system, where the two-phase diagram consisting of the reverse micelle phase (L-2) in equilibrium with the solvent is indicated. Based on these diagrams two-phase systems of reverse micelles were prepared with different compositions of the compounds and used for extraction and recovery of two enzymes, and the percentage of enzyme recovery yield monitored. The enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and xylose redutase (XR) obtained from Candida guilliermondii yeast were used in the extraction procedures. The recovery yield data indicate that micelles having different composition give selective extraction of enzymes. The method can thus be used to optimize enzyme extraction processes. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.