Contribuições para a melhoria da gestão de resíduos de eletroeletrônicos no Brasil, no contexto da sustentabilidade ambiental

Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção - FEG

Electronic waste governance: sustainable solutions to a global dilemma

Le présent mémoire a pour objet les formes, les caractéristiques et les défis de la gouvernance des déchets électroniques. L’auteure explore les impactes socioéconomiques et environnementales de divers types d’instruments conçus pour mitiger les risques à la santé humaine et à l’environnement que présentent les produits électroniques en fin de vie, notamment: les traités multilatéraux qui visent à prohiber le transfert des déchets hasardeux au pays en développement, les législations régionales, nationales et provinciales mettant en vigueur des systèmes de recyclage obligatoire des déchets électroniques, ainsi que d’autres initiatives, publics et privées, basées sur le principe de la responsabilité élargie des producteurs (REP). L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre comment les acteurs impliqués dans le commerce de l’équipement électronique peuvent modeler les systèmes de production, d’usage et du traitement fin de vie des technologies contemporaines pour que ces dernières puissent continuer à faire élever les standards de vie et à avancer le développement des communautés humaines, en respectant simultanément le principe international de l’équité globale, l’environnement naturel et la qualité de vie des générations futures.

Étude exploratoire de la phase d’usage des produits électroniques en vue de minimiser les impacts environnementaux : le cas du téléviseur

À cause de leur impact environnemental élevé, les déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE) sont un problème majeur pour les pays développés. La consommation importante de produits électroniques, dont la durée d’utilisation est de plus en plus courte, a entrainé une production croissante de DEEE. C’est dans ce contexte que l’Union européenne a instauré en 2003 la responsabilité élargie des producteurs (REP). Cet outil de politique environnementale a rendu légalement responsables les fabricants de la mise en oeuvre et du financement d’un programme d’intendance des DEEE. Alors que la REP vise principalement le traitement écologique des DEEE, cet instrument ne permet pas de réduire les quantités considérables qui sont produites par les consommateurs. Cette situation est d’autant plus inquiétante que les gains environnementaux obtenus, grâce à l’implantation de la REP, ont été annulés au regard de l’augmentation continue de la consommation de biens électroniques à l’échelle mondiale. En réponse à cette problématique, la présente thèse porte sur les pratiques de l’usager au cours de la phase de consommation des appareils électroniques (aussi appelée phase d’usage). Cette étape du cycle de vie regroupe l’achat, l’utilisation, la réparation et la mise au rebut des biens. Une approche qualitative de type exploratoire faisant appel à l’étude de cas a été utilisée. Le téléviseur, retenu comme cas d’étude, illustre des enjeux partagés par plusieurs équipements électroniques, tels que : la fréquente mise sur le marché de nouveaux modèles, le bas prix d’acquisition comparé au coût de la réparation et l’influence de la mode sur les choix effectués par le consommateur. Ces facteurs facilitent le remplacement des biens et, par conséquent, pourraient entrainer leur fin de vie prématurée qui se matérialise à travers différentes formes d’obsolescence. Dans le cadre de cette étude de cas, une trentaine d’entrevues semi-dirigées a été réalisée avec des usagers et réparateurs de produits électroniques en vue de documenter les différentes sous-étapes de la phase d’usage d’un téléviseur. Sur la base des informations recueillies, l’objectif de cette thèse est de formuler des recommandations, à destination des autorités politiques, qui pourront permettre une minimisation des impacts environnementaux liés à la phase d’usage des appareils électroniques. Les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence, via le rôle et le statut singulier occupé par le téléviseur dans les foyers, les comportements de l’usager contribuant à augmenter l’empreinte écologique associée à la phase d’usage. L’acquisition de nombreux biens électroniques et non électroniques suite à l’achat du téléviseur, ses multiples fonctionnalités le rapprochant de celles de l’ordinateur et des tablettes, ainsi que la fin de vie prématurée de produits fonctionnels, mais obsolètes d’un point de vue technologique, font partie des résultats de cette recherche. En lien avec ces constats, cette étude propose des instruments de politique environnementale, dont l’affichage de la durée de vie des équipements électroniques, destinés à aider le consommateur à réaliser des choix plus éclairés au moment de l’achat. D’autres orientations, telles que la possibilité d’évoluer vers une réglementation horizontale, c’est-à-dire un cadre législatif qui ne se basera plus sur le produit individuel, mais sur l’ensemble des appareils ayant des fonctionnalités similaires, sont exposées. Par ailleurs, cette recherche explore certains leviers pouvant minimiser le phénomène de fin de vie prématurée des appareils électroniques, tels que l’envoi de biens obsolètes et fonctionnels des pays développés vers ceux en développement pour permettre leur réutilisation et la tendance du Do-It- Yourself dans la réparation des produits électroniques.

Asignación estratégica de un modelo de logística inversa aplicado a los envases de pintura

El presente proyecto de investigación tuvo como principal objetivo resaltar la importancia de la responsabilidad social empresarial en el marco del desarrollo sostenible, unificando estrategias de logística inversa con modelos que permitirán cerrar el ciclo de vida útil de los envases de las mas prestigiosas compañías colombianas; líderes en el sector químico, mas exactamente de pinturas. Al ver la oportunidad del proyecto, en este se analizaron a grandes rasgos, los procesos inmersos en la producción, distribución y comercialización de las pinturas en el país para así poder llegar al cliente final quien se convirtió tanto en la fuente principal para la recolección de los residuos solidos generados como en el precursor de interrogantes y retos sobre cuales y como deberían ser atacadas las problemáticas sociales y ambientales que se originaban en la post-venta de dichos productos. De lo contrario, no se hubiera podido reflejar la importancia que tenia el proyecto en la búsqueda de soluciones a la problemática ambiental por la que atraviesa nuestro planeta. Problemática que debía ser atacada con iniciativas como estas que buscan disminuir y/o evitar la contaminación a recursos naturales existentes y en extinción. La recolección de envases contaminados y sus respectivas estrategias de reutilización, reciclaje y disposición final, acompañados de estrategias comerciales, ambientales y sociales de la empresa que seria creada para llevar a cabo esta tarea. Fueron los principales temas que se desarrollaron en el presente proyecto.

Texas electronics waste management: A policy analysis for the 21st century

Electronic waste is a fairly new and largely unknown phenomenon. Accordingly, governments have only recently acknowledged electronic waste as a threat to the environment and public health. In attempting to mitigate the hazards associated with this rapidly growing toxic waste stream, governments at all levels have started to implement e-waste management programs. The legislation enacted to create these programs is based on extended producer responsibility or EPR policy. ^ EPR shifts the burden of final disposal of e-waste from the consumer or municipal solid waste system to the manufacturer of electronic equipment. Applying an EPR policy is intended to send signals up the production chain to the manufacturer. The desired outcome is to change the methods of production in order to reduce production outputs/inputs with the ultimate goal of changing product design. This thesis performs a policy analysis of the current e-waste policies at the federal and state level of government, focusing specifically on Texas e-waste policies. ^ The Texas e-waste law known, as HB 2714 or the Texas Computer TakeBack Law, requires manufacturers to provide individual consumers with a free and convenient method for returning their used computers to manufacturers. The law is based on individual producer responsibility and shared responsibility among consumer, retailers, recyclers, and the TCEQ. ^ Using a set of evaluation criteria created by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Texas e-waste law was examined to determine its effectiveness at reducing the threat of e-waste in Texas. Based on the outcomes of the analysis certain recommendations were made for the legislature to incorporate into HB 2714. ^ The results of the policy analysis show that HB 2714 is a poorly constructed law and does not provide the desired results seen in other states with EPR policies. The TakeBack Law does little to change the collection methods of manufacturers and even less to change their production habits. If the e-waste problem is to be taken seriously, HB 2714 must be amended to reflect the proposed changes in this thesis.^

Collection of waste batteries in Portugal and Brazil

Selected papers from the 3rd Edition of the International Conference on Wastes: Solutions, Treatments and Opportunities

Empresas como agentes de benefício para o mundo: reflexão sobre visões de futuro no Brasil

O objetivo desta pesquisa consistiu em explorar os fatores comuns das visões de futuro de três segmentos da comunidade paulistana (executivos, empreendedores sociais e pensadores), especialmente no que diz respeito às possíveis alianças cooperativas entre o mundo dos negócios e a sociedade como um todo, como também as estratégias utilizadas para concretizá-las. Indagamos se, com suas experiências de vida, os sujeitos entrevistados protagonizavam suas visões de futuro; quais eram os aspectos em comum dessas visões referentes ao futuro e ao futuro dos negócios; as estratégias utilizadas para concretizar essas visões comuns, percebidas como positivas, e de que maneira podiam contribuir para o desenvolvimento de uma relação cooperativa entre os negócios e a sociedade. Utilizamos 30 entrevistas (10 em cada segmento), em amostra acidental, gravadas e, posteriormente, submetidas a uma análise segundo o referencial da Psicologia Social de Enrique Pichon-Rivière, incluindo alguns dos indicadores do processo interacional (cooperação, comunicação e telecomunicação) e da reação dos entrevistados e entrevistadores com relação aos conteúdos aplicados (transferência e contratransferência). Baseamo-nos no protocolo de Investigação Apreciativa do projeto "Business as an Agent of World Benefit" da Weatherhead School of Management e conceitos convergentes com o referencial adotado no que se refere ao interjogo entre o homem e o mundo, o protagonismo, o contar histórias, o projeto como planejamento de futuro e a criação de novas metáforas. Com relação ao futuro imaginado, encontramos como resultado unânime a preocupação com o meio ambiente, a mudança de valores (com a revisitação da noção de bem-estar, as “mortes subjetivas” por preconceito, o acolhimento expandido aos profissionais da saúde e a saúde como valor); a interconexão (presente no mundo contábil, nos modelos econômicos equitativos, na visão do administrador como estadista, na integração entre o “dentro e fora do negócio”, na consciência da riqueza como medida global e não individual, na ética, no voluntariado por consciência, no cuidado com o ambiente, consigo mesmo, com o outro e com a vida e a morte); coerência, vínculo e escuta (com foco na qualidade das relações e não na tecnologia, no honrar o próximo, no compartilhamento de experiências, na mão dupla entre negócios e comunidade, no bom trato para com as crianças e adultos), inclusão/exclusão (com a criação de espaços públicos intencionalmente inclusivos e a real inclusão dos excluídos na empresa); a educação (através do raciocínio que lide com a linearidade vigente e estimule pensar na complexidade, do reconhecimento de aspectos saudáveis e construtivos no cotidiano, e da formação que abrange gerentes, empreendedores e comunidade, incluindo conhecimento, ética e gratidão); interioridade (alma do negócio, intuição, transcendência como diferencial influindo em uma nova percepção de lucro, sacralidade da vida, encontro consigo próprio); lucro (revisão desse conceito com foco na vida, no bem-estar, no enraizamento das pessoas); consumo/consumidor (com relação à mudança na forma de analisar investimentos inteligentes, uma nova visão de pobreza); longo prazo (ligado à sustentabilidade, à autovalorização das pessoas e à educação dos funcionários). Há muitas estratégias atuantes nos diferentes segmentos, as pensadas são: a intencionalidade de inclusão em espaços públicos por diversos agentes, a revisão do conceito de bem-estar, os benefícios compartilhados, a inclusão mais precoce do jovem no mundo dos negócios e não como forma de exploração, o incentivo às atitudes de liderança nos jovens para o novo mundo e o longo prazo, como tema a ser mais aprofundado. Quanto à relação entre negócios e sociedade parece não haver clareza entre os segmentos quanto ao papel desempenhado pelas empresas, pelas ONGs e pelas comunidades. Surgem pontos como a necessidade da expansão de idéias inovadoras por meio de instituições sem fins lucrativos, do fortalecimento da sociedade civil, de um novo conceito de organização social, das ONGs não serem mais necessárias, das comunidades solidárias como instituições de direito e da ampliação do sentido da responsabilidade social estendido ao ecossistema.

Phenolic profile of Cynara scolymus L. and Silybum marianum(L.) Gaertn and related antimicrobial properties

Cynara scolymus L. (artichoke) and Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn (milk thistle), belonging to the Asteraceae family, are medicinal plants vo.ith well-reported antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. Widely consumed as infusions, these plants can also be found in several formulations to allow an easier consumption. The bioactivity of infusions, pills, and syrups based on artichoke and milk thistle was previously reported by our research group [1 ,2] and among the various phytochemicals present in these dietary supplements, phenolic compounds are pointed out as the most responsible for their beneficial properties. With the aim of studying the antimicrobial activity and possible relation vo.ith the phenolic composition, two different formulations of each plant were assessed (pills and syrups). The phenolic profiles were obtained by HPLC-DAD-ESIIMS, and the antimicrobial activity was performed with clinical isolates from hospitalized patients, namely Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli spectrum extended producer of P-lactarnases (ESBL), Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Vanillic acid (5.58 J.tg/g) and luteolin-7-0-glucoside (2.2 J.tg/g) were the most abundant compounds in artichoke syrup, that did not reveal antimicrobial activity against the studied strains, which could be due to their low concentrations. On the other hand, artichoke pills presented a prevalence of 5-0-caffeoylquinic (28.2 J.tg/g), 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic (24 J.tg/g), and 4-0-Caffeoylquinic acids (13.3 J.tg/g); revealing the capacity to inhibit MRSA vo.ith a MIC value of 1.9 mg!g. Regarding milk thistle, isorhamnetin-0-deoxyhexoside-0-hexoside, isorhamnetin-3-0-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin-0-deoxyhexoside-0-dihexoside were the major compounds detected in the syrup, in concentrations of 7.26, 5. 75, and 3.64 J.tg/g, respectively. This formulation proved to be able to inhibit the growth of E. coli, ESBL, MRSA and P. aeruginosa, with MIC values ranging from 0.2 to 1.3 mg!mL. Hydroxylated silibinin (1.565 J.!g/g) was the major flavonoid found in the pills, that revealed antimicrobial activity against ESBL, with a MIC value of 15 mg!mL, but did not inhibit the growth of the remaining bacteria None of the studied samples was able to inhibit P. mirabilis at the studied concentrations (1000 and 26.4 mg!mL for the syrups of artichoke and milk thistle, respectively; 150 mg/mL for both pills). Overall, the studied syrups and pills of artichoke and milk thistle revealed to be a good source of phenolic compounds, with some of these formulations revealing antimicrobial activity.

Phenolic profile and antimicrobial activity of dietary supplements based on Cochlospermum angolensis Welw.

Cochlospermum angolensis Welw. (borututu) is a widespread tree in Angola that belongs to the Cochlospermaceae family. Its bark infusion is used in the traditional medicine of Angola for the treatment of jaundice, hepatic diseases and for the prophylaxis of malaria [1]. In the present work, three formulations based on this plant (infusion, pills, and syrup) were characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS regarding phenolic composition, and evaluated by their in vitro antimicrobial activity against isolates of multiresistant bacteria (Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli spectrum extended producer of β-lactamases (ESBL), Proteus mirabilis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The infusion and pills revealed the highest variety of phenolic compounds, with eleven compounds identified. Protocatechuic acid was only present in infusions, being the most abundant compound, while (epi)gallocatechin-O-gallate and eucaglobulin/globulusin were the main molecules identified in pills and syrup, respectively. Methyl ellagic acids, eucaglobulin/globulusin B (Fig. 1) and (epi)gallocatechin-O-gallate were found in all the formulations. The infusion revealed antimicrobial activity against all the studied bacteria with the exception of P. mirabilis whereas the pills revealed activity in E. coli ESBL and MRSA. No significant antimicrobial activity was detected in the syrup, in agreement with its low concentrations of phenolic compounds. None of the tested formulations inhibited P. mirabilis. Considering the obtained results, C. angolensis infusion can be considered a good source of phenolic compounds as well as a good antimicrobial agent.

The moment of exchange : risk, vulnerability, responsibility

Any cycle of production and exchange – be it economic, cultural or aesthetic – involves an element of risk. It involves uncertainty, unpredictability, and a potential for new insight and innovation (the boom) as well as blockages, crises and breakdown (the bust). In performance, the risks are plentiful – economic, political, social, physical and psychological. The risks people are willing to take depend on their position in the exchange (performer, producer, venue manager or spectator), and their aesthetic preferences. This paper considers the often uncertain, confronting or ‘risky’ moment of exchange between performer, spectator and culture in Live Art practices. Encompassing body art, autobiographical art, site-specific art and other sorts of performative intervention in the public sphere, Live Art eschews the artifice of theatre, breaking down barriers between art and life, artist and spectator, to speak back to the public sphere, and challenge assumptions about bodies, identities, memories, relationships and histories. In the process, Live Art frequently privileges an uncertain, confrontational or ‘risky’ mode of exchange between performer, spectator and culture, as a way of challenging power structures. This paper examines the moment of exchange in terms of risk, vulnerability, responsibility and ethics. Why the romance with ‘risky’ behaviours and exchanges? Who is really taking a risk? What risk? With whose permission (or lack thereof)? What potential does a ‘risky’ exchange hold to destabilise aesthetic, social or political norms? Where lies the fine line between subversive intervention in the public sphere and sheer self-indulgence? What are the social and ethical implications of a moment of exchange that puts bodies, beliefs or social boundaries at ‘risk’? In this paper, these questions are addressed with reference to historical and contemporary practices under the broadly defined banner of Live Art, from the early work of Abrovamic and Burden, through to contemporary Australian practitioners like Fiona McGregor.

Corporate social and environmental responsibility in relation to the agricultural sector and the food supply chain : a Case Study of Waitrose

Waitrose has a strong commitment to organic farming but also uses products from 'conventional' farms. At the production stage, Waitrose own-label products are fully traceable, GM-free and all suppliers undergo a detailed assessment programme based on current best practice. Crop suppliers to Waitrose operate an authenticity programme to certify that each assignment is GM-free and produce is screened for pesticide residues. Waitrose sources conventional crops grown from 'Integrated Crop Management Systems' (ICMS) using best horticultural practices. The 'Assured Product' scheme regulates all UK produce to ICMS standards and these audits are being extended worldwide. Business is withdrawn from suppliers who fail the audit. In relation to this, Waitrose has increased its Fairtrade range as in its view 'Buying these products provides direct additional benefit to workers in the developing countries where they are produced and assists marginal producers by giving them access to markets they would not otherwise have'. Currently, Waitrose is developing its own sustainable timber assessment criteria. For livestock, protocols are in place to ensure that animals are reared under the 'most natural conditions possible' and free range produce is offered where animals have access to open space although some produce is not from free-range animals. Waitrose also use a 'Hazards Analysis Critical Points' system to identify food safety hazards that occur at any stage from production to point of sale and to ensure that full measures are in place to control them. In addition, mechanisms have been implemented to reduce fuel use and hence reduce CO2 emissions in the transport of products and staff, and to increase the energy use efficiency of refrigeration systems which account for approximately 60% of Waitrose energy use.

Motivations for an organisation within a developing country to report social responsibility information : evidence from Bangladesh

Purpose – The aim of the paper is to describe and explain, using a combination of interviews and content analysis, the social and environmental reporting practices of a major garment export organisation within a developing country. Design/methodology/approach – Senior executives from a major organisation in Bangladesh are interviewed to determine the pressures being exerted on them in terms of their social and environmental performance. The perceptions of pressures are then used to explain – via content analysis – changing social and environmental disclosure practices. Findings – The results show that particular stakeholder groups have, since the early 1990s, placed pressure on the Bangladeshi clothing industry in terms of its social performance. This pressure, which is also directly related to the expectations of the global community, in turn drives the industry's social policies and related disclosure practices. Research limitations/implications – The findings show that, within the context of a developing country, unless we consider the managers' perceptions about the social and environmental expectations being imposed upon them by powerful stakeholder groups then we will be unable to understand organisational disclosure practices. Originality/value – This paper is the first known paper to interview managers from a large organisation in a developing country about changing stakeholder expectations and then link these changing expectations to annual report disclosures across an extended period of analysis.

Corporate Environmental Responsibility in Demand Networks (summary section only)

Research on corporate responsibility has traditionally focused on the responsibilities of companies within their corporate boundaries only. Yet this view is challenged today as more and more companies face the situation in which the environmental and social performance of their suppliers, distributors, industry or other associated partners impacts on their sales performance and brand equity. Simultaneously, policy-makers have taken up the discussion on corporate responsibility from the perspective of globalisation, in particular of global supply chains. The category of selecting and evaluating suppliers has also entered the field of environmental reporting. Companies thus need to tackle their responsibility in collaboration with different partners. The aim of the thesis is to further the understanding of collaboration and corporate environmental responsibility beyond corporate boundaries. Drawing on the fields of supply chain management and industrial ecology, the thesis sets out to investigate inter-firm collaboration on three different levels, between the company and its stakeholders, in the supply chain, and in the demand network of a company. The thesis is comprised of four papers: Paper A discusses the use of different research approaches in logistics and supply chain management. Paper B introduces the study on collaboration and corporate environmental responsibility from a focal company perspective, looking at the collaboration of companies with their stakeholders, and the salience of these stakeholders. Paper C widens this perspective to an analysis on the supply chain level. The focus here is not only beyond corporate boundaries, but also beyond direct supplier and customer interfaces in the supply chain. Paper D then extends the analysis to the demand network level, taking into account the input-output, competitive and regulatory environments, in which a company operates. The results of the study broaden the view of corporate responsibility. By applying this broader view, different types of inter-firm collaboration can be highlighted. Results also show how environmental demand is extended in the supply chain regardless of the industry background of the company.

La gouvernance nodale de la sécurité locale

Le présent travail de recherche se propose d’analyser les dispositifs de gouvernance nodale de la sécurité locale en France, alors que le paradigme a vu le jour et s’est développé dans les pays anglo-saxons fortement décentralisés. C’est qu’en France les dispositifs de gouvernance nodale s’apparentent bien plus à un dialogue entre central et local qu’entre secteur public et privé. La recherche identifie ainsi les caractéristiques de la gouvernance nodale au cœur des dispositifs partenariaux de la sécurité locale, supportés par le Contrat Local de Sécurité (CLS), le Conseil Local de Sécurité et de Prévention de la Délinquance (CLSPD) ou encore le Groupe Local de Traitement de la Délinquance (GLTD). La recherche identifie ainsi les stratégies de décentrage de l’État et de transfert de la production de sécurité vers une diversité d’acteurs locaux, dont les maires et les services municipaux. Une diversité de politiques publiques locales de sécurité de pertinences différentes voit alors le jour. Le premier enseignement de cette recherche est l’importance du rôle joué par le node super-structurel, que nous appelons super-node et qui regroupe le maire ou l’élu local à la sécurité, le responsable de la police d’État, celui de la police municipale et le représentant de l’État. Il apparaît que dans le dispositif de gouvernance nodale, ce groupe informel génère la dynamique collective qui permet de regrouper, tant les producteurs que les consommateurs de sécurité locale gravitant au sein du réseau local de sécurité. La quarantaine d’entrevues qualitatives permet également d’identifier que la Justice, productrice de sécurité comme peut l’être aussi la sécurité privée ou la médiation sociale, apparaît plus distante que ce que pouvait laisser penser l’étude des textes réglementaires organisant le partenariat. Les bailleurs sociaux, les transporteurs et l’Éducation nationale apparaissent clairement comme des acteurs importants, mais périphériques de sécurité, en intégrant cette « famille élargie » de la sécurité locale. Le deuxième enseignement est relatif au fonctionnement même du dispositif nodal ainsi que du super-node, la recherche permettant d’identifier les ressources mutualisées par l’ensemble des nodes. Cela permet également d’identifier les mécanismes de répartition des tâches entre les différents acteurs et plus particulièrement entre les deux organisations policières d’État et municipale, travaillant autant en compétition, qu’en complémentarité. Cette recherche explore également le rôle joué par l’information dans le fonctionnement du super-node ainsi que l’importance de la confiance dans les relations interpersonnelles des représentants des nodes au sein du super-node. Enfin, l’étude permet également de mettre en perspective les limites du dispositif actuel de gouvernance nodale : le défaut avéré d’outils performants permettant d’informer convenablement le super-node quant aux phénomènes de violence ainsi que d’évaluer l’efficience du dispositif. Cela permet également de questionner l’autonomie des dispositifs de gouvernance nodale, la confiance pouvant ouvrir à la déviance et la collégialité au défaut de la traçabilité de la responsabilité. La fracture avec la société civile apparaît clairement et ne facilite pas le contrôle sur un mode de production de sécurité qui se développe en parallèle des dispositifs traditionnels de démocratie locale.

Contribuyendo al reto de la sostenibilidad: el sistema producto- servicio en la industria de la moda rápida

El presente proyecto de grado se inscribe bajo el proyecto de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial de la línea de investigación de Realidad Empresarial de la Facultad de Administración de la Universidad del Rosario. El problema de investigación surge de dos problemas actuales, que convergen en la insostenibilidad a largo y mediano plazo de la manera en que se hacen la mayoría de los negocios hoy en día. El primer problema, es el de suficiencia, se evidencia desde el punto de vista del consumidor, el cual pareciera estar diseñado para comprar y acumular objetos y cosas que luego de un tiempo irán a parar a la basura. El segundo problema es el modelo de negocio que extrae recursos, los transforma, los comercializa de manera repetitiva y obliga al cliente a seguir comprando, olvidando que la mayoría de cosas que produce, terminan en el basurero. La deficiencia actual del consumismo insostenible y del diseño que no piensa en las generaciones futuras son dos caras de la misma moneda. Por eso es que se estudia el problema desde la perspectiva tanto del consumidor, como del productor. Las tendencias internacionales relacionadas con la sostenibilidad están llevando a los negocios por una nueva senda, la cual les dará ventajas competitivas a los adoptadores tempranos. A raíz de los problemas planteados y con el objetivo de encontrar la sostenibilidad empresarial, se estudia una posible solución para cada actor del problema. Por el lado del consumidor, se analiza la teoría que gira alrededor del consumo responsable y de cómo los consumidores tienen el poder de causar un efecto positivo con lo que mejor saben hacer: comprando (y eligiendo que comprar). Por el lado del productor se estudia un nuevo modelo de negocios llamado el sistema producto-servicio, el cual se enfoca a satisfacer necesidades de los clientes por medio de una combinación de prestación de servicios y facilitación de productos, en vez de la comercialización de estos. Es decir que en vez de vender cosas que los consumidores quieran acumular (problema de suficiencia), se les vende soluciones que satisfagan sus necesidades, reteniendo la compañía la propiedad sobre los productos que integran al servicio. Se estudia también de que maneras este modelo particular de sistemas producto-servicio puede ser recibido por los consumidores de hoy en día, tan acostumbrados al modelo actual. Se quiere explorar el sistema de productos y servicio como una alternativa empresarial perdurable que solucione los retos ambientales del siglo XXI. Para poder probar la viabilidad de este hipotético modelo que cambia los patrones de interacción de las empresas con los usuarios, se plantea una idea de negocio que integre productos y servicios para satisfacer las necesidades del cliente. Se escogió un área viii caracterizada por ser de las más consumistas y acumuladoras en cuanto al volumen de compras anual de los clientes: el negocio de la ropa. Y no solo cualquier tipo de ropa, sino el de la moda rápida, un modelo que obliga a los consumidores a comprar ropa con una frecuencia aún mayor. Se hizo esto con el objetivo de probar que el modelo propuesto puede funcionar inclusive bajo los supuestos más “consumistas” que existen hoy en día.