Effect of remifentanil hydrochloride administered via constant rate infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats

Objective-To evaluate the effects of increasing doses of remifentanil hydrochloride administered via constant rate infusion (CRI) on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in cats. Animals-6 healthy adult cats. Procedures-For each cat, 2 experiments were performed (2-week interval). On each study day, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane; a catheter was placed in a cephalic vein for the administration of lactated Ringer`s solution or remifentanil CRIs, and a catheter was placed in the jugular vein for collection of blood samples for blood gas analyses. On the first study day, individual basal MAC (MAC(Basal)) was determined for each cat. On the second study day, 3 remifentanil CRIs (0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mu g/kg/min) were administered (in ascending order); for each infusion, at least 30 minutes elapsed before determination of MAC (designated as MAC(R0.25`) MAC(R0.5`) and MACR(R1.0`) respectively). A 15-minute washout period was allowed between CRIs. A control MAC (MAC Control) was determined after the last remifentanil infusion. Results-Mean +/- SD MAC(Basal) and MAC(Control) values at sea level did not differ significantly (1.66 +/- 0.08% and 1.52 +/- 0.21%, respectively). The MAC values determined for each remifentanil CRI did not differ significantly. However, MACR(0.25`) MAC(R0.5`) and MAC(R1.0) were significantly decreased, compared with MAC(Basal`) by 23.4 +/- 79%, 29.8 +/- 8.3%, and 26.0 +/- 9.4%, respectively. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-The 3 doses of remifentanil administered via CRI resulted in a similar degree of isoflurane MAC reduction in adult cats, indicating that a ceiling effect was achieved following administration of the lowest dose. (Am J Vet Res 2009;70:581-588)

Remifentanil versus dexmedetomidina como coadjuvantes de técnica anestésica padronizada em pacientes com obesidade mórbida

Justificativa e objetivos: comparou-se a ação de duas drogas coadjuvantes da anestesia, remifentanil e dexmedetomidina, na recuperação anestésica e na evolução do pH e da PaCO2, em pacientes com obesidade mórbida que foram submetidos à cirurgia de Capella. Método: o estudo foi aleatório, prospectivo e duplamente encoberto. Noventa e dois pacientes foram designados a um de dois grupos e submetidos à técnica anestésica (geral/peridural) padronizada. O grupo Remifentanil (Grupo R) e o da Dexmedetomidina (Grupo D) receberam infusão contínua por via venosa destas drogas (0,1 µg.kg-1.min-1 e 0,5 µg.kg-1.h-1 peso ideal mais 30% para ambas) logo após a intubação traqueal. Os pacientes foram monitorizados com pressão arterial média invasiva, oximetria de pulso, EEG bispectral (BIS), capnografia, estimulador de nervo periférico e ECG. Foram avaliados: 1) diferentes tempos de recuperação anestésica (abertura dos olhos, reinicio da respiração espontânea, tempo de extubação traqueal, tempo para de alta da sala de recuperação pós-anestésica e hospitalar), 2) a evolução da gasometria arterial, e 3) analgesia pós-operatória. Resultados: oitenta e oito pacientes foram avaliados. Os pacientes do grupo R apresentaram abertura ocular precoce (9,49 ± 5,61 min versus 18,25 ± 10,24 min, p < 0,0001), menor tempo para reiniciar a ventilação espontânea (9,78 ± 5,80 min versus 16,58 ± 6,07 min, p < 0,0001), e menor tempo para a extubação traqueal (17,93 ± 10,39 min versus 27,53 ± 13,39 min, p < 0,0001). Não houve diferença quanto ao tempo para alta anestésica (105,18 ± 50,82 min versus 118,69 ± 56,18 min) e para alta hospitalar (51,13 ± 6,37 horas versus 52,50 ± 7,09 horas). Os dois grupos apresentaram diminuição dos valores de pH e da PaO2 imediatamente após a extubação traqueal comparados com valores pré-operatórios, e que se manteve até a alta da SRPA. O grupo D apresentou valores maiores de PaCO2 após a extubação traqueal, comparados com valores pré-operatórios no mesmo grupo (p < 0,05), divergente do Grupo R; 41% dos pacientes do Grupo R e 60% do Grupo D (p < 0,02) requisitaram medicação analgésica de resgate no primeiro dia de pós-operatório. Conclusões: na população avaliada, a associação de remifentanil em técnica anestésica padronizada resultou em recuperação anestésica mais rápida, manutenção dos valores de PaCO2 durante o período pós-operatório imediato e menor consumo de analgésicos de resgate no período pós-operatório, quando comparada à dexmedetomidina.

Anestesia por infusão contínua de propofol associado ao remifentanil em gatos pré-tratados com acepromazina

O presente trabalho avaliou a associação anestésica do propofol, um anestésico geral de ação ultracurta e metabolismo rápido, ao remifentanil, opioide de grande poder analgésico, que potencializa os anestésicos gerais. O objetivo principal foi desenvolver um protocolo anestésico de uso intravenoso, por infusão contínua, que proporcione conforto ao paciente, segurança, com grande relaxamento muscular e analgesia em gatos submetidos a cirurgias eletivas como a ovariosalpingoisterectomia e orquiectomia. Foram utilizados 30 gatos, aleatoriamente distribuídos em 3 grupos de 10 animais. Em todos eles realizou-se a tranquilização com acepromazina (0,1 mg/kg, IM) e indução anestésica com propofol (6 mg/kg, IV). No grupo 1, a anestesia foi mantida por infusão contínua de propofol (0,6 mg/kg/min), no grupo 2, com propofol (0,4 mg/kg/min) e remifentanil (0,1 µg/kg/min), e no grupo 3, com propofol (0,4 mg/kg/min) e remifentanil (0,2 µg/kg/min). As variáveis mensuradas foram: temperatura corporal, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, saturação da oxiemoglobina, pressão arterial sistólica, hemogasometria arterial, analgesia e miorrelaxamento. Após análise dos resultados, pode-se concluir que o remifentanil promoveu incremento da analgesia, permitindo redução de 33% na velocidade de infusão do propofol, entretanto a infusão de 0,2 µg/kg/min de remifentanil determinou maior depressão respiratória quando comparada à infusão de 0,1 µg/kg/min.

In vitro compatibility of remifentanil hydrochloride and sufentanil citrate with selected drugs

: Objectives Physicochemical incompatibilities between intravenous drugs are a recurrent problem in intensive care units. The present study was aimed at investigating the physical compatibility of remifentanil and sufentanil with other drugs (insulin, midazolam, propofol, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, furosemide, heparin, monobasic potassium phosphate) that are frequently administered together intravenously. In addition, the physicochemical compatibility of three common associations of drugs was evaluated in glass tube tests and during dynamic simulated Y site administrations (remifentanil-insulin-midazolam; remifentanil-insulin-propofol; sufentanil-insulin-midazolam). Methods Physical compatibility was verified by visual inspection of the various mixtures (two, three or four drugs) in glass tubes and by pH determination of the mixtures collected during simulated Y site administrations. Solutions were considered as compatible in the absence of any visual change in the solution and of any significant variation in pH value. In addition, chemical stability was checked during in vitro dynamic simulations. The solutions were prepared in 50 ml syringes, placed on syringe pumps and connected to a Swan-Ganz catheter; the liquid collected at the tip was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. Results In the visual examinations, only the associations of remifentanil and furosemide were incompatible. The three assayed associations were compatible in the tested proportion range over 24 h. Conclusions Remifentanil was physically compatible with the tested drugs, except for furosemide (Lasix; Sanofi-Aventis, 250 mg/25 ml) and physicochemically compatible with insulin and midazolam and insulin and propofol. Sufentanil was physically compatible with all tested drugs and physicochemically compatible with insulin and midazolam

Dexmedetomidina vs Remifentanil en fast track (transito rápido) durante cirugía cardiaca

Actualmente las técnicas de anestesia de tránsito rápido en cirugía cardiaca se basan en la utilización de remifentanil, sin embargo este al tener una vida media tan corta hace que sea necesaria la utilización de opioides durante el posoperatorio inmediato presentandose el riesgo de depresión ventilatoria, y complicaciones respiratorias, es por esto que la dexmedetomidina podría ser una opción bastante atractiva debida a que no produce depresión de los centros respiratorios, y disminuye el consumo de opioides en el postoperatorio hasta un 66%. Previa aprobación del comité de ética se realizó un estudio clínico controlado y aleatorizado en dos grupos de 20 pacientes, El primer grupo recibió inducción con propofol 2mg/Kg, pancuronio 0.8mg/kg, y fentanil 2mcg/kg seguido de un bolo de dexmedetomidina de 0.5mcg/kg y una infusión de 0.3 - 0.7 mcg/kg/h la cual fue suspendida al finalizar la colocación de los alambres esternales, el grupo de remifentanil recibió una inducción con propofol y pancuronio a las mismas dosis, seguido de una infusión de remifentanil de 0.1 - 0.5 mcg/kg/min suspendida al finalizar el cierre de la piel, ambos grupos recibieron analgesia con dipirona 50mg/kg, morfina 0.1mg/kg seguida de dosis de rescate de 3mg según necesidad, e infiltración de la herida quirurgica con 40cc de Bupivacaina al 0.25%. Se midio el tiempo y lugar de extubación, el consumo de medicamentos vasopresores y vasodilatadores durante la cirugiaasi como el consumo de morfina el VAS y la incidencia de nausea y vomito durante las primeras 24h posoperatorias. El 85% de los pacientes fueron extubados en salas de cirugia, sin encontrarse diferencias estadiscamente significativas entre los tiempos de extubación de ambos grupos (11.7min) para remifentanil, y (9.6min) para dexmedetomidina, en cuanto al consumo de morfina este fue significativamente menor en el grupo de dexmedetomidina 4mg vs 15mg en el grupo de remifentanil así como también lo fue la incidencia de nausea y vomito 42.9% remifentanil vs 5.2% dexmedetomidina p:0.00009. A nuestro saber este es el primer estudio clínico en la literatura en el cual se ha propuesto a la dexmedetomidina como una alternativa para técnicas anestésicas de transito rápido en cirugia cardiaca. Los resultados sugieren que es tan eficaz como el remifentanil para permitir la extubación temprana de este grupo de pacientes con una menor consumo de morfina y una menor incidencia de nauseas y vomito durante el posoperatorio. Se recomiendan la realización de estudios adicionales que permitan ratificar los resultados previamente encontrados.

Comparación del tiempo de despertar y tiempo de descarga entre dos técnicas de anestesia total intravenosa manual : Remifentanil vs Fentanil.

Introducción: A pesar de que las combinaciones de Propofol y opioides son ampliamente usadas para inducir y mantener una adecuada anestesia y analgesia, disminuir la dosis del inductor, incrementar la estabilidad hemodinámica y suprimir la respuesta a la laringoscopia y la intubación; no existen estudios que comparen el uso de Anestesia Total Intravenosa manual con Remifentanil - Propofol versus Fentanil - Propofol. Objetivo: Comparar el tiempo de despertar y el tiempo de descarga entre dos técnicas de Anestesia Total Intravenosa manual empleadas en el Hospital Occidente de Kennedy, una basada en Propofol y Remifentanil y otra basada en Propofol y Fentanil controlado por Stangraf. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal, en 43 pacientes llevados a cirugía bajo Anestesia Total Intravenosa en el Hospital Occidente de Kennedy. Se analizó la información mediante las pruebas de Shapiro-Wilks, t de Student y U de Mann Withney y los coeficientes de correlación de Spearman y de Pearson, usando SPSS versión 20 para Windows. Un valor de p < 0.05 fue aceptado como estadísticamente significativo. Resultados: Al comparar las dos técnicas, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los tiempos evaluados. El tiempo de despertar promedio fue 10,1 minutos para Fentanil y 10,2 minutos para Remifentanil. El tiempo de descarga para Fentanil fue 11,9 minutos y para Remifentanil fue 11,5 minutos. Conclusiones: El uso de Fentanil - Propofol guiado por Stangraf es equivalente al uso de Remifentanil – Propofol en cuanto a los tiempos de despertar y de descarga. Se requieren nuevos estudios para corroborar estos hallazgos.

Comparación de costo-efectividad entre dos técnicas anestésicas: anestesia con sevofluoraneremifentanil frente a isofluorane-remifentanil

Nos encontramos en la era de la optimización de costos, por lo que es necesario realizar estudios farmacoeconómicos para identificar la costo- efectividad de los anestésicos actuales. Metodología: este estudio prospectivo, cegado al paciente, comparó los costos directos, los tiempos de recuperación y satisfacción de 45 pacientes que se asignaron aleatoriamente a dos grupos de anestesia balanceada (grupo sevofluoraneremifentanil n = 24 o grupo isofluoraneremifentanil n = 21) que iban a ser sometidos a cirugías de otorrinolaringología. Resultados: los tiempos de recuperación temprana (apertura ocular, respuesta a comandos, extubación, orientación y salida de sala) fueron menores en el grupo ISO y tuvieron diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Se encontraron datos variables en los costos de adquisición de los halogenados gastados, que fueron menores para el isofluorane, lo cual hacía también menos costosos los insumos anestésicos durante las cirugías; sin embargo, los costos en la sala de cirugía, en recuperación y sala de ambulatorios y los costos totales no mostraron diferencias significativas. La satisfacción fue similar entre los dos grupos. Conclusiones: una técnica basada en sevofluorane-remifentanil no es más costo-efectiva que utilizar isofluorane-remifentanil para pacientes ambulatorios sometidos a cirugías de otorrinolaringología.

Remifentanil, Isoflurane, and Preconditioning Attenuate Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparative study between target-controlled-infusion and continuous-infusion anesthesia in dogs treated with methotrimeprazine and treated with propofol and remifentanil

OBJETIVO: Comparar duas técnicas de infusão de propofol em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia, estudando a eficácia da dose alvo de propofol, avaliando os atributos cardiorrespiratórios, hemogasométricos e escala do índice bispectral, (BIS) bem como as características do período de recuperação. MÉTODOS: Foram anestesiadas 20 cadelas, distribuídos em dois grupos (GI e GII). em GI, os animais foram pré-tratados com levomepromazina e anestesiados com propofol por infusão alvo controlada, através de bomba de infusão Harvard pump, associado com remifentanila, através de bomba de seringa. em GII, os animais receberam o mesmo tratamento de GI, só que ao invés de receberem o propofol por infusão alvo controlada, receberam o propofol em infusão contínua de velocidade fixa. RESULTADOS: Bradicardia e discreta hipotensão, estabilidade hemogasométrica e respiratória, além de um bom miorrelaxamento, mais evidente na infusão contínua e boa hipnose. CONCLUSÕES: As doses de propofol utilizadas em ambas as técnicas, após o pré-tratamento de levomepromazina e associadas ao opióide, foram eficazes para a realização cirúrgica. A técnica de anestesia alvo controlada obteve um menor consumo de anestésico (propofol) com períodos mais rápidos de recuperação.

Effects of the opiold remifentanil on the arrhythmogenicity of epinephrine in halothane-anesthetized dogs

Opioids may exert a protective effect against ventricular arrhythmias via a vagally mediated mechanism. This study evaluated the effects of the opioid remifentanil on arrhythmogenicity of epinephrine during halothane anesthesia. Eight dogs were assigned to 2 treatments in a randomized crossover design, with 1-week intervals between treatments. Anesthesia was maintained with 1.3% end-tidal halothane in oxygen and mechanical ventilation to maintain eucapnia. A constant rate infusion of remifentanil (0.72 mu g/kg/min) was administered throughout the study in the experimental treatment, while control animals received physiologic saline as placebo. The arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE), defined as 4 premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) within 15 s, was determined by administering progressively increasing infusion rates of epinephrine (2.5, 5.0, and 10 mu g/kg/min), allowing 20 min intervals between each infusion rate. In both treatments, epinephrine infusions induced bradyarrhythmias and atrioventricular conduction disturbances, which were followed by escape beats and PVCs. In the remifentanil treatment, mean s ADE values (11.3 +/- 4.9 mu g/kg) did not differ from values observed in control animals (9.9 +/- 6.1 mu g/kg). on the basis of the ADE model for assessing the arrhythmogenity of drugs during halothane anesthesia, the present study did not demonstrate a protective effect of remifentanil (0.72 mu g/kg/min) against ventricular arrhythmias in dogs.

A clinical comparison of remifentanil or alfentanil in propofol-anesthetized cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy

Sixteen cats were used to compare the cardiovascular and anesthetic effects of remifentanil (REMT) or alfentanil (ALF) in propofol-anesthetized cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. After premedication with acepromazine, anesthesia was induced and maintained with a constant rate infusion of propofol (0.3 mg/kg/min). REMT or ALF infusions were administered simultaneously with propofol. Heart rate (HR), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), pulse oximetry (SpO(2)), rectal temperature (RT), and response to surgical stimulation were recorded at predefined time points during anesthesia. Data [mean +/- standard deviation (SD)] were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures followed by a Dunnett's test and Student t-test (P < 0.05). SAP was significantly lower in ALF group than in REMI group. Extubation time was significantly shorter in REMI than in ALF group. Overall infusion rate of REMI and ALF was 0.24 +/- 0.05 mu g/kg/min and 0.97 +/- 0.22 mu g/kg/min, respectively. The combination of propofol and REM! or ALF provided satisfactory anesthesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. (C) 2011 ISFM and AAFP. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hemodynamic effects in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and remifentanil-isoflurane

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of remifentanil on requirements for propofol administered by use of a target-controlled infusion system for maintaining anesthesia in dogs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of intravenous propofol and remifentanil on heart rate, blood pressure and nociceptive response in acepromazine premedicated dogs

ObjectiveTo investigate the cardiorespiratory, nociceptive and endocrine effects of the combination of propofol and remifentanil, in dogs sedated with acepromazine.Study designProspective randomized, blinded, cross-over experimental trial.AnimalsTwelve healthy adult female cross-breed dogs, mean weight 18.4 +/- 2.3 kg.MethodsDogs were sedated with intravenous (IV) acepromazine (0.05 mg kg-1) followed by induction of anesthesia with IV propofol (5 mg kg-1). Anesthesia was maintained with IV propofol (0.2 mg kg-1 minute-1) and remifentanil, infused as follows: R1, 0.125 mu g kg-1 minute-1; R2, 0.25 mu g kg-1 minute-1; and R3, 0.5 mu g kg-1 minute-1. The same dogs were administered each dose of remifentanil at 1-week intervals. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (f(R)), end tidal CO(2) (Pe'CO(2)), arterial hemoglobin O(2) saturation, blood gases, and rectal temperature were measured before induction, and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 minutes after beginning the infusion. Nociceptive response was investigated by electrical stimulus (50 V, 5 Hz and 10 ms). Blood samples were collected for plasma cortisol measurements. Statistical analysis was performed by anova (p < 0.05).ResultsIn all treatments, HR decreased during anesthesia with increasing doses of remifentanil, and increased significantly immediately after the end of infusion. MAP remained stable during anesthesia (72-98 mmHg). Antinociception was proportional to the remifentanil infusion dose, and was considered satisfactory only with R2 and R3. Plasma cortisol concentration decreased during anesthesia in all treatments. Recovery was smooth and fast in all dogs.Conclusions and clinical relevanceInfusion of 0.25-0.5 mu g kg-1 minute-1 remifentanil combined with 0.2 mg kg-1 minute-1 propofol produced little effect on arterial blood pressure and led to a good recovery. The analgesia produced was sufficient to control the nociceptive response applied by electrical stimulation, suggesting that it may be appropriate for performing surgery.

Effects of remifentanil infusion regimens on cardiovascular function and responses to noxious stimulation in propofol-anesthetized cats

Objective-To evaluate the effects of 2 remifentanil infusion regimens on cardiovascular function and responses to nociceptive stimulation in propofol-anesthetized cats.Animals-8 adult cats.Procedures-On 2 occasions, cats received acepromazine followed by propofol (6 mg/kg then 0.3 mg/kg/min, IV) and a constant rate infusion (CRI) of remifentanil (0.2 or 0.3 mu g/kg/min,IV) for 90 minutes and underwent mechanical ventilation (phase I). After recording physiologic variables, an electrical stimulus (50 V; 50 Hz; 10 milliseconds) was applied to a forelimb to assess motor responses to nociceptive stimulation. After an interval (>= 10 days), the same cats were anesthetized via administration of acepromazine and a similar infusion regimen of propofol; the remifentanil infusion rate adjustments that were required to inhibit cardiovascular responses to ovariohysterectomy were recorded (phase II).Results-In phase I, heart rate and arterial pressure did not differ between remifentanil-treated groups. From 30 to 90 minutes, cats receiving 0.3 mu g of remifentanil/kg/min had no response to noxious stimulation. Purposeful movement was detected more frequently in cats receiving 0.2 mu g of remifentanil/kg/min. In phase II, the highest dosage (mean +/- SEM) of remifentanil that prevented cardiovascular responses was 0.23 +/- 0.01 mu g/kg/min. For all experiments, mean time from infusion cessation until standing ranged from 115 to 140 minutes.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Although the lower infusion rate of remifentanil allowed ovariohysterectomy to be performed, a CRI of 0.3 mu g/kg/min was necessary to prevent motor response to electrical stimulation in propofol-anesthetized cats. Recovery from anesthesia was prolonged with this technique.