Kuivajätehuollon hiilijalanjälki ja kustannukset sekä kuljetusten kilpailutus – Etelä-Karjalan aluekeräyspisteverkoston päivitys

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli yhtenäistää Etelä-Karjalan alueen erilaisia tapoja toimia alueke-räyksen suhteen. Aluekeräyksellä tarkoitetaan jätteiden keräystä pisteiltä, joihin kotitaloudet, jotka eivät kuulu kiinteistökohtaiseen keräykseen, voivat tuoda syntypaikkalajitellun kuiva- eli sekajätteensä. Tavoitteena oli myös saada tietoa siitä, minkälaiset ovat eri kuivajätehuoltovaihtoehtojen ilmastonmuutos- ja kustannusvaikutukset. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten ympäristönäkökohdat voidaan ottaa huomioon kuljetuskilpailutuksissa. Tutkimuksessa kerättiin tietoa internetistä, opinnäytetöistä ja tieteellisistä artikkeleista sekä yritysten edustajilta. Kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen laskennassa hyödynnettiin GaBi 6.0 -elinkaariarviointiohjelmaa. Tutkimuksen perusteella aluekeräyspisteet kannattaa sijoittaa reiteille, joita asukkaat käyttävät vähintään kerran viikossa ja mitkä ovat optimaalisesti myös kuljetusurakoitsijan kannalta. Taajama-alueelle ei nähty suositeltavaksi sijoittaa aluekeräyspisteitä. Suositeltavina astioina aluekeräyspisteille nähtiin syväkeräyssäiliöt, joiden tyhjennys onnistuu samalla keräyskalustolla kuin kiinteistöjen jäteastioiden, kun ajoneuvo on varustettu puominosturilla. Suositeltavaksi nähtiin myös harventaa jäteastioiden talvityhjennystiheyksiä, jos tyhjennystiheys on vakio ympäri vuoden, sillä pääosa aluekeräyspisteiden käyttäjistä on loma-asukkaita. Tyhjennystiheyksien harvennuksella olisi mahdollista saavuttaa kustannussäästöjä. Tutkimuksessa laskettiin kuivajätteen elinkaarenaikaisia kasvihuonekaasupäästöjä kuivajätteen keräyksestä loppusijoitukseen ja energiahyötykäyttöön. Energiahyötykäyttökohteiksi valittiin Riihimäen, Kotkan sekä Leppävirran (suunnitteilla) jätteenpolttolaitokset. Tulosten pohjalta kuivajätteen energiahyötykäyttö oli loppusijoitusta selkeästi parempi vaihtoehto. Kuivajätteen keräys- ja kuljetuspäästöjen vaikutus oli pieni. Kuivajätteen kuljetusmatkan pituus jätteenpolttolaitokselle ei ole siis ratkaisevassa roolissa kokonaiskasvihuonekaasupäästöjä tarkasteltaessa. Etäisyyttä suurempi vaikutus onkin kuivajätteen koostumuksella, polttolaitosten vuosihyötysuhteilla ja korvattavilla polttoaineilla. Jatkossa suositellaan selvittämään vielä vaihtoehtoisia käsittelytapoja kuivajätteen sisältämälle sekamuovijakeelle, jonka poltosta aiheutuu merkittävä osuus (noin 74 %) kuivajätteen polton kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä. Ajankohtaisia kuljetuskilpailutuksia varten tarkasteltiin vielä tarkemmin keräys- ja kuljetuspäästöjä. Tulosten pohjalta havaittiin, että keräys- ja kuljetuspäästöjä on mahdollista vähentää reilusti (46–74 %) siirtymällä dieselistä biopolttoaineiden käyttöön. Tuloksiin vaikuttaa kuitenkin merkittävästi, minkälaisista raaka-aineista biopolttoaineet on valmistettu. Kuivajätteen keräyspäästöjä on mahdollista pienentää myös päivittämällä aluekeräyspisteverkostoa. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin kustannuksia aluekeräyspisteiden astioiden uusinnasta tai korjauksesta kuivajätteen loppusijoitukseen tai energiahyötykäyttöön asti. Merkittävimmät kustannukset aiheutuivat kuivajätteen loppusijoituksesta, energiahyötykäytöstä sekä keräyksestä. Kustannusten näkökulmasta keräyksen rooli oli siis suurempi. Työn lopussa annettiin vielä vinkkejä, joiden avulla jätehuoltoyritykset voivat tehdä jätekuljetushankintoja ympäristönäkökohdat huomioiden. Usein selkein tapa huomioida ympäristönäkökohdat kuljetuskilpailutuksissa on asettaa riittävän tiukkoja pakollisia vaatimuksia, jolloin voi valita hinnaltaan halvimman vaihtoehdon. Kuljetuspalvelun hankinnassa tulee huomioida ainakin energiankulutus, hiilidioksidi-, typenoksidi-, hiilivety- ja hiukkaspäästöt. Lainsäädäntö ei määrää vähimmäistasoja, vaan hankintaa tehdessä kannattaa kartoittaa markkinatilanne, jotta vaatimukset osaa asettaa oikealle tasolle. Markkinoille kannattaa myös tiedottaa tulevaisuuden tarpeista ja suunnitelmista. Suuria hankintakokonaisuuksia suositellaan pilkottavan pienempiin osiin, jotta pienet ja keskisuuret yritykset pystyvät myös osallistumaan tarjouskilpailuihin. Kannustus innovaatioiden huomioimiseen hankinnoissa on lisääntynyt myös jätehuollon alalla. Selvitettyjen kasvihuonekaasupäästöjen perusteella oli merkille pantavaa, miten suuri vaikutus polttolaitoksen valinnalla oli kasvihuonekaasupäästöihin. Oleellista onkin huomioida ympäristönäkökohdat myös energiahyötykäyttökohdetta valittaessa.

Environmental impact on the bacteriological quality of domestic water supplies in Lagos, Nigeria

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of town planning, infrastructure, sanitation and rainfall on the bacteriological quality of domestic water supplies. METHODS: Water samples obtained from deep and shallow wells, boreholes and public taps were cultured to determine the most probable number of Escherichia coli and total coliform using the multiple tube technique. Presence of enteric pathogens was detected using selective and differential media. Samples were collected during both periods of heavy and low rainfall and from municipalities that are unique with respect to infrastructure planning, town planning and sanitation. RESULTS: Contamination of treated and pipe distributed water was related with distance of the collection point from a utility station. Faults in pipelines increased the rate of contamination (p<0.5) and this occurred mostly in densely populated areas with dilapidated infrastructure. Wastewater from drains was the main source of contamination of pipe-borne water. Shallow wells were more contaminated than deep wells and boreholes and contamination was higher during period of heavy rainfall (p<0.05). E. coli and enteric pathogens were isolated from contaminated supplies. CONCLUSIONS: Poor town planning, dilapidated infrastructure and indiscriminate siting of wells and boreholes contributed to the low bacteriological quality of domestic water supplies. Rainfall accentuated the impact.

Mechanical performance of concrete made with aggregates from construction and demolition waste recycling plants

This research aims at analysing the mechanical performance of concrete with recycled aggregates (RA) from construction and demolition waste (CDW) from various locations in Portugal. First the characteristics of the various aggregates (natural and recycled) used in the production of concrete were thoroughly analysed. The composition of the RA was determined and several physical and chemical tests of the aggregates were performed. In order to evaluate the mechanical performance of concrete, compressive strength (in cubes and cylinders), splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and abrasion resistance tests were performed. Concrete mixes with RA from CDW from several recycling plants were evaluated, in order to understand the influence that the RA's collection point, and consequently their composition, has on the characteristics of the mixes produced. The analysis of the mechanical performance allowed concluding that the use of RA worsens most of the properties tested, especially when fine RA are used. On the other hand, there was an increase in abrasion resistance when coarse RA were used. In global terms, the use of this type of aggregates, in limited contents, is viable from a mechanical viewpoint. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Genetic analysis of the breeding system of an invasive subterranean termite, Reticulitermes santonensis, in urban and natural habitats.

Reticulitermes santonensis is a subterranean termite that invades urban areas in France and elsewhere where it causes damage to human-built structures. We investigated the breeding system, colony and population genetic structure, and mode of dispersal of two French populations of R. santonensis. Termite workers were sampled from 43 and 31 collection points, respectively, from a natural population in west-central France (in and around the island of Oleron) and an urban population (Paris). Ten to 20 workers per collection point were genotyped at nine variable microsatellite loci to determine colony identity and to infer colony breeding structure. There was a total of 26 colonies, some of which were spatially expansive, extending up to 320 linear metres. Altogether, the analysis of genotype distribution, F-statistics and relatedness coefficients suggested that all colonies were extended families headed by numerous neotenics (nonwinged precocious reproductives) probably descended from pairs of primary (winged) reproductives. Isolation by distance among collection points within two large colonies from both populations suggested spatially separated reproductive centres with restricted movement of workers and neotenics. There was a moderate level of genetic differentiation (F(ST) = 0.10) between the Oleron and Paris populations, and the number of alleles was significantly higher in Oleron than in Paris, as expected if the Paris population went through bottlenecks when it was introduced from western France. We hypothesize that the diverse and flexible breeding systems found in subterranean termites pre-adapt them to invade new or marginal habitats. Considering that R. santonensis may be an introduced population of the North American species R. flavipes, a breeding system consisting primarily of extended family colonies containing many neotenic reproductives may facilitate human-mediated spread and establishment of R. santonensis in urban areas with harsh climates.

Relationship between macrofauna, mineralogy and exchangeable calcium and magnesium in Cerrado Oxisols under pasture

The objective of this work was to assess the relationship between macrofauna, mineralogy and exchangeable calcium and magnesium in Cerrado Oxisols under pasture. Twelve collection points were chosen in the Distrito Federal and in Formosa municipality, Goiás state, Brazil, representing four soil groups with varied levels of calcium + magnesium and kaolinite/(kaolinite + gibbsite) ratios. Soil macrofauna was collected in triplicate at each collection point, and identified at the level of taxonomic groups. Macrofauna density showed correlation with contents of kaolinite, gibbsite and exchangeable Ca + Mg in the soils. Mineralogy and exchangeable Ca + Mg had significant effects on taxonomic groups and relative density of soil macrofauna. The termites (Isoptera) were more abundant in soils with low exchangeable Ca + Mg; earthworms (Oligochaeta), in soils with high levels of kaolinite; and Hemiptera and Coleoptera larvae were more abundant in gibbsitic soils with higher contents of total carbon.

Níveis e origem da acidificação das chuvas na região do Rio Grande, RS

The current article presents the first data on physical-chemical parameters of wet precipitation collected at single collection point in the city of Rio Grande, during the period of 12 months in 1997-1998. The employed technique of rainwater separation into several portions made clear the process of the atmosphere self-purification during a precipitation event. The pH of rainwater depends on the extent of industrial emissions and increases during a precipitation event. The first portion of rainwater shows an obvious neutralizing effect of soil and ocean-derived components, whose intensity depends on the duration of the preceding dry period.

Bioacumulação de metais pesados e nutrientes no mexilhão dourado do reservatório da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu Binacional

This study aims to evaluate the bioaccumulation of macronutrients and heavy metals in the golden mussel according to its collection site and seasonality in the aquaculture area of the reservoir from April/2009 to March/2010. There is no difference (p > 0.05) in the concentration of metals with respect to the point of collection. The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd and Pb were higher (p < 0.05) in spring and summer than in fall and winter. Values of the heavy-metal pollution index (MPI) for collection point and seasonality indicate environmental contamination in the aquaculture area.

Measuring CO2 emissions induced by online and brick-and-mortar retailing

We develop a method for empirically measuring the difference in carbon footprint between traditional and online retailing (“e-tailing”) from entry point to a geographical area to consumer residence. The method only requires data on the locations of brick-and-mortar stores, online delivery points, and residences of the region’s population, and on the goods transportation networks in the studied region. Such data are readily available in most countries, so the method is not country or region specific. The method has been evaluated using data from the Dalecarlia region in Sweden, and is shown to be robust to all assumptions made. In our empirical example, the results indicate that the average distance from consumer residence to a brick-and-mortar retailer is 48.54 km in the studied region, while the average distance to an online delivery point is 6.7 km. The results also indicate that e-tailing increases the average distance traveled from the regional entry point to the delivery point from 47.15 km for a brick-and-mortar store to 122.75 km for the online delivery points. However, as professional carriers transport the products in bulk to stores or online delivery points, which is more efficient than consumers’ transporting the products to their residences, the results indicate that consumers switching from traditional to e-tailing on average reduce their CO2 footprints by 84% when buying standard consumer electronics products. 

Measuring CO2 emissions induced by online and brick-and-mortar retailing

We develop a method for empirically measuring the difference in carbon footprint between traditional and online retailing (“e-tailing”) from entry point to a geographical area to consumer residence. The method only requires data on the locations of brick-and-mortar stores, online delivery points, and residences of the region’s population, and on the goods transportation networks in the studied region. Such data are readily available in most countries, so the method is not country or region specific. The method has been evaluated using data from the Dalecarlia region in Sweden, and is shown to be robust to all assumptions made. In our empirical example, the results indicate that the average distance from consumer residence to a brick-and-mortar retailer is 48.54 km in the studied region, while the average distance to an online delivery point is 6.7 km. The results also indicate that e-tailing increases the average distance traveled from the regional entry point to the delivery point from 47.15 km for a brick-and-mortar store to 122.75 km for the online delivery points. However, as professional carriers transport the products in bulk to stores or online delivery points, which is more efficient than consumers’ transporting the products to their residences, the results indicate that consumers switching from traditional to e-tailing on average reduce their CO2 footprints by 84% when buying standard consumer electronics products. 

Reproduction of the fish community of Passa Cinco Stream, Corumbataí River sub-basin, São Paulo State, Southeastern Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estratégia de redução de consumo de energia em redes de sensores sem fio heterogêneas utilizando lógica fuzzy

O avanço nas áreas de comunicação sem fio e microeletrônica permite o desenvolvimento de equipamentos micro sensores com capacidade de monitorar grandes regiões. Formadas por milhares de nós sensores, trabalhando de forma colaborativa, as Redes de Sensores sem Fio apresentam severas restrições de energia, devido à capacidade limitada das baterias dos nós que compõem a rede. O consumo de energia pode ser minimizado, permitindo que apenas alguns nós especiais, chamados de Cluster Head, sejam responsáveis por receber os dados dos nós que formam seu cluster e propagar estes dados para um ponto de coleta denominado Estação Base. A escolha do Cluster Head ideal influencia no aumento do período de estabilidade da rede, maximizando seu tempo de vida útil. A proposta, apresentada nesta dissertação, utiliza Lógica Fuzzy e algoritmo k-means com base em informações centralizadas na Estação Base para eleição do Cluster Head ideal em Redes de Sensores sem Fio heterogêneas. Os critérios usados para seleção do Cluster Head são baseados na centralidade do nó, nível de energia e proximidade para a Estação Base. Esta dissertação apresenta as desvantagens de utilização de informações locais para eleição do líder do cluster e a importância do tratamento discriminatório sobre as discrepâncias energéticas dos nós que formam a rede. Esta proposta é comparada com os algoritmos Low Energy Adaptative Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) e Distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm for heterogeneous Wireless sensor networks (DEEC). Esta comparação é feita, utilizando o final do período de estabilidade, como também, o tempo de vida útil da rede.

Reproductive biology of Hepatus pudibundus (Crustacea: Brachyura), the most abundant crab on the southeastern Brazilian coast

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Banco de sementes do solo em áreas de mineração e do entorno

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Influência da quantidade de dentifrício e concentração de fluoreto na retenção intrabucal de fluoreto em crianças

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise de agrupamentos para o reconhecimento de padrões de infestação de aracnídeos em zonas urbanas

Pós-graduação em Biociências - FCLAS