Points to consider for prioritizing clinical genetic testing services: a European consensus process oriented at accountability for reasonableness.

Given the cost constraints of the European health-care systems, criteria are needed to decide which genetic services to fund from the public budgets, if not all can be covered. To ensure that high-priority services are available equitably within and across the European countries, a shared set of prioritization criteria would be desirable. A decision process following the accountability for reasonableness framework was undertaken, including a multidisciplinary EuroGentest/PPPC-ESHG workshop to develop shared prioritization criteria. Resources are currently too limited to fund all the beneficial genetic testing services available in the next decade. Ethically and economically reflected prioritization criteria are needed. Prioritization should be based on considerations of medical benefit, health need and costs. Medical benefit includes evidence of benefit in terms of clinical benefit, benefit of information for important life decisions, benefit for other people apart from the person tested and the patient-specific likelihood of being affected by the condition tested for. It may be subject to a finite time window. Health need includes the severity of the condition tested for and its progression at the time of testing. Further discussion and better evidence is needed before clearly defined recommendations can be made or a prioritization algorithm proposed. To our knowledge, this is the first time a clinical society has initiated a decision process about health-care prioritization on a European level, following the principles of accountability for reasonableness. We provide points to consider to stimulate this debate across the EU and to serve as a reference for improving patient management.

Fitness to stand trial : how discourses of rationality, reasonableness and culpability inform the law and psychiatry to create standards of normal

The objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the importance of the concepts of rationality, reasonableness, culpability and autonomy that inform and support our conception of both the person and the punishable subject. A critical discourse analysis tracing these concepts through both the law and psychological tools used to evaluate the fitness of a person reveals that these concepts and their implied values are inconsistently applied to the mentally disordered who come into conflict with the law. I argue that the result of this inconsistency compromises a person's autonomy which is a contradiction to this concept as a foundational principle of the law. Ultimately, this thesis does not provide a solution to be employed in policy making, but its analysis leaves open possibilities for further exploration into the ways legal and social justice can be reconciled.

Equality, reasonableness and gender in the process of constitutionalization and internationalization of law

The themes of this paper are equality, reasonableness and gender rights in the dynamics of two sequential and convergent processes: the constitutionalization of judicial law, and the internationalization of constitutional law. The thesis of this paper is that in the face of non-compliance of the obligation to regulate, guarantee and protect gender rights, the best option has been to strengthen judicial law, which has enabled the development of rules for protection, the adoption of contemporary methods of interpretation and adjudication of the law, as well as the resolution of shortfalls in protection based on said processes of the constitutionalization and internationalization of local law.

Double Reasonableness and the Fourth Amendment

Recently the Supreme Court has placed new limits on both the substance of the Fourth Amendment and the exclusionary that serves as the principal remedy for Fourth Amendment violations. In this Article we briefly summarize these limitations and then argue that the curtailment of the exclusionary rule has the potential to ameliorate substantive Fourth Amendment doctrine. The limited reach of the modern exclusionary rule provides the Court with license to develop an expansive new substantive framework free of the specter of a correspondingly expansive remedial framework. One point on which nearly all jurists and commentators agree is that current Fourth Amendment doctrine is a mess. We argue that the Court’s exclusionary rule cases, while frustrating and ill-conceived if viewed in isolation, provide the Court with an opportunity to revisit problematic Fourth Amendment doctrine that was born under a very different remedial regime. Such an approach would allow the Court to adhere to its current view of the exclusionary rule as a remedy of last resort while creating a Fourth Amendment with teeth. The goal is a Fourth Amendment right that is more substantial and clearly defined, but a remedy that remains limited to egregious violations of clear substantive rules. The time is now to lift the Fourth Amendment fog.

Sermons, on a number of connected subjects; in which an attempt is made to explain the leading principles of revealed religion; to show their consistency, reasonableness and importance; and to guard them against dangerous misconstructions and false inferences, and against the specious objections of unbelievers.

Mode of access: Internet.

Six sermons on the study of the Holy Scriptures : their nature, interpretation, and some of their most important doctrines ; preached before the University of Cambridge, in the years 1827-8. To which are annexed two dissertations: the first on the reasonableness of the Orthodox views of Christianity, as opposed to the rationalism of Germany; the second on the interpretation of prophecy generally, with an original exposition of the Book of Revelation; shewing that the whole of that remarkable prophecy has long ago been fulfilled /

Mode of access: Internet.

A Query submitted to the consideration of the people called Quakers, respecting the reasonableness of their disapprobation of music.

Mode of access: Internet.

Factual brief, submitted on behalf of the Industrial Commissioner, in the matter of the petitions of certain affected persons, firms, and corporations, for a review of the validity or reasonableness of Directory order number 7, governing minimum wage standards in the retail trade industry, promulgated under Article 19 of the Labor law. Case no. 2828-45, et al.

Cover title.

Democratic Stability through the Concept of Reasonableness in John Rawls

The paper addresses the question of the stability of a democratic state and shows the shortcomings of the political and institutional structure for this purpose. It argues for the need of an additional factor of reasonableness as defined by John Rawls. We reflect on its articulation with rationality, its role regarding laws and the areas where its presence is crucial to the health and maintenance of a democratic political society. The analysis concludes by justifying the instrumental need of such faculty in the political arena as well as vindicating it as a mandatory civic duty.

Reasonableness in European and Chinese Contract Law. A Comparative Law Study

Contemporary private law, in teh last few decades, TEMPhas been increasingly characterized by teh spread of general clauses and standards and by teh growing role of interpreters in teh framework of teh sources of law. dis process TEMPhas also consistently effected those systems dat are not typically centered on judge-made law. In particular in contract law general clauses and standards has assumed a leading role and has become protagonists of processes of integration and harmonization of teh law. Wifin dis context, teh reasonableness clause TEMPhas come to teh attention of scholars, emerging as a new element of connection between different legal systems -first of all between common law and civil law – and even between different legal traditions. dis research aims at reconstructing teh patterns of emersion and evolution of teh TEMPprincipal of reasonableness in contract law both wifin European Union Law and in teh Chinese legal system, in order to identify evolutionary trends, processes of emersion and circulation of legal models and teh scope of operation of teh TEMPprincipal in teh two contexts. In view of teh increasingly intense economic relations between Europe and China, wifin teh framework of teh new project called Belt and Road Initiative, a comparative survey of dis type can foster mutual understanding and make communications more TEMPeffective, at teh level of legal culture and commercial relations, and to support teh processes of supranational harmonization of contract law rules.

Category-theoretic fibration as an abstraction mechanism in information systems

This paper examines the problem of establishing a formal relationship of abstraction and refinement between abstract enterprise models and the concrete information systems which implement them. It introduces and justifies a number of reasonableness requirements, which turn out to justify the use of category theoretic concepts, particularly fibrations, to precisely specify a semantics for enterprise models which enables them to be considered as abstractions of the conceptual models from which the implementing information systems are built. The category-theoretic concepts are developed towards the problem of testing whether a system satisfies the fibration axioms, and are applied to case studies to demonstrate their practicability.

Utilização racional de energia eléctrica no município de Vila Franca de Xira: casos de estudo

O objectivo pretendido alcançar é o de obter uma redução nos consumos de energia eléctrica do Município de Vila Franca de Xira, recorrendo à URE. Esta URE consiste num conjunto de acções e/ou medidas e/ou procedimentos e/ou equipamentos cuja aplicação tem como fim, o de potenciar uma utilização e uma gestão mais racional e rentável da energia - daí se podendo dizer, cada vez mais, que a mesma é um factor essencial de economia energética, logo, de redução de custos. A aplicação destas acções e/ou medidas e/ou procedimentos e/ou equipamentos deverá, por isso, ser extensível aos Municípios, com o fim de fazer reduzir uma factura energética de grande peso e significado, a qual, em tempos que são de profunda crise económica, pode tornar problemático ou até mesmo hipotecar, o respectivo futuro. Assim e se por um lado existe no Município um conjunto alargado de situações estabelecidas sem critérios de racionabilidade energética e ás quais, todavia, é já possível fazer aplicar essas acções e/ou medidas e/ou procedimentos e/ou equipamentos de URE, por outro lado, é daí garantido que se poderá alcançar a pretendida redução dos consumos energéticos do Município, sempre assegurando e mantendo o conforto e a produtividade das actividades dependentes dessa energia. Com esse objectivo e partindo da análise de um conjunto de instalações e/ou equipamentos já existentes ou com possibilidades de virem a ser estabelecidas/os pelo Município, é pretendido definir, estudar e classificar, um conjunto de dados que tendam a desenvolver, potenciar e justificar a decisão da sua aplicação. Um conjunto alargado de exemplos práticos ou Casos de Estudo serão desenvolvidos, tentando chegar a conclusões sobre a viabilidade económica das soluções apresentadas e, daí, da decisão da oportunidade da execução do conjunto de trabalhos inerentes à aplicação desse tipo de situação.

O que significa ser eticamente crítico? Algumas reflexões sobre a Filosofia para Crianças

O nosso objetivo centra-se na problematização de alguns aspetos relacionados com a dimensão ética do projeto de Filosofia para Crianças iniciado por Matthew Lipman e Ann Sharp nas décadas de 70 e 80 do século XX. Lipman começou por preocupar-se em promover um programa que preparasse as crianças para lidarem com discursos ambíguos, como sejam a publicidade e a propaganda, centrando os seus esforços iniciais na razoabilidade (reasonableness), isto é, numa proposta educativa que promovesse seres humanos mais "razoáveis" ou capazes de raciocinar bem. A comunidade de investigação filosófica (community of philosophical inquiry) designa um grupo de pessoas envolvidas num processo de pensamento filosófico enquanto conjunto de processos deliberativos e colaborativos em que os participantes transformam as suas opiniões em juízos fundamentados e as suas discussões em diálogos, articulando-se de forma autocorretiva. Os trabalhos de M. Lipman e A. Sharp encontraram ecos no critical thinking movement a que autores como os psicólogos R. Ennis e R. Paul concederam grande visibilidade na segunda metade do século XX. Aliás, a incidência no pensamento crítico formal materializa-se com a publicação de Harry Stottlemeier's discovery, a primeira história do currículo de Lipman e Sharp para trabalhar filosoficamente com as crianças, texto especificamente orientado para a aquisição de competências lógicas básicas, privilegiando a perspetiva da aquisição e desenvolvimento de capacidades analíticas e cognitivas. Todavia, os trabalhos de Lipman e Sharp não se resumem a uma abordagem formal do pensamento lógico e destacam-se de outras propostas pedagógicas de estrito enriquecimento cognitivo pelas suas dimensões ética, estética, política e, até, existencial. Podendo ser concebido como um programa de largo espectro, às competências críticas juntam-se outras valências do designado pensamento de multidimensional, nomeadamente os pensamentos criativo, valorativo ou de cuidado (caring). Acresce que a prática filosófica com as crianças extrapola os limites da sala de aula: tal como uma pedra atirada ao rio, as comunidades de investigação filosófica assemelham-se a círculos concêntricos que, quando em funcionamento, irradiam para esferas mais largas e integradoras, o que lhes confere uma importante dimensão ética, social, política e, até, civilizacional. O nosso contributo na presente reflexão prende-se com a vertente ética do programa de Filosofia para Crianças, entendida nas suas expressões individual e coletiva, isto é, enquanto ressoa na conduta pessoal de cada membro da comunidade, bem como no plano social do seu compromisso com o grupo. Procuraremos pensar algumas linhas de articulação entre as dimensões ética e cognitiva do programa de Filosofia para Crianças, lançando a questão: o que significa ser eticamente crítico?

A obrigação alimentar

There is an undeniable link between child support and scholarship, under article 1880 of the portuguese Civil Code. Of course, by being within family relationships, such link could not be out of controversy. At a time when the continuation of studies is more and more urgent, this link between the two, is often subject of disputes, especially resultant from the interpretation of the law, due to the wide extension that it is entitle to; and many times is also insufficient to the most interested people – the youngsters that want to study. Regardless of the imprecision that rules under article 1880 of the portuguese Civil Code, this article reveals a huge importance by enabling young adults and students to continue their studies, with the financial help from their parents - the responsibility of the parents with the support of their children should have ended by the time they have become legal adults, but it is extended by this article, once the criteria is filled, especially related to the reasonableness of what is required to the parents and the temporal duration of the education chosen. That is, considering that reaching adulthood does not cease the duty of support from the parents, it is important to know how much can parents provide to their children, bearing in mind their income and the child’s and his/her needs, behavior and the intellectual capacity of the child as a student and also the parent-child relationship; and, until when is such support due, taking in to account several circumstances of life and the difficulties inherent to the degree chosen and even the extension of the studies to a master or to a PhD degree that justifies the extension of the parent’s duty. Anyway, the application of article 1880 of the portuguese Civil Code is always based on a case by case analysis and on the economic insufficient of the youngsters to suffice themselves and the simultaneous desire to continue their studies.

2006 Vineyard Survey Summary, 2006

Survey Methodology: The Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship (IDALS) Bureau of Horticulture provided USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Iowa Field office with a complete list of apple and grape growers expected to be in operation. These operations were mailed a questionnaire and a telephone follow-up of non-respondents was conducted. The survey data was edited for reasonableness, and then summarized using statistical software. There were 236 operators who reported they did own, lease or operate a grape vineyard in 2006. The same operators reported 538 acres of grapes.