Development and evaluation of a range anxiety-reducing business model for connected full electric vehicles

This thesis develops and evaluates a business model for connected full electric vehicles (FEV) for the European market. Despite a promoting political environment, various barriers have thus far prevented the FEV from becoming a mass-market vehicle. Besides cost, the most noteworthy of these barriers is represented by range anxiety, a product of FEVs’ limited range, lacking availability of charging infrastructure, and long recharging times. Connected FEVs, which maintain a constant connection to the surrounding infrastructure, appear to be a promising element to overcome drivers’ range anxiety. Yet their successful application requires a well functioning FEV ecosystem which can only be created through the collaboration of various stakeholders such as original equipment manufacturers (OEM), first tier suppliers (FTS), charging infrastructure and service providers (CISP), utilities, communication enablers, and governments. This thesis explores and evaluates how a business model, jointly created by these stakeholders, could look like, i.e. how stakeholders could collaborate in the design of products, services, infrastructure, and advanced mobility management, to meet drivers with a sensible value proposition that is at least equivalent to that of internal combustion engine (ICE) cars. It suggests that this value proposition will be an end-2-end package provided by CISPs or OEMs that comprises mobility packages (incl. pay per mile plans, battery leasing, charging and battery swapping (BS) infrastructure) and FEVs equipped with an on-board unit (OBU) combined with additional services targeted at range anxiety reduction. From a theoretical point of view the thesis answers the question which business model framework is suitable for the development of a holistic, i.e. all stakeholder-comprising business model for connected FEVs and defines such a business model. In doing so the thesis provides the first comprehensive business model related research findings on connected FEVs, as prior works focused on the much less complex scenario featuring only “offline” FEVs.

Dynamic range prediction for an electric vehicle

Electric Vehicles (EVs) have limited energy storage capacity and the maximum autonomy range is strongly dependent of the driver's behaviour. Due to the fact of that batteries cannot be recharged quickly during a journey, it is essential that a precise range prediction is available to the driver of the EV. With this information, it is possible to check if the desirable destination is achievable without a stop to charge the batteries, or even, if to reach the destination it is necessary to perform an optimized driving (e.g., cutting the air-conditioning, among others EV parameters). The outcome of this research work is the development of an Electric Vehicle Assistant (EVA). This is an application for mobile devices that will help users to take efficient decisions about route planning, charging management and energy efficiency. Therefore, it will contribute to foster EVs adoption as a new paradigm in the transportation sector.

Electric vehicle assistant based in driver profile

This paper presents the outcomes of a research work consisting in the development of an Electric Vehicle Assistant (EVA), which creates and stores a driver profile where are contained the driving behaviours related with the EV energy consumption, the EV battery charging information, and the performed routes. This is an application for mobile devices that is able to passively track the driver behaviour and to access several information related with the EV in real time. It is also proposed a range prediction approach based on probability to take into account unpredictable effects of personal driving style, traffic or weather.

Vehicle-to-anything application (v2anything app) for electric vehicles

This paper presents a mobile information system denominated as Vehicle-to-Anything Application (V2Anything App), and explains its conceptual aspects. This application is aimed at giving relevant information to Full Electric Vehicle (FEV) drivers, by supporting the integration of several sources of data in a mobile application, thus contributing to the deployment of the electric mobility process. The V2Anything App provides recommendations to the drivers about the FEV range autonomy, location of battery charging stations, information of the electricity market, and also a route planner taking into account public transportations and car or bike sharing systems. The main contributions of this application are related with the creation of an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) platform, recommender systems, data integration systems, driver profile, and personalized range prediction. Thus, it is possible to deliver relevant information to the FEV drivers related with the electric mobility process, electricity market, public transportation, and the FEV performance.

Desenvolvimento de um Posto de Carregamento Lento com BMS e Interface com o Cockpit para o CEPIUM

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Eletrónica Industrial e de Computadores

Un servizio di route planning per scenari di mobilità elettrica

Nelle smart cities moderne, la mobilità di veicoli elettrici (EV) è considerata un fattore determinante nella riduzione del consumo di combustibili fossili e conseguenti emissioni inquinanti. Tuttavia, nonostante gli interessi e investimenti a livello globale, l'accettazione da parte degli utenti è ancora bassa, principalmente a causa della mancanza di infrastrutture e servizi a supporto dei guidatori di EV. Queste mancanze sono la causa principale della cosiddetta range anxiety (timore che il veicolo non abbia autonomia sufficiente per raggiungere la destinazione) e hanno portato al preconcetto che gli EV siano adatti alla sola percorrenza di brevi tragitti. Per contrastare questi problemi, in questo documento è proposta un'applicazione di route planning che supporti mobilità di EV anche su percorsi medio-lunghi, mediante utilizzo di un modello di predizione del consumo energetico e considerazione dell'eventuale necessità di ricarica. Saranno descritte tecniche per determinare il tragitto che un EV sia in grado di percorrere per arrivare a destinazione, in considerazione di restrizioni energetiche, fattore altimetrico del percorso ed eventuali operazioni di ricarica necessarie. Il modello di consumo e l'algoritmo che determina il miglior percorso (dal punto di vista energetico) sono implementati da un web service che interagisce con i servizi di Google Maps (per ottenere indicazioni stradali, dati altimetrici e informazioni in tempo reale sul traffico) e con servizi che offrono informazioni sulle stazioni di ricarica e relative posizioni. Dopo aver descritto il modello di consumo e l'algoritmo per la ricerca del percorso, sarà presentata l'architettura del servizio implementato. Sarà quindi fornita una valutazione del servizio, analizzandone performance e scalabilità, nonché l'efficacia nel supporto di percorsi di EV all'interno di scenari su larga scala (nello specifico la regione Emilia Romagna), attraverso tecniche di simulazione.

Sviluppo di un'applicazione mobile per la valutazione di sostenibilità della mobilità personale mediante veicoli elettrici

La sempre minore disponibilità di combustibili fossili e il crescente inquinamento ambientale, hanno incentivato non solo la ricerca di fonti alternative di energia, ma anche lo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie che ci permettessero di sfruttarle. Non solo sono stati sviluppati pannelli solari e paleoliche, che ci permettono di ottenere energia rinnovabile; ma anche i "comuni" strumenti sono stati modificati per far fronte a queste esigenze. Tra le più importanti innovazioni, lo sviluppo delle auto elettriche è quella che ha riscosso più interesse. Nonostante gli ingenti investimenti iniziali però, l'immissione nel mercato non sta riscuotendo il successo sperato. Uno dei maggiori limiti riscontrati è quello che viene definito Range Anxiety, ovvero la paura che il veicolo elettrico (EV) non abbia abbastanza autonomia per garantire al conducente il raggiungimento della meta. Inoltre il tutto viene amplificato dai lunghi tempi di ricarica delle batterie e l'elevato costo degli EV. Per arginare questi problemi, in questo documento viene descritto lo sviluppo di un applicazione Android (WhatIfApp - WIA) per la valutazione della sostenibilità di un viaggio, facendo visualizzare all'utente i tempi di percorrenza (ottimizzati) e i consumi, che un EV dovrebbe affrontare in determinati percorsi. In particolare, ne viene spiegato l'utilizzo, le funzionalità, le scelte implementative e le future estensioni.

Progettazione e sviluppo di una applicazione mobile per il route planning con veicoli elettrici

L'indipendenza dai combustibili fossili è uno degli argomenti maggiormente trattati negli ultimi anni e lo sviluppo di tecnologie atte a produrre energia attraverso fonti rinnovabili è uno dei punti cruciali della ricerca moderna. L'utilizzo dei veicoli elettrici nel quotidiano rappresenta una delle vie principali per l'abbandono delle fonti non rinnovabili, tuttavia siamo ancora in presenza di qualche limite. Una delle principali ragioni per cui gli automobilisti sono restii ad utilizzare le auto elettriche è quella che in inglese viene definita Range Anxiety, ossia la preoccupazione di non riuscire a raggiungere la propria meta con l'autonomia residua del veicolo. Altri fattori che contribuiscono a scoraggiare gli automobilisti sono i lunghi tempi di ricarica e dove effettuare queste ultime. Per cercare di ridurre queste problematiche nel seguente elaborato viene descritto lo sviluppo di un applicazione per sistema Android, con lo scopo di simulare dei percorsi inseriti dall'utente come se venissero effettuati utilizzando un veicolo elettrico: l'applicativo, sfruttando un servizio esterno fornirà all'utente tutti i dati del percorso, come ad esempio dove effettuare una ricarica. Di seguito viene illustrato l'utilizzo dell'applicativo, la sua architettura, come è stato sviluppato e le sue future estensioni.

Applicazioni mobili a supporto della mobilita elettrica: stato dell'arte e definizione di nuovi servizi per la profilazione dei consumi

Uno dei comparti industriali più importanti nel mondo è senz’altro il settore automobilistico, il quale è oggetto di particolare attenzione da parte dei governi mondiali. Infatti l’automobile è il mezzo sia urbano che extraurbano che è stato perfezionato nel tempo in base alle esigenze dell’uomo, ma bisogna anche evidenziare che in generale il settore dei trasporti è un settore industriale che negli anni non ha portato grandi innovazioni, in quanto presenta ancora la stessa tecnologia di trent’anni fa. Attualmente, grazie alle nuove normative Europee riguardanti la tutela dell’ambiente e le riduzioni di emissioni, si sta passando a nuove forme di alimentazione per ridurre le emissioni di CO2 ed evitare di utilizzare i combustibili fossili. Una valida soluzione è stata attuata attraverso i veicoli completamente elettrici (EV), dato il rendimento energetico nettamente superiore e l’assente emissione di gas inquinanti. Purtroppo gli utenti hanno ancora timore ad utilizzare i veicoli elettrici (EV): ciò avviene soprattutto per mancanza/scarsità di infrastrutture e servizi a supporto degli utenti, provocando nell’utente un’insicurezza che viene più comunemente chiamata “range anxiety” (timore che il EV non abbia autonomia sufficiente per arrivare a destinazione) e generando l’infondata idea che i EV siano utilizzabili solo in città o per i tragitti brevi. In questo documento è proposta un’applicazione la quale sarà in grado di ridurre i problemi relativi a “Driving without anxiety”. In particolare tale applicazione è in grado di rilevare la velocità media e l’accelerazione sul tratto di strada che si sta percorrendo. Attraverso il servizio di Google Direction si richiede la velocità media stimata sul medesimo tratto. L’applicazione confronta il valore reale ed il valore medio stimato, ed in base a quello fornisce una classificazione dello stile di guida dell’utente (es. Aggressivo); fornisce una stima dell’energia consumata sul tratto percorso, inserendo nel calcolo dell’energia un parametro che consente di tener conto dello stile di guida, determinato al passo precedente.

Electric Vehicles as Grid Resources

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-08

Measurement of anxiety symptoms in older adults: The geriatric anxiety inventory

A measure of dimensional anxiety specifically designed for use in older people is urgently needed. Such a measure could be used in a variety of settings to screen for anxiety disorders and to measure response to treatment in older people with established anxiety disorders. We have developed a new instrument to measure generalized anxiety symptoms in older people, the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI). This new instrument uses plain language, minimises somatic items and has a dichotomous response scale. Although it is a self-report measure, it may readily be administered to frail and mildly cognitively impaired older people by nursing staff. The development and initial validation of the GAI will be described. The scale was administered to community samples as well as patients with anxiety, depression, and mild cognitive impairment. Reliability was high and validity sound when compared to a range of standard anxiety instruments, and the instrument was well-tolerated among these cohorts. Sensitivity, specificity and cut-off scores for community and impatient samples will be presented.

FACILITATION OF ENDOCANNABINOID EFFECTS IN THE VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS MODULATES ANXIETY-LIKE BEHAVIORS DEPENDING ON PREVIOUS STRESS EXPERIENCE

Although several pieces of evidence indicate that the endocannabinoid system modulates anxiety-like behaviors and stress adaptation, few studies have investigated the brain sites of these effects. The ventral hippocampus (VHC) has been related to anxiety behaviors and has a high expression of cannabinoid-1 (CBI) receptors. Moreover, endocannabinoid signaling in the hippocampus is proposed to regulate stress adaptation. In the present study we investigated the role of previous stressful experience on the effects of AM404, an anandamide uptake inhibitor, microinjected into the VHC of rats submitted to the elevated plus maze (EPM), a widely used animal model of anxiety. Stressed animals were forced restrained for two h 24 h before the test. AM404 (5-50 pmol) microinjection promoted an anxiogenic-like effect in non-stressed rats but decreased anxiety in stressed animals. AM251 (0.01 to 1000 pmol), a CBI receptor antagonist, failed to change behavior in the EPM over a wide dose range but prevented the effects of AM404. Anxiolytic-like effects of AM404 (5 pmol) intra-VHC injection were also observed in the Vogel conflict test (VCT), another model of anxiety that involves previous exposure to stressful situations (48 h of water deprivation). These results suggest that facilitation of endocannabinoid system neurotransmission in the ventral hippocampus modulates anxiety-like behaviors and that this effect depends on previous stress experience. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Performing PET/CT studies: do they create anxiety?

Introduction: Anxiety is a common problem in primary care and specialty medical settings. Treating an anxious patient takes more time and adds stress to staff. Unrecognised anxiety may lead to exam repetition, image artifacts and hinder the scan performance. Reducing patient anxiety at the onset is probably the most useful means of minimizing artifactual FDG uptake, both fat brown and skeletal muscle uptake, as well patient movement and claustrophobia. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of information giving on the anxiety levels of patients who are to undergo a PET/CT and whether the patient experience is enhanced with the creation of a guideline. Methodology: Two hundred and thirty two patients were given two questionnaires before and after the procedure to determine their prior knowledge, concerns, expectations and experiences about the study. Verbal information was given by one of the technologists after the completion of the first questionnaire. Results: Our results show that the main causes of anxiety in patients who are having a PET/CT is the fear of the procedure itself, and fear of the results. The patients who suffered from greater anxiety were those who were scanned during the initial stage of a disease. No significant differences were found between the anxiety levels pre procedural and post procedural. Findings with regard to satisfaction show us that the amount of information given before the procedure does not change the anxiety levels and therefore, does not influence patient satisfaction. Conclusions: The performance of a PET/CT scan is an important and statistically generator of anxiety. PET/CT patients are often poorly informed and present with a range of anxieties that may ultimately affect examination quality. The creation of a guideline may reduce the stress of not knowing what will happen, the anxiety created and may increase their satisfaction in the experience of having a PET/CT scan.

The relationship between anxiety and depression in animal models: a study using the forced swimming test and elevated plus-maze

The present study evaluated the correlation between the behavior of mice in the forced swimming test (FST) and in the elevated plus-maze (PM). The effect of the order of the experiments, i.e., the influence of the first test (FST or PM) on mouse behavior in the second test (PM or FST, respectively) was compared to handled animals (HAND). The execution of FST one week before the plus-maze (FST-PM, N = 10), in comparison to mice that were only handled (HAND-PM, N = 10) in week 1, decreased % open entries (HAND-PM: 33.6 ± 2.9; FST-PM: 20.0 ± 3.9; mean ± SEM; P<0.02) and % open time (HAND-PM: 18.9 ± 3.3; FST-PM: 9.0 ± 1.9; P<0.03), suggesting an anxiogenic effect. No significant effect was seen in the number of closed arm entries (FST-PM: 9.5 (7.0-11.0); HAND-PM: 10.0 (4.0-14.5), median (interquartile range); U = 46.5; P>0.10). A prior test in the plus-maze (PM-FST) did not change % immobility time in the FST when compared to the HAND-FST group (HAND-FST: 57.7 ± 3.9; PM-FST: 65.7 ± 3.2; mean ± SEM; P>0.10). Since these data suggest that there is an order effect, the correlation was evaluated separately with each test sequence: FST-PM (N = 20) and PM-FST (N = 18). There was no significant correlation between % immobility time in the FST and plus-maze indexes (% time and entries in open arms) in any test sequence (r: -0.07 to 0.18). These data suggest that mouse behavior in the elevated plus-maze is not related to behavior in the forced swimming test and that a forced swimming test before the plus-maze has an anxiogenic effect even after a one-week interval.

Effects of psychotherapy for anxiety in children and adolescents: a meta-analytic review

This paper provides a comprehensive quantitative review of high quality randomized controlled trials of psychological therapies for anxiety disorders in children and young people. Using a systematic search for randomized controlled trials which included a control condition and reported data suitable for meta-analysis, 55 studies were included. Eligible studies were rated for methodological quality and outcome data were extracted and analyzed using standard methods. Trial quality was variable, many studies were underpowered and adverse effects were rarely assessed; however, quality ratings were higher for more recently published studies. Most trials evaluated cognitive behavior therapy or behavior therapy and most recruited both children and adolescents. Psychological therapy for anxiety in children and young people was moderately effective overall, but effect sizes were small to medium when psychological therapy was compared to an active control condition. The effect size for non-CBT interventions was not significant. Parental involvement in therapy was not associated with differential effectiveness. Treatment targeted at specific anxiety disorders, individual psychotherapy, and psychotherapy with older children and adolescents had effect sizes which were larger than effect sizes for treatments targeting a range of anxiety disorders, group psychotherapy, and psychotherapy with younger children. Few studies included an effective follow-up. Future studies should follow CONSORT reporting standards, be adequately powered, and assess follow-up. Research trials are unlikely to address all important clinical questions around treatment delivery. Thus, careful assessment and formulation will remain an essential part of successful psychological treatment for anxiety in children and young people.